If you're using a PC, push control then "F" at the same time.       

If you're using a mac same thing but command and "F".            Once you did that, type a random word but standard word to see a fact.

 

The newer facts are are all the way to the bottom.

+Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery is an organization of Buddhist monasteries, of Sri Lankan origin established to benefit the spiritual development of human beings using the teachings of theGautama Buddha.^[1] Its main main monastery is in Polgahawela, Sri Lanka, and Sri Lanka is home to 35 branches of the organization. Overseas branches are in Canada,^[2] USA, Australia, UK ^[3] and Germany.

+The Gregorian calendar, also called the Western calendar and the Christian calendar, is internationally the most widely accepted and used civil calendar.^[1][2][3] For decades, it has been the unofficial global standard, adopted for pragmatic interests of international communication, transportation and commercial integration and recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations and theUniversal Postal Union

+Flight 19 was the designation of five TBM Avenger torpedo bombers that disappeared on December 5, 1945 during a United States Navy overwater navigation training flight from Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale, Florida

+Charles Elwood "Chuck" Yeager (pron.: /ˈjeɪɡər/; born February 13, 1923) is a retired major general in the United States Air Force and noted test pilot. He was the first pilot to travel faster than sound (1947). Originally retiring in 1975 as a brigadier general, Yeager was promoted to major general on the Air Force's retired list in 2005 for his military achievements.

+Zyklon B (German pronunciation: [tsykloːn ˈbeː]; also spelled Cyclon B or Cyclone B) was the trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in the early 1920s and infamous for its later use by Nazi Germany to kill human beings in gas chambers of extermination camps during the Holocaust. Zyklon B consisted of hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid), a stabilizer, a warning odorant (ethyl bromoacetate),^{[Note 1]} and one of several adsorbents.

+The Vrba–Wetzler report, also known as the Auschwitz Protocols, the Auschwitz Report, and the Auschwitz notebook, is a 40-page document about the Auschwitz concentration campin Nazi-occupied Poland during the Holocaust. It was written by hand or dictated in Slovak between 25 and 27 April 1944 by Rudolf Vrba and Alfréd Wetzler, two Slovak Jews who had escaped from Auschwitz on 10 April, then typed up by Oscar Krasniansky of the Slovak Jewish Council, who simultaneously translated it into German.

+Treblinka (Polish pronunciation: [trɛˈblʲinka]) was a German Nazi extermination camp^[7] in German-occupied Poland during World War II near the village of Treblinka in the modern-day Masovian Voivodeship ofPoland. The camp, which was constructed as part of Operation Reinhard, operated between July 23, 1942 and October 19, 1943.^[3] During this time, between 780,863 and 870,000 men, women and children were murdered at Treblinka.^[4] This figure includes more than 800,000 Jews, as well as an undetermined number of Romani people.^[8] Other estimates of the number killed at Treblinka exceed 1,000,000.

+Operation Reinhard (German: Aktion Reinhard or Einsatz Reinhard) was the code name given to the Nazi plan to murder Polish Jews in the General Government. The operation marked the most deadly phase of the Holocaust with the introduction of extermination camps. As many as two million people, almost all of whom were Jews, were sent to Bełżec, Sobibor and Treblinka to be intentionally murdered.

+The Gerstein Report was written by Kurt Gerstein, an Obersturmführer (First Lieutenant) of the Waffen-SS in 1945 who rose to become the Head of Technical Disinfection Services of the SS. In that capacity he witnessed in August 1942 the gassing of some 3,000 Jews in the extermination camp of Belzec. The report details his eyewitness experience and was used as evidence in the Nuremberg Trials.

+"We Can Do It!" is an American wartime propaganda poster produced by J. Howard Miller in 1943 for Westinghouse Electric as an inspirational image to boost worker morale. The poster is generally thought to be based on a black-and-white wire service photograph taken of a Michigan factory worker named Geraldine Hoff.

+Ich bin ein guter Hirt (I am a good Shepherd), BWV 85, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. Bach composed the cantata in Leipzig for the second Sunday after Easter and first performed it on 15 April 1725.

+Irene Fernandez (born 1946) is a Malaysian human rights activist. She is a PKR supreme council member ^[1]and the director and co-founder of the non-governmental organization Tenaganita, which promotes the rights of migrant workers and other oppressed and poor people in Malaysia.

 

+Trepanning, also known as trephination, trephining or making a burr hole, is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull, exposing the dura materto treat health problems related to intracranial diseases. It may also refer to any "burr" hole created through other body surfaces, including nail beds. It is often used to relieve pressure beneath a surface. A trephine is an instrument used for cutting out a round piece of skull bone.

+The legend of the green children of Woolpit concerns two children of unusual skin colour who reportedly appeared in the village of Woolpit in Suffolk, England, some time in the 12th century, perhaps during the reign of King Stephen. The children, brother and sister, were of generally normal appearance except for the green colour of their skin. They spoke in an unknown language, and the only food they would eat was green beans. Eventually they learned to eat other food and lost their green pallor, but the boy was sickly and died soon after the children were baptised. The girl adjusted to her new life, but she was considered to be "rather loose and wanton in her conduct".^[2] After she learned to speak English the girl explained that she and her brother had come from St Martin's Land, an underground world whose inhabitants are green.

+Norbreck Castle Hotel is a large hotel located on Queens Promenade in the Norbreck area of Blackpool, Lancashire England on the sea front. The hotel has 480 bedrooms and 22 conference suites including the Norcalympia Conference Centre.

+A khachkar or khatchkar also referred to as Armenian cross-stones (Armenian: խաչքար, pronounced pronounced [χɑtʃʰˈkʰɑɾ], meaning cross-stone) is a carved, memorial stele bearing a cross, and often with additional motifs such as rosettes, interlaces, and botanical motifs.^[1] Khachkars are characteristic of Medieval Christian Armenian art.

+Ethnoprimatology is the study of human and non-human primate interactions.+Titan is a supercomputer built by Cray at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for use in a variety of science projects. Titan is an upgrade of Jaguar, a previous supercomputer at Oak Ridge, to usegraphics processing units (GPUs) in addition to conventional central processing units (CPUs), and is the first such hybrid to perform over 10 petaFLOPS.  It has 27 peteflops (27 thousand trillion calculations per second)  which is comparing to your average computer to do a math problem that would take 20 years to solve and the Titan would finish it in 1 hour.

+Operation Buster-Jangle was a series of seven (six atmospheric, one underground) nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States in late 1951 at the Nevada Test Site. Buster-Jangle was the first joint test program between the DOD and Los Alamos National Laboratories. 6,500 troops were involved in the Desert Rock I, II, and III exercises in conjunction with the tests. The last two tests evaluated the cratering effects of low-yield nuclear devices. This series preceded Operation Tumbler-Snapper and followed Operation Greenhouse.

+Ancient Pueblo peoples or Ancestral Pueblo peoples were an ancient Native American culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the United States, comprising southern Utah, northeastern Arizona, northern New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado.^[1] They lived in a range of structures, including pit houses, pueblos, and cliff dwellings designed so that they could lift entry ladders during enemy attacks, which provided security. Archaeologists referred to one of these cultural groups as the Anasazi, although the term is not preferred by contemporary Pueblo peoples.

+The Pecos Classification is a division of all known Ancient Pueblo Peoples culture into chronological phases, based on changes in architecture, art, pottery, and cultural remains. The original classification dates back to consensus reached at a 1927archæological conference held in Pecos, New Mexico, which was organized by the United States archaeologist Alfred V. Kidder.

+Stegosaurus (pron.: /ˌstɛɡɵˈsɔrəs/, meaning "roof lizard" or "covered lizard" in reference to its bony plates^[1]) is a genus of armored stegosaurid dinosaur. They lived during the Late Jurassic period(Kimmeridgian to early Tithonian), some 155 to 150 million years ago in what is now western North America. In 2006, a specimen of Stegosaurus was announced from Portugal, showing that they were present in Europe as well.^[2] Due to its distinctive tail spikes and plates, Stegosaurus is one of the most recognizable dinosaurs. At least three species have been identified in the upper Morrison Formation and are known from the remains of about 80 individuals.

+Angkor Wat (Khmer: អង្គរវត្ត) is the largest Hindu temple complex and the largest religious monument in the world. The temple was built by a Tamil king Suryavarman II in the early 12th century inYasodharapura (Khmer: យសោធរបុរៈ, present-day Angkor), the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual mausoleum. Breaking from the Shaivism tradition of previous kings, Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation – first Hindu, dedicated to the god Vishnu, then Buddhist. The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia,^[1] appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's prime attraction for visitors.

+The Ica stones are a collection of andesite stones that bear a variety of diagrams, including depictions of dinosaurs and what is alleged to be advanced technology. They are not considered to be genuine archeological artifacts but instead have been shown to be recently created by Peruvian locals as curiosities or hoaxes.

+Die Glocke (German for "The Bell") was a purported top secret Nazi scientific technological device, secret weapon, or Wunderwaffe. First described by Polish journalist and author Igor Witkowski in Prawda o Wunderwaffe (2000), it was later popularized by military journalist and author Nick Cook as well as by writers such as Joseph P. Farrell and Jeremy Robinson. Farrell, and others such as Peter Levenda, associates it with Nazi occultism and antigravity or free energyresearch.

+Goliath (Hebrew: גָּלְיָת, Modern Golyat Tiberian Golyāṯ; Arabic: جالوت, Ǧālūt (Qur'anic term), جليات Ǧulyāt (Christian term)) or Goliath of Gath (one of five city states of the Philistines) is a giant Philistine warrior defeated by the young David, the future king of Israel, in bible's Books of Samuel (1 Samuel 17). The original purpose of the story was to show David's identity as the true king of Israel.^[1] Post-Classical Jewish traditions stressed Goliath's status as the representative of paganism, in contrast to David, the champion of the God of Israel. Christian tradition gave him a distinctively Christian perspective, seeing in David's battle with Goliath the victory of God's King over the enemies of God's helpless people as a prefiguring of Jesus' victory over sin on the Cross and the Church's victory over Satan.

+Mirror writing is formed by writing in the direction that is the reverse of the natural way for a given language, such that the result is the mirror image of normal writing: it appears normal when it is reflected in a mirror. It is sometimes used as an extremely primitive form of cipher. The most common modern usage of mirror writing can be found on the front of ambulances, where the word "AMBULANCE" is often written in very large mirrored text, so that drivers see the word the right way around in their rear-view mirror.

+The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye^[4] Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu), also historically referred to as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was a state founded by Turkish tribes under Osman Bey in north-western Anatolia in 1299.^[5] With the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II in 1453, the Ottoman state became an empire. The conquest of Constantinople was a pivotal event in the evolution of Turkish statehood, since the victory of 1453 cemented its Eurasian nature, which remains one of the essential characteristics ofModern Turkey. The empire reached its peak at 1590, covering parts of Asia, Europe and Africa. The reign of the long-lived Ottoman dynasty lasted for 623 years, from 27 July 1299^{[6][dn 2]} to 1 November 1922, when the monarchy in Turkey was abolished

+The Nephilim (pron.: /ˈnɛfɨˌlɪm/) were the offspring of the "sons of God" and the "daughters of men" according to Genesis 6:4; and giants who inhabited Canaan according to Numbers 13:33. A similar biblical Hebrew word with different vowel-sounds is used in Ezekiel 32:27 to refer to dead Philistine warriors.

+The Philistines (pron.: /ˈfɪlɨstiːnz/, /ˈfɪlɨstaɪnz/, /fɨˈlɪstɨnz/, or /fɨˈlɪstiːnz/;^[1] Hebrew: פְּלִשְׁתִּים, Plištim), Pleshet or Peleset, were a people who as part of the Sea Peoples appeared in the southern coastal area of Canaan at the beginning of the Iron Age (circa 1175 BC), most probably from the Aegean region. According to the Bible, they ruled the five city-states (the "Philistine Pentapolis") of Gaza,Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron and Gath, from Wadi Gaza in the south to the Yarqon River in the north, but with no fixed border to the east.^[2] The Bible paints them as the Kingdom of Israel's most dangerous enemy.^[2] Originating somewhere in the Aegean,^[3] their population was around 25,000 in the 12th century BC, rising to a peak of 30,000 in the 11th century BC, of which the Aegean element was not more than half the total, and perhaps much less.

+Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide (INN) and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synesthesia, an altered sense of time and spiritual experiences, as well as for its key role in 1960s counterculture. It is used mainly as an entheogen, recreational drug, and as an agent in psychedelic therapy. 

+Kukulkan^{[pronunciation?]} ("Plumed Serpent", "Feathered Serpent") is the name of a Maya snake deity that also serves to designate historical persons. The depiction of the feathered serpent deity is present in other cultures of Mesoamerica. Kukulkan is closely related to the god Q'uq'umatz of the K'iche' Maya and to Quetzalcoatl of the Aztecs.^[1] Little is known of the mythology of this pre-Columbian deity.

+In astronomy, the Pleiades (pron.: /ˈplaɪ.ədiːz/ or /ˈpliː.ədiːz/), or Seven Sisters (Messier object 45 or M45), is an open star cluster containing middle-aged hot B-type stars located in the constellation of Taurus. It is among the nearest star clusters to Earth and is the cluster most obvious to the naked eye in the night sky. The name Pleiades comes from Greek mythology; the celestial entity has several meanings in different cultures and traditions.

+The so-called Books of Chilam Balam^{[pronunciation?]} are handwritten, chiefly 17th and 18th-centuries Maya miscellanies, named after the small Yucatec towns where they were originally kept, and preserving important traditional knowledge in which indigenous Maya and early Spanish traditions have coalesced. Written in the Yucatec Maya language and using the Latin alphabet, the manuscripts are attributed to a legendary author called Chilam Balam, a chilam being a priest who gives prophecies and balam a common surname meaning 'jaguar'. Some of the texts actually contain prophecies about the coming of the Spaniards to Yucatán while mentioning a chilam Balam as their first author.

+Popol Vuh (Popol Wuj [poˈpol wuχ] in modern K'iche') is a corpus of mytho-historical narratives of the Post Classic K'iche' kingdom in Guatemala's western highlands. The title translates as "Book of the Community", "Book of Counsel", or more literally as "Book of the People".^[1] Popol Vuh's prominent features are its creation myth, its diluvian suggestion, its epic tales of the Hero Twins Hunahpú and Xbalanqué,^[2] and its genealogies. The myth begins with the exploits of anthropomorphic ancestors and concludes with a regnal genealogy, perhaps as an assertion of rule by divine right.

+Comalcalco is both a modern-day city located in Comalcalco Municipality about 45 miles (60 km) northwest of Villahermosa in the Mexican state of Tabasco and a Pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site. The literal English translation of "Comalcalco" is "In the house of the comals". A comal is a pan used to prepare tortillas.

+Tortuguero (or El Tortuguero) is an archaeological site in southernmost Tabasco, Mexico which supported a Maya city during the Classic period. The site is noteworthy for its use of the B'aakalemblem glyph also found as the primary title at Palenque.^[1] The site has been heavily damaged by looting and modern development;^[2] in the 1960s, a cement factory was built directly on top of the site.

+Nāga (IAST: nāgá}}, IPA: [nəɡá]) is the Sanskrit and Pāli word for a deity or class of entity or being, taking the form of a very great snake, Sea serpent — specifically the king cobra, found in Hinduism andBuddhism. A female nāga is a nāgī or nāginī.

+The Olmec colossal heads are at least seventeen monumental stone representations of human heads sculpted from large basalt boulders. The heads date from at least before 900 BC and are a distinctive feature of the Olmec civilization of ancient Mesoamerica.^[1] All portray mature men with fleshy cheeks, flat noses, and slightly crossed eyes; their physical characteristics correspond to a type that is still common among the inhabitants of Tabasco and Veracruz.

+La Venta is a pre-Columbian archaeological site of the Olmec civilization located in the present-day Mexican state of Tabasco. Dr. Alexander von Wuthenau^[3] was instrumental in investigating the terra cotta figurines and other artifacts related to the site. Some of the artifacts have been moved to the museum "Parque - Museo de La Venta", which is in Villahermosa, the capital of Tabasco.

+K'inich Janaab' Pakal^{[pronunciation?]} (March 603 – August 683)^[1] was ruler of the Maya polity of Palenque in the Late Classic period of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican chronology. During a long reign of some 68 years Pakal was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque's most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental architecture.

+The cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis suggests that there have been geologically rapid shifts in the relative positions of the modern-day geographic locations of the poles and the axis of rotation of the Earth, creating calamities such as floods and tectonic events.

+Gavrinis (Breton: Gavriniz) is a small island, situated in the Gulf of Morbihan in Brittany, France. It contains the Gavrinis tomb, a megalithic monument notable for its abundance ofmegalithic art in the European Neolithic. Administratively, it is part of the commune of Larmor-Baden.

+Leonhard Euler (German pronunciation: [ˈɔʏlɐ],   Swiss German pronunciation (help·info),   Standard German pronunciation (help·info), English approximation, "Oiler";^[1] 15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function.

+ It was conducted by Wendell Johnson at the University of Iowa. Johnson chose one of his graduate students, Mary Tudor, to conduct the experiment and he supervised her research. After placing the children in control and experimental groups, Tudor gave positive speech therapy to half of the children, praising the fluency of their speech, and negative speech therapy to the other half, belittling the children for every speech imperfection and telling them they were stutterers. Many of the normal speaking orphan children who received negative therapy in the experiment suffered negative psychological effects and some retained speech problems for the rest of their lives. Dubbed "The Monster Study" by some of Johnson's peers, who were horrified that he would experiment on orphan children to prove a hypothesis, the experiment was kept hidden for fear Johnson's reputation would be tarnished in the wake of human experiments conducted by the Nazis during World War II. The University of Iowa publicly apologized for the Monster Study in 2001.

+ Vladimir Gavreau (born in Russia as Vladimir Gavronsky) was a French scientist making experiments on the biological effects of infrasound. His interest in infrasonic waves first came about in his lab during the 1960s where he and his lab assistants experienced pain in the ear drums and shaking lab equipment, but no audible sound was picked up on his microphones. He concluded it was infrasound and soon got to work preparing tests in the labs. One of his experiments was an infrasonic whistle that some say has led to a line of research that has military applications. Author William S. Burroughs described the possibly fictional device as follows:

"In developing a military weapon, scientists intend to revert to a policeman's whistle form, perhaps as big as eighteen feet across, mount it on a truck and blow it with a fan turned by a small airplane engine. This weapon, they say, will give forth an all-destroying 10,000 acoustic watts. It could kill a man five miles away. There is one snag: at present, the machine is as dangerous to its operators as to the enemy. The team is working on a way to focus it. Various systems of baffles have been tried, but the most promising method appears to be propagation of a different and complementary sound a wave length backward from the machine. This changes the frequency of airwave length moving in that direction, thus protecting anyone to the rear. There is, of course, a much simpler means of protection: turn the machine on from a safe distance. This summary of Professor Vladimir Gavreau's experiments with infrasound is based on the Sunday Times article.^[1] A much more comprehensive article has appeared in an American periodical, The National Enquirer, Vol.42, No. 27, March 10, 1968. Professor Gavreau's discovery has been patented and anybody can obtain the plans and full description from the French patent office upon payment of two francs."

 

+Donald Ewen Cameron (24 December 1901 – 8 September 1967),^[1] commonly referred to as "D. Ewen Cameron" or "Ewen Cameron," was a 20th-century Scottish-born psychiatrist involved in the United States Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA's) MKULTRA mind control program ^[2], which CIA head Sidney Gottlieb ultimately dismissed as "useless." ^[3][4] Cameron served as President of the Canadian,American and World Psychiatric Associations, the American Psychopathological Association and the Society of Biological Psychiatry during the 1950s. Notwithstanding a career of honors, and leadership in early 1950s psychiatric circles, he has been heavily criticized in some circles for his administration without patient consent of disproportionately-intense electroshock therapy and experimental drugs, including LSD, which caused some patients to become permanently comatose.

 

+António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955), known as Egas Moniz (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɛɣɐʒ muˈniʃ]), was a Portuguese neurologist and the developer of cerebral angiography. He is sometimes regarded as the founder of modern psychosurgery,^[1] and developing the surgical procedure termed leucotomy (also known as lobotomy), for which he became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize in 1949 (shared with Walter Rudolf Hess).^[2] He held academic positions, wrote many medical articles and also served in several legislative and diplomatic posts in the Portuguese government. In 1911 he became professor of neurology in Lisbon until his retirement in 1944. At the same time, he pursued a demanding political career.

+Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov ForMemRS^[1] (Russian: Никола́й Ива́нович Вави́лов) (November 25 [O.S. November 13] 1887 – January 26, 1943) was a prominent Russian and Soviet botanist and geneticistbest known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants. He devoted his life to the study and improvement of wheat, corn, and other cereal crops that sustain the global population.

+Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (June 7, 1862 – May 20, 1947), was a German physicist and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his research on cathode rays and the discovery of many of their properties. He was also an active proponent of Nazi ideology. Lenard is remembered today as a strong German nationalist who despised English physics, which he considered as having stolen its ideas from Germany. He joined the National Socialist Party before it became politically necessary or popular to do so. During the Nazi regime, he was the outspoken proponent of the idea that Germany should rely on "Deutsche Physik" and ignore what he considered the fallacious and deliberately misleading ideas of "Jewish physics", by which he meant chiefly the theories of Albert Einstein, including "the Jewish fraud" of relativity (see also Criticism of relativity theory). An advisor to Adolf Hitler, Lenard became Chief of Aryan physics under the Nazis.

+The Kerala red rain phenomenon was a blood rain (red rain) event that occurred from July 25 to September 23, 2001, when red-coloured rain sporadically fell on the southern Indian state of Kerala. Heavy downpours occurred in which the rain was colored red, staining clothes pink.^[1] Yellow, green, and black rain was also reported.^[2][3][4] Colored rain had been reported in Kerala as early as 1896 and several times since then,^[5] most recently in June 2012.^[6][7]It was initially thought that the rains were colored by fallout from a hypothetical meteor burst, but a study commissioned by the Government of India concluded that the rains had been colored by airbornespores from locally prolific terrestrial algae.^[5]It was not until early 2006 that the colored rains of Kerala gained widespread attention when the popular media reported that Godfrey Louis and Santhosh Kumar of the Mahatma Gandhi University inKottayam proposed a controversial argument that the colored particles were extraterrestrial cells.^[3][8][9]Red rains were also reported from November 15, 2012 to December 27, 2012 occasionally in eastern and north-central provinces of Sri Lanka,^[10] where scientists from the Sri Lanka Medical Research Institute (MRI) are investigating to ascertain their cause.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_rain_in_Kerala

+Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), better known as Typhoid Mary, was the first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated withtyphoid fever. She was presumed to have infected some 51 people, three of whom died, over the course of her career as a cook.^[1] She was forcibly isolated twice by public health authorities and died after a total of nearly three decades in isolation.

+The Piltdown Man was a hoax in which bone fragments were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human. These fragments consisted of parts of a skull andjawbone, said to have been collected in 1912 from a gravel pit at Piltdown, East Sussex, England. The Latin name Eoanthropus dawsoni ("Dawson's dawn-man", after the collector Charles Dawson) was given to the specimen. The significance of the specimen remained the subject of controversy until it was exposed in 1953 as a forgery, consisting of the lower jawbone of anorangutan deliberately combined with the skull of a fully developed modern human. The Piltdown hoax is perhaps the most famous paleoanthropological hoax ever to have been perpetrated. It is prominent for two reasons: the attention paid to the issue of human evolution, and the length of time (more than 40 years) that elapsed from its discovery to its full exposure as a forgery.

+The Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT), was a research institute created in 1926, at first specializing in aeronautics research. In 1930, Hungarian scientist Theodore von Kármán accepted the directorship of the lab and emigrated to the United States. Under his leadership, work on rockets began there in 1936.^[1] GALCIT was the first—and from 1936 to 1940 the only—university-based rocket research center.^[2] Based on GALCIT's JATOproject at the time, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was established under a contract with the United States Army in November 1943.

+Transylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical regions of Crişana, Maramureş, and Romanian part of Banat.Transylvania is often associated with vampires ^[1][2][3] (chiefly due to Bram Stoker's novel Dracula and its film adaptations) and the horror genre in general, while the region is also known for the scenic beauty of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history.

+Westsylvania was a proposed state of the United States located primarily in what is now western Pennsylvania and West Virginia. First proposed early in the American Revolution, Westsylvania would have been the fourteenth state in the newly formed United States had it been recognized.

+"Pennsyltucky" is a slang portmanteau used to characterize— usually humorously, but sometimes deprecatingly— the rural and exurban part of the state of Pennsylvania outside the Pittsburgh andPhiladelphia metropolitan areas, more specifically applied to the mountainous central region.

+Kanawha was a proposed name for what later became the main body of the U.S. state of West Virginia, formed on October 24, 1861. It consisted of most of the northwestern counties of Virginia, which voted to secede from Virginia after Virginia joined the Confederate States of America on April 17, 1861 at the beginning of the American Civil War (1861–1865).

+The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that runs a length of roughly 810 miles (1,300 km) through California in the United States. The fault's motion is right-lateral strike-slip (horizontal motion). It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. The fault was first identified in Northern California by the UC Berkeley geology professor Andrew Lawson in 1895 and named by him after a small lake which lies in a linear valley formed by the fault just south of San Francisco, the Laguna de San Andreas. After the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, Lawson also discovered that the San Andreas Fault stretched southward into southern California. Large-scale (hundreds of miles) lateral movement along the fault was first proposed in a 1953 paper by geologists Mason Hill and Thomas Dibblee

.+ The Kentucky Bend, variously called the New Madrid Bend, Madrid Bend, Bessie Bend, or Bubbleland,^[1] is an exclave of Fulton County, Kentucky, in the United States. Kentucky Bend is a piece of land on the inside of an oxbow loop meander of the Mississippi River. It is surrounded by the states of Tennessee and Missouri. Because it is surrounded by two (rather than one) 'foreign' states, Kentucky Bend is not (as it is sometimes called) an enclave.

+John Whiteside Parsons (born Marvel Whiteside Parsons; October 2, 1914 – June 17, 1952), better known as Jack Parsons, was an American rocket propulsion researcher at the California Institute of Technology and a pioneer in solid rocket fuel research and development. He was one of the principal founders of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Aerojet Corp. Parsons was also an occultist and one of the first Americans to take a keen interest in the writings of English author and Thelema's founder Aleister Crowley. In this capacity, he joined and eventually led an American lodge of Crowley's magical order, Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.)

+Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) (Order of the Temple of the East) is an international fraternal and religious organization founded at the beginning of the 20th century. English author and occultist Aleister Crowley has become the best-known member of the order. Originally it was intended to be modelled after and associated with Freemasonry,^[1] but under the leadership of Aleister Crowley, O.T.O. was reorganized around the Law of Thelema as its central religious principle. This Law—expressed as “Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law"^[2] and "Love is the law, love under will”^[3]—was promulgated in 1904 with the writing of The Book of the Law. Similar to many secret societies, O.T.O. membership is based on an initiatory system with a series of degree ceremonies that use ritual drama to establish fraternal bonds and impart spiritual and philosophical teachings. O.T.O. also includes the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica (EGC) or Gnostic Catholic Church, which is the ecclesiastical arm of the Order. Its central rite, which is public, is called Liber XV, or the Gnostic Mass.

+Thelema (pron.: /θəˈliːmə/; Koine Greek: [θélima]) is a spiritual philosophy or religion^[1] that was developed^[2] by the early 20th century British writer and ceremonial magician, Aleister Crowley. He came to believe himself to be the prophet of a new age, the Æon of Horus,^[3] based upon a spiritual experience that he and his wife, Rose Edith, had in Egypt in 1904.^[1] By his account, a possibly non-corporeal or "praeterhuman" being that called itself Aiwass contacted him and dictated a text known as The Book of the Law or Liber AL vel Legis, which outlined the principles of Thelema.^[1][4] An adherent of Thelema is a Thelemite. The Thelemic pantheon includes a number of deities focusing primarily on a trinity of deities adapted from ancient Egyptian religion, who are the three speakers of The Book of the Law: Nuit, Hadit and Ra-Hoor-Khuit. The religion is founded upon the idea that the 20th century marked the beginning of the Aeon of Horus, in which a new ethical code would be followed; "Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law". This statement indicates that adherents, who are known as Thelemites, should seek out and follow their own true path in life, known as their True Will^[5] rather than their egoic desires.^[6] The philosophy also emphasizes the ritual practice of Magick.

+Aleister Crowley (/ˈkroʊli/ KROH-lee; 12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947), born Edward Alexander Crowley, and also known as both Frater Perdurabo and The Great Beast 666, was an English occultist, mystic, ceremonial magician, poet and mountaineer, who was responsible for founding the religious philosophy of Thelema. In his role as the founder of the Thelemite philosophy, he came to see himself as the prophet who was entrusted with informing humanity that it was entering the new Aeon of Horus in the early 20th century.

+The Peenemünde Army Research Center (German: Heeresversuchsanstalt Peenemünde,^‡ HVP) was founded in 1937 as one of five military proving grounds under the Army Weapons Office (Heeres Waffenamt).^[1]:85 It is the birthplace of modern rocketry - and thus, in a broader sense, also the origin of aerospace engineering.

+The Piltdown Man was a hoax in which bone fragments were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human. These fragments consisted of parts of a skull and jawbone, said to have been collected in 1912 from a gravel pit at Piltdown, East Sussex, England. The Latin name Eoanthropus dawsoni ("Dawson's dawn-man", after the collector Charles Dawson) was given to the specimen. The significance of the specimen remained the subject of controversy until it was exposed in 1953 as a forgery, consisting of the lower jawbone of an orangutan deliberately combined with the skull of a fully developed modern human.

+Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), better known as Typhoid Mary, was the first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated with typhoid fever. She was presumed to have infected some 51 people, three of whom died, over the course of her career as a cook.^[1] She was forcibly isolated twice by public health authorities and died after a total of nearly three decades in isolation.

+Sara Josephine Baker (November 15, 1873 – February 22, 1945) was an American physician notable for making contributions to public health, especially in New York City. She is best known for (twice) tracking down the infamous index case known as Typhoid Mary, as well as vastly improving hygiene in the immigrant communities of Hell's Kitchen.

+The PS General Slocum was a passenger steamboat built in Brooklyn, New York, in 1891. The General Slocum was named for Civil War General and New York Congressman Henry Warner Slocum. She operated in the New York City area as an excursion steamer for the next thirteen years under the same ownership. During her service history, she was involved in a number of mishaps, including multiple groundings and collisions. On June 15, 1904, the General Slocum caught fire and sank in New York's East River.^[1] At the time of the accident she was on a chartered run carrying members of St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church (German Americans from Little Germany, Manhattan) to a church picnic. An estimated 1,021 of the 1,342 people on board died. The General Slocum disaster was the New York area's worst disaster in terms of loss of life until the September 11, 2001 attacks, and remains the worst maritime disaster in the city's history.^[2] The events surrounding the General Slocum fire have appeared in a number of books, plays and movies.

+North Brother Island is an island in the East River situated between the Bronx and Riker's Island. Its companion, South Brother Island, is a short distance away. Together, the two Brother Islands, North and South, have a land area of 20.12 acres (81,400 m²). The island was uninhabited until 1885, when Riverside Hospital moved there from Blackwell's Island (now known as Roosevelt Island). Riverside Hospital was founded in the 1850s as the Smallpox Hospital to treat and isolate victims of that disease. Its mission eventually expanded to other quarantinable diseases.

+The Sloane Hospital for Women is the obstetrics and gynecology service within New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City.

+The Palitana temples of Jainism are located on Mount Shatrunjaya, by the city of Palitana, in Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, India. The city of the same name, known previously as Padliptapur, has been nicknamed "City of Temples".

+Lonsdaleite (named in honour of Kathleen Lonsdale), also called hexagonal diamond in reference to the crystal structure, is an allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal lattice. In nature, it forms when meteorites containing graphite strike the Earth. The great heat and stress of the impact transforms the graphite into diamond, but retains graphite's hexagonal crystal lattice. Lonsdaleite was first identified in 1967 from the Canyon Diablo meteorite, where it occurs as microscopic crystals associated with diamond.

 

+Khoulou (Greek: Χούλου) is a village in the Paphos District of Cyprus, located 6 km west of Agios Fotios.

+The September Six were six members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who were excommunicated or disfellowshipped by the LDS Church (also known as the Mormons) in September 1993, allegedly for publishing scholarly work on Mormonism or critiquing Church doctrine or leadership.

+Agustín Enrique Brincourt was a General of the Imperial French Army during the French Intervention of Mexico.

+An ion drift meter is a device used to measure the velocity of individual ions in the area of a spacecraft.

+Giovanni Battista Caprara Montecuccoli (1733 – 1810) was an Italian statesman and cardinal and archbishop of Milan from 1802 to 1810. Legate of Pius VII in France, he implemented the Concordat of 1801.

+The Selkirk Hurdle is the term used by urban planners, railroad employees, politicians and others to describe the route that must be taken by freight trains traveling between New York City or other points in downstate New York and points in the United States west of the Hudson River.

+Metamizole sodium or dipyrone is a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.

+Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russian: Ива́н Петро́вич Па́влов; 26 September [O.S. 14 September] 1849 – 27 February 1936) was a famous Russian physiologist. From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual brilliance along with an unusual energy which he named "the instinct for research".^[1] Inspired when the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarev, the most eminent of the Russian literary critics of the 1860s and I. M. Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and decided to devote his life to science. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty at the University of Saint Petersburg to take the course in natural science.^[2] Ivan Pavlov devoted his life to the study of physiology and sciences, making several remarkable discoveries and ideas that were passed on from generation to generation.^[3] He won the Nobel Prize for physiology in 1904.

+USAAF Bat-bomb canister later used to house the hibernating bats. Ideally, the canister would be dropped from high altitude over the target area, and as the bomb fell (slowed by a parachute), the bats would warm up and awaken. At 1,000 ft. altitude, the bomb would open and over a thousand bats, each carrying a tiny time-delayed napalm incendiary device, would fly in a 20-40 mile radius and roost in flammable wooden Japanese buildings. The napalm devices would ignite simultaneously, and thousands of small fires would flare up at once.

+Thomas Stoltz Harvey (October 10, 1912 – April 5, 2007) was a pathologist who conducted the autopsy on Albert Einstein in 1955. Harvey studied at Yale University as an undergraduate and later as a medical student under Dr. Harry Zimmerman. In his third year of medical school he contracted tuberculosis and was bedridden for the next year in a sanatorium, claiming it to be one of the biggest disappointments of his life.

+Horace Wells (January 21, 1815 – January 24, 1848) was an American dentist who pioneered the use of anaesthesia in dentistry, specifically nitrous oxide (or laughing gas).

+Philip George Zimbardo (born March 23, 1933) is a psychologist and a professor emeritus at Stanford University. He is president of the Heroic Imagination Project. He is known for his Stanford prison study

+Louis Alexander Slotin (1 December 1910 – 30 May 1946) was a Canadian physicist and chemist who took part in the Manhattan Project, the secret U.S. program during World War II that developed the atomic bomb. As part of the project, Slotin performed experiments with uranium and plutonium cores to determine their critical mass values. During World War II, Slotin continued his research at Los Alamos National Laboratory.

+According to the Early Office Museum, the first patent for a bent wire paper clip was awarded in the United States to Samuel B. Fay, in 1867.

+Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov (Russian: Илья́ Ива́нович Ивано́в, August 1 [O.S. July 20] 1870-March 20, 1932) was a Russian and Soviet biologist who specialized in the field of artificial insemination and theinterspecific hybridization of animals. He was involved in controversial attempts to create a human-ape hybrid.

+Starfish Prime was a high-altitude nuclear test conducted by the United States of America on July 9, 1962, a joint effort of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Defense Atomic Support Agency (which became the Defense Nuclear Agency in 1971).

+Alien hand syndrome, sometimes used synonymously with anarchic hand or Dr Strangelove syndrome,^[1] is a neurological disorder in which the afflicted person's hand appears to take on a mind of its own. Alien hand syndrome is best documented in cases where a person has had the two hemispheres of their brain surgically separated, a procedure sometimes used to relieve the symptoms of extreme cases of epilepsy.

+Lost Cosmonauts, or Phantom Cosmonauts, is a conspiracy theory alleging that Soviet cosmonauts entered outer space, but without their existence having been acknowledged by either the Soviet or Russian space authorities.

+"Gloomy Sunday" is a song composed by Hungarian pianist and composer Rezső Seress and published in 1933, as "Vége a világnak" ("End of the world").^[1] Lyrics were written by László Jávor, and in his version the song was retitled "Szomorú vasárnap" (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈsomoruː ˈvɒʃaːrnɒp]) ("Sad Sunday"). The song was first recorded in Hungarian by Pál Kalmár in 1935.

+Robert E. Cornish (December 21, 1903 – March 6, 1963) was a child prodigy graduating from the University of California, Berkeley with honors at the age of eighteen and receiving a doctorate by the time he was twenty-two. He worked on various projects including one that allowed for reading newspapers under water with special lenses. In 1932 he became interested in the idea that he could restore life to the dead.

+Louis Pasteur (pron.: /ˈluːi pæˈstɜr/, French: [lwi pastœʁ]; December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical microbiology.

+Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development for synthesizing ammonia, important for fertilizers andexplosives.

+Dr. J. William Langston is the founder, CEO, and Scientific Director of the Parkinson's Institute. He is a graduate of the University of Missouri School of Medicine and chairman of neurology at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center in San Jose, California.

+On 15 February 1921, as the American surgeon Evan O’Neill Kane lay on a table in a hospital waiting to have his appendix removed, he decided to conduct an impromptu experiment — to find out whether it would be possible to remove his own appendix. So he sat up and announced that everyone should step back because he was going to perform the operation himself. Since he was the chief surgeon at the hospital, the staff reluctantly obeyed his strange command.               https://www.neatorama.com/2012/06/05/the-top-ten-strangest-self-experiments-ever/ (AND DOWN UNTIL THE FONT CHANGES)

+In 1800, Alessandro Volta announced his invention of the Voltaic pile — the world’s first electric battery that allowed for a continuous, steady, and strong flow of electric current.

+As a teenager, Frederick Hoelzel adopted a strange method of weight-loss. He curbed his appetite by eating non-caloric food substitutes such as corn cobs, sawdust, cork, feathers, asbestos, rayon, and banana stems. His favorite meal was surgical cotton cut up into small pieces, which became part of his daily diet.

+Throughout his career, Cambridge physiologist Joseph Barcroft conducted self-experiments in which he pushed himself to the very edge of insanity and death. He referred to these as his "borderland excursions". A decade later Barcroft sealed himself inside an airtight glass chamber to test the effects of living in a low-oxygen environment. After six days in an atmosphere equivalent to that found at an altitude of 16000 feet, his entire body turned blue.

+The Nebraska proctologist Edwin Katskee gave himself a large injection of cocaine on the night of 25 November 1936. He then recorded the clinical course of his symptoms in notes written on the wall of his office. As it turned out, the amount of cocaine he gave himself was so large it proved fatal. The media described his note-filled wall as his "death diary".

+On 10 October 1878, the Sicilian doctor Giovanni Battista Grassi was conducting an autopsy when he found the large intestine of the corpse to be riddled with tapeworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and their eggs. Grassi immediately realized he could ingest some of the eggs and prove it was possible to infect oneself with tapeworms in this way. Finally, on 20 July 1879, he felt confident he was free of worms, so he spooned 100 of the eggs out of their faecal home and swallowed them down. A month later, much to his pleasure, Grassi experienced intestinal discomfort and then found tapeworm eggs in his stool. His experiment was a success.

+Animal magnetism (French: magnétisme animal; Latin: magnetismus animalis) is a term proposed by Franz Mesmer in the 18th century. The term 'magnetism' was adopted by analogy, referring to some interpersonal and general effects of reciprocal influence and/or entanglement he observed.^[1] Mesmer attributed such effects to a supposed 'life energy' or 'fluid' or ethereal medium believed to reside in the bodies ofanimate beings (i.e., those who breathe).

+Theodore John "Ted" Kaczynski (pron.: /kəˈzɪnski/ ka-zin-skee, or ka-chin-skee; Polish: Kaczyński, pronounced [kaˈt͡ʂɨȷ̃skʲi]; born May 22, 1942), also known as the "Unabomber", is an Americanterrorist, mathematician, social critic, anarchist, and Neo-Luddite.^[2] Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski engaged in a nation-wide bombing campaign against modern technology, planting or mailingnumerous home-made bombs, killing three people and injuring 23 others.

+The Burke and Hare murders (also known as the West Port murders) were a series of murders perpetrated in Edinburgh, Scotland over a period of about ten months in 1828. The killings were attributed to Irish immigrants William Burke and William Hare, who sold the corpses of their 16 victims to Doctor Robert Knox as dissection material for his well-attended anatomy lectures. Burke and Hare's accomplices were Burke's mistress, Helen McDougal, and Hare's wife, Margaret Laird.^[1] From their method of killing their victims came the word "burking", meaning to smother and compress the chest of a murder victim, and a derived meaning, to suppress something quietly.

+The theremin /ˈθɛrəmɪn/,^[1] originally known as the ætherphone/etherphone, thereminophone^[2] or termenvox/thereminvox is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without discernible physical contact from the player.

+John Bosley Ziegler, John Ziegler, Montana Jack, (circa 1920 - 1983) was an American physician who originally developed the anabolic steroid Methandrostenolone (Dianabol, DBOL) which was released in the USA in 1958 by Ciba.^[1][2] He pioneered its athletic use as an aid to muscle growth by bodybuilders, administering it to U.S. weightlifting champion Bill March of the York Barbell club in 1959 when he was the physician to the U.S. Weightlifting team.

+Operation Iskra (Russian: операция «Искра», operatsiya Iskra; English: Operation Spark) was a Soviet military operation during World War II, designed to break the German Wehrmacht'sSiege of Leningrad.

+The kwacha (ISO 4217: MWK) is the currency of Malawi as of 1971, replacing the Malawian pound. 

+Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri was a Manichaean leader. Of North African origin, he served as archegos, the traditional leader of the Manichaean sect seated in Seleucia-Ctesiphon some time during the mid-to-late eighth century.

+Zaoksky Adventist University is a private coeducational Christian university located in Tula Oblast of Russia, and is operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

+Aryabhata was India's first satellite, named after the great Indian astronomer of the same name.^[1] It was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975 fromKapustin Yar using a Cosmos-3M launch vehicle.

+Beefsteak Club is the name or nickname of several 18th and 19th century male dining clubs that celebrated the beefsteak as a symbol of patriotic and often Whig concepts of liberty and prosperity. The first beefsteak club was founded about 1705 in London by the actor Richard Estcourt and others in the arts and politics. This club flourished for less than a decade. The Sublime Society of Beef Steaks was established in 1735 by another performer, John Rich, at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, where he was then manager, and George Lambert, his scenic artist, with two dozen members of the theatre and arts community (Samuel Johnson joined in 1780).

+The Bilderberg Group, Bilderberg conference, or Bilderberg Club is an annual invitation-only conference of approximately 120 to 140 guests from North America and Western Europe, most of whom are people of influence.^[2][3] About one-third are from government and politics, and two-thirds from finance, industry, labour, education and communications.^[2] Meetings are closed to the public.

+Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga (鳥獣人物戯画^?, lit. "Animal-person Caricatures"), commonly shortened to Chōjū-giga (鳥獣戯画^?, lit. "Animal Caricatures") is a famous set of four picture scrolls, oremakimono, belonging to Kōzan-ji temple in Kyoto, Japan. The Chōjū-giga scrolls are also referred to as Scrolls of Frolicking Animals and Scrolls of Frolicking Animals and Humans in English. Some think that Toba Sōjō created the scrolls, however it is hard to verify this.

+There are 6 members. Six. Membership is not limited by money, background, or a cap on the number of members allowed in. Yet, as of right now, there are six members; two in the United States and four in Europe. Why so few? It might have something to do with the fact that you have to be smarter than .999999999 of the population to join. According to their own web site this means “in theory one in a billion individuals can qualify”. To do so you have to score more than a 195 on one of their accepted IQ tests, which, frankly, sounds pretty hard to do. 

https://www.strangecosmos.com/content/item/173632.html

+Currently there are 1,410 members worldwide. In order to join the Shooting Times Woodcock club you must “achieve a right-and-left at woodcock [without lowering your gun] before two witnesses“. By all accounts this is a difficult feat, a sign of a true sportsman excelling under difficult conditions, not impossible but rare, similar to a hole-in-one in golf. Ok, sounds logical enough so far. Oh, but the club was originally founded as a promotional exercise — for a whiskey. It continues to be sponsored by various whiskey brands to the present day. The current president asks, “What better tipple for a true rough shooter to put in his hip flask on the coldest of days?” The answer– coffee. Tea. Cocoa. Anything warm that isn’t 80 proof when you have a gun and two witnesses on hand. 

+The Trilateral Commission is a non-governmental, non-partisan discussion group founded by David Rockefeller in July 1973, to^{[citation needed]} foster closer cooperation among the United States, Europeand Japan. Others such as Noam Chomsky have described the Trilateral Commission's goals in less glowing terms: "essentially liberal internationalists from Europe, Japan and the United States, the liberal wing of the intellectual elite. That’s where Jimmy Carter’s whole government came from. [...] [The Trilateral Commission] was concerned with trying to induce what they called ‘more moderation in democracy’ – turn people back to passivity and obedience so they don’t put so many constraints on state power and so on.

+The Bilderberg Group, Bilderberg conference, or Bilderberg Club is an annual invitation-only conference of approximately 120 to 140 guests from North America and Western Europe, most of whom are people of influence.^[2][3] About one-third are from government and politics, and two-thirds from finance, industry, labour, education and communications.^[2] Meetings are closed to the public.

+Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian: Владимир Ильич Ленин; IPA: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr ɪlʲˈjitɕ ˈlʲenʲɪn] (  listen); born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, Russian: Владимир Ильич Ульянов; 22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as the leader of the Russian SFSR from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Politically a Marxist, his theoretical contributions to Marxist thought are known as Leninism, which coupled with Marxian economic theory have collectively come to be known asMarxism–Leninism.

+Marxian economics refers to theories on the functioning of capitalism based on the works of Karl Marx. Adherents of Marxian economics, particularly in academia, distinguish it from Marxism as a political ideology and sociological theory, arguing that Marx's approach to understanding the economy is intellectually independent of his advocacy of revolutionary socialism or his support of proletarianrevolution.

+George Foster Peabody (July 27, 1852 in Columbus, Georgia - March 4, 1938 in Warm Springs, Georgia) was a banker and philanthropist.

+In foreign affairs, deterrence refers to the use of the threat of military action to compel an adversary to do something, or to prevent them from doing something, that another state desires. Deterrence theory gained increased prominence as a military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons. 

+Vuelta was a Mexican literary magazine, founded by poet Octavio Paz in 1976 following the controversial dismantling of the workers' cooperative that ran the daily newspaper Excélsior. It ceased publication following Paz's death in 1998.

+Iapetognathus fluctivagus is a species of denticulate cordylodan conodonts belonging to the genus Iapetognathus. It existed during the Tremadocian Age (485.4 ± 1.9 million years ago) of the Ordovician. It is an important index fossil in biostratigraphy.

+In UK politics, the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) is the parliamentary party of the Labour Party in Parliament: Labour MPs as a collective body.

+The Armeesportvereinigung Vorwärts (Army Sports Club Forward), briefly ASV Vorwärts , was the sport organization of the German Democratic Republic's National People's Army (NVA) and its predecessor, the Barracked People's Police (Kasernierte Volkspolizei).

+Alien hand syndrome, sometimes used synonymously with anarchic hand or Dr Strangelove syndrome,^[1] is a neurological disorder in which the afflicted person's hand appears to take on a mind of its own. Alien hand syndrome is best documented in cases where a person has had the two hemispheres of their brain surgically separated, a procedure sometimes used to relieve the symptoms of extreme cases of epilepsy.

+Schizotypal personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a need for social isolation, anxiety in social situations, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs. People with this disorder feel extreme discomfort with maintaining close relationships with people, and therefore they often do not.

+FROSTBURG was a Connection Machine 5 (CM-5) supercomputer used by the US National Security Agency (NSA) to perform higher-level mathematical calculations. The CM-5 was built by the Thinking Machines Corporation, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at a cost of US$25 million. The system was installed at NSA in 1991, and operated until 1997. It was the first massively parallel processing computer bought by NSA, originally containing 256 processing nodes. The system was upgraded in 1993 with an additional 256 nodes, for a total of 512 nodes.

+Kecksburg is an unincorporated community in Mount Pleasant Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. It is located along PA Route 982 in a heavily wooded area about 30 miles southeast ofPittsburgh at an elevation of 1,209 feet. On December 9, 1965 a large, brilliant fireball was seen by thousands in at least six states and Ontario, Canada. It streaked over the Detroit, Michigan/Windsor, Ontario area, dropped metal debris over Michigan and northern Ohio, and caused sonic booms in Western Pennsylvania. The fireball landed in the woods just outside Kecksburg and was reportedly acorn-shaped. Some speculated that it was a UFO, however the United States government officially stated that it was just a meteor. A large bell-shaped metallic object was made by Unsolved Mysteries for their story on the incident. After the story aired, the show donated the model to the town, and it was placed upon a three-legged wooden pedestal at the local fire department. The model was taken indoors for a time, however it is now back outside on a new metal pedestal lit with spotlights.

+A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that crosses the blood–brain barrier and acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it affects brainfunction, resulting in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior.

+Vātsyāyana is the name of a Hindu philosopher in the Vedic tradition who is believed to have lived during time of the Gupta Empire (4th to 6th centuries CE) in India. His name appears as the author of theKama Sutra and of Nyāya Sutra Bhāshya, the first commentary on Gotama's Nyāya Sutras.

+The Adelaide leak was the revelation to the press of a dressing-room incident during the third cricket Test match of the 1932–33 Ashes series between Australia and England, more commonly known as theBodyline series. During the course of play on 14 January 1933, the Australian Test captain Bill Woodfull was struck over the heart by a ball delivered by Harold Larwood. Although not badly hurt, Woodfull was shaken and dismissed shortly afterwards. 

+Aokigahara (青木ヶ原^?), also known as the Sea of Trees (樹海 Jukai^?), is a 35-square-kilometre (14 sq mi) forest that lies at the northwest base of Mount Fuji in Japan. The forest is a popular place for suicides, reportedly the most popular in Japan and second in the world after San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.^[5][6] Statistics vary, but what is documented is that during the period leading up to 1988, about 100 suicides occurred there every year.^[7]

In 2002, 78 bodies were found in the forest, exceeding the previous record of 74 in 1998.^[1][8] In 2003, the rate climbed to 100, and in recent years, the local government has stopped publicizing the numbers in an attempt to downplay Aokigahara's association with suicide.^[9] In 2004, 108 people killed themselves in the forest. In 2010, 247 people attempted suicide in the forest, 54 of whom completed the act.^[2] Suicides are said to increase during March, the end of the fiscal year in Japan.^[10] As of 2011, the most popular means of suicide in the forest were hanging and drug overdoses.^[11] The high rate of suicide has led officials to place signs in the forest, in Japanese and English, urging suicidal visitors to seek help and not kill themselves. The annual body search, consisting of a small army of police, volunteers, and attendant journalists, began in 1970. The site's popularity has been attributed to the 1960 novel lit., "Tower of Waves" (波の塔^?) by Seichō Matsumoto.^[15] However, the history of suicide in Aokigahara predates the novel's publication, and the place has long been associated with death:ubasute may have been practiced there into the nineteenth century, and the forest is reputedly haunted by the Yūrei (angry spirits) of those left to die.

+Khutyn Monastery of Saviour's Transfiguration and of St. Varlaam (Russian: Хутынский Спасо-Преображенский Варлаамиев монастырь) used to be the holiest monastery of the medievalNovgorod Republic. The monastery is situated on the right bank of the Volkhov River some 10 km north northeast of Velikiy Novgorod, in the village of Khutyn, whose name is perhaps derived from the Russian "khudoi" (худой) meaning "ill, bad, or poor," possibly suggesting that the village or the region around it was an evil place, or a poor area among the marshes and near the river.

+Evil May Day or Ill May Day is the name of a riot which took place in 1517 as a protest against foreigners living in London. Within a few hours approximately a thousand young male apprentices had congregated in Cheapside. The mob freed several prisoners who were locked up for attacking foreigners and proceeded to St Martin le Grand, a privileged liberty north of St Paul's Cathedral where numerous foreigners lived. Here they were met by the under-sheriff of London, Thomas More, who attempted in vain to persuade them to return to their homes. As soon as More had calmed them, however, the inhabitants of St Martin started to throw stones, bricks, bats and boiling water from their windows some of which fell on an official who screamed: "Down with them!"

+Rainilaiarivony (30 January 1828 – 17 July 1896) was the Prime Minister of Madagascar from 1864 to 1895, succeeding his older brother Rainivoninahitriniony, who had held the post for thirteen years. His career mirrored that of his father Rainiharo, a renowned military man who became Prime Minister during the reign of Queen Ranavalona I.

+Etruscan art was the form of figurative art produced by the Etruscan civilization in central Italy between the 9th and 2nd centuries BC.

+In Chinese philosophy, the phrase three teachings (Chinese: 三教; pinyin: San Jiao) refers to Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism when considered as a harmonious aggregate.^[1] Some of the earliest literary references to the "Three Teachings" idea dates back to the 6th century by prominent Chinese scholars of the time.^[1] The term may also refer to a non-religious philosophy built on that aggregation.

+Die Bajadere is an operetta in 3 acts composed by Hungarian composer Emmerich Kalman. The libretto was written by J. Brammer and A. Grunwald. The work premiered in Vienna on 23 December 1921. With the English-language title of The Yankee Princess, the work received its first New York City performances in October 1922.

+The Pink Finks was an Australian pop/R&B band of the mid-1960s. Based in Melbourne, Victoria, the group is most notable for being the first in the series of bands that featured Ross Wilson and Ross Hannaford, which culminated in the hugely successful Daddy Cool.

+Entick v Carrington [1765] EWHC KB J98 is a leading case in English law establishing the civil liberties of individuals and limiting the scope of executive power. The case has also been influential in other common law jurisdictions and was an important motivation for the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. It is famous for the dictum of Camden LJ: "If it is law, it will be found in our books. If it not to be found there, it is not law."

+Joseph Cosey (February 18, 1887 – ?) is the favorite alias of notorious forger Martin Coneely. He was very skilled at mimicking the handwriting of historical American figures.

+A short snorter is a banknote inscribed by people traveling together on an aircraft. The tradition was started by Alaskan Bush flyers in the 1920s and spread through the military and commercial aviation.^[1][2] During World War II short snorters were signed by flight crews and conveyed good luck to soldiers crossing the Atlantic.^[3] Friends would take the local currency and sign each other's bills creating a "keepsake of your buddy's signatures".

+HMS Eagle was an early aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy. Ordered by Chile during the South American dreadnought race as the Almirante Latorre-class battleship Almirante Cochrane, she was laid down before World War I. In early 1918 she was purchased by Britain for conversion to an aircraft carrier; this work was finished in 1924.

+The Munsters is an American television sitcom depicting the home life of a family of benign monsters. It stars Fred Gwynne as Herman Munster and Yvonne De Carlo as his wife, Lily Munster. The series was a satire of both traditional monster movies and the wholesome family fare of the era, and was produced by the creators of Leave It to Beaver.^[2][3] It ran concurrently with The Addams Family.

+John "Grizzly" Adams (also known as, James Capen Adams, Grizzly Adams) (1812–1860) was a famous California mountain man and trainer of grizzly bears and other wild animals that he captured for menageries, zoological gardens and circuses. When Theodore H. Hittell^[1] met John Adams in late 1856 at John's Mountaineer Museum in San Francisco, California, John first represented himself as William Adams,^[2] then a short time later told Hittell (also incorrectly) that his name was James Capen Adams; he maintained this alias into 1860. He also told Hittell that he was born on October 20, 1807, in Maine

+CHiPs is an American television drama series produced by MGM Studios (now owned by Turner Entertainment) that originally aired on NBC from September 15, 1977, to July 17, 1983. CHiPs followed the lives of two motorcycle police officers of the California Highway Patrol. The series ran for 139 episodes over six seasons.

+George Barris (born November 20, 1925)^[1] is a designer of custom cars.

+James Byron Dean (February 8, 1931 – September 30, 1955) was an American actor.^[1] He is a cultural icon of teenage disillusionment, as expressed in the title of his most celebrated film, Rebel Without a Cause (1955), in which he starred as troubled Los Angeles teenager Jim Stark. The other two roles that defined his stardom were as loner Cal Trask in East of Eden (1955), and as the surly ranch hand, Jett Rink, in Giant (1956). Dean's enduring fame and popularity rests on his performances in only these three films, all leading roles. His premature death in a car crash cemented his legendary status.

+Majlis al Jinn also Majlis al-Jinn (meeting/gathering place of the Jinn), local name: Khoshilat Maqandeli is the ninth largest^[1] cave chamber in the world,^[2] as measured by the surface area of the floor. It ranks higher when measured by volume. The cave is located in a remote area of the Selma Plateau at 1,380 metres above sea level in the Sultanate of Oman, 100 km south-east from Muscat.

+An incubus (nominal form constructed from the Latin verb, incubo, incubare, or "to lie upon") is a demon in male form who, according to a number of mythological and legendary traditions, lies upon sleepers, especially women, in order to have sexual intercourse with them. Its female counterpart is the succubus. An incubus may pursue sexual relations with a woman in order to father a child, as in the legend of Merlin.^[1] Religious tradition holds that repeated intercourse with an incubus or succubus may result in the deterioration of health, or even death.

+Enoch (Hebrew: חֲנוֹךְ, Modern H̱anokh Tiberian Ḥănōḵ; Arabic: إدريس‎ ʼIdrīs) is a character that appears in the Book of Genesis and a figure in the Generations of Adam. Enoch is described as the great^x4grandson of Adam (through Seth) (Genesis 5:3-18), the son of Jared, the father of Methuselah, and the great-grandfather of Noah. 

+Ezekiel (pron.: /ɨˈziːki.əl/; Hebrew: יְחֶזְקֵאל, Y'ḥez'qel, Hebrew pronunciation: [jəħezˈqel]), Arabic:حزقيال Hazqiyal, 'God will strengthen' (from חזק, ḥazaq, [ħaˈzaq], literally 'to fasten upon,' figuratively 'strong,' andאל, el, [ʔel], literally 'God', and so figuratively 'The Almighty') is the central protagonist of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible.

+Dr. Josef Allen Hynek (May 1, 1910 – April 27, 1986) was a United States astronomer, professor, and ufologist.^[1] He is perhaps best remembered for his UFO research. Hynek acted as scientific adviser to UFO studies undertaken by the U.S. Air Force under three consecutive names:

1. Project Sign (1947–1949),
2. Project Grudge (1949–1952), and
3. Project Blue Book (1952 to 1969).

For decades afterwards, he conducted his own independent UFO research, developing the Close Encounter classification system, and is widely considered the father of the concept of scientific analysis of both reports and, especially, trace evidence purportedly left by UFOs.

+Project Sign was an official U.S. government study of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) undertaken by the United States Air Force and active for most of 1948.

Project Sign's final report, published in early 1949, stated that while some UFOs appeared to represent actual aircraft there were not enough data to determine their origin.^[1] However, prior to this final report, Sign officially argued that UFOs were likely of extraterrestrial origin, and most of the project's personnel came to favor the extraterrestrial hypothesis before this opinion was rejected and Sign was dissolved and replaced with Project Grudge.

+Project Grudge was a short-lived project by the U.S. Air Force to investigate unidentified flying objects (UFOs). Grudge succeeded Project Sign in February, 1949, and was then followed by Project Blue Book. The project formally ended in December 1949, but actually continued on in a minimal capacity until late 1951.

+Travis Walton (born February 10, 1953^[1]) is an American logger who claims to have been abducted by a UFO on November 5, 1975, while working with a logging crew in the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest^[2] in Arizona. Walton could not be found, but reappeared after a five-day search.

+Quantum foam (also referred to as space time foam) is a concept in quantum mechanics devised by John Wheeler in 1955. The foam is supposed to be conceptualized as the foundation of the fabric of the universe.^[1]

Additionally, quantum foam can be used as a qualitative description of subatomic space time turbulence at extremely small distances (on the order of the Planck length). At such small scales of time and space, the Heisenberg uncertainty principleallows energy to briefly decay into particles and antiparticles and then annihilate without violating physical conservation laws. As the scale of time and space being discussed shrinks, the energy of the virtual particles increases. According toEinstein's theory of general relativity, energy curves space time. This suggests that—at sufficiently small scales—the energy of these fluctuations would be large enough to cause significant departures from the smooth space time seen at larger scales, giving space time a "foamy" character.

+A paradox is an argument that produces an inconsistency, typically within logic or common sense.^[1] Most logical paradoxes are known to be invalid arguments but are still valuable in promoting critical thinking.^[2] However, some have revealed errors in definitions assumed to be rigorous, and have caused axioms of mathematics and logic to be re-examined (e.g., Russell's paradox).^[3] Still others, such as Curry's paradox, are not yet resolved. In common usage, the word "paradox" often refers toirony or contradiction. Examples outside logic include the Grandfather paradox from physics, and the Ship of Theseus from philosophy. Paradoxes can also take the form of images or other media. For example, M.C. Escher featured perspective-based paradoxes in many of his drawings

+In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves.

+Annihilation is defined as "total destruction" or "complete obliteration" of an object;^[1] having its root in the Latin nihil (nothing). A literal translation is "to make into nothing".

+In the general sense, a cosmos is an orderly or harmonious system. The word derives from the Greek term κόσμος (kosmos), literally meaning "order" or "ornament" and metaphorically "world",^[1] and is antithetical to the concept of chaos. Today, the word is generally used as a synonym of the Latin loanword "Universe" (considered in its orderly aspect). The word cosmeticsoriginates from the same root. In many Slavic languages such as Russian, Bulgarian, and Serbian, the word Космос cosmos means also the "outer space". In Mandarin Chinese, cosmos and universe are both translated as 宇宙 yǔzhòu, which literally translated means space-time (宇 yǔ = space + 宙 zhòu = time).

+The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift), named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who proposed it in 1842 in Prague, is the change in frequency of a wave (or other periodic event) for anobserver moving relative to its source. It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren or horn approaches, passes, and recedes from an observer. The received frequency is higher (compared to the emitted frequency) during the approach, it is identical at the instant of passing by, and it is lower during the recession.

+An incunable, or sometimes incunabulum (plural incunables or incunabula, respectively) is a book, pamphlet, or broadside (such as the Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474) that wasprinted—not handwritten—before the year 1501 in Europe. "Incunable" is the anglicised singular form of "incunabula", Latin for "swaddling clothes" or "cradle"^[1] which can refer to "the earliest stages or first traces in the development of anything."^[2] A former term for "incunable" is "fifteener," referring to the fifteenth century.

+Hank Williams (/hæŋk wɪljəmz /; September 17, 1923 – January 1, 1953), born Hiram King Williams, was an American singer-songwriter and musician regarded as one of the most important country music artists of all time. Williams recorded 35 singles (five released posthumously) that would place in the Top 10 of the Billboard Country & Western Best Sellers chart, including 11 that ranked number one.

+The Diamond Sūtra is a Mahāyāna sūtra from the Prajñāpāramitā, or "Perfection of Wisdom" genre, and emphasizes the practice of non-abiding and non-attachment. The full Sanskrit title of this text is theVajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra.

A copy of the Chinese version of Diamond Sūtra, found among the Dunhuang manuscripts in the early 20th century by Aurel Stein, was dated back to May 11, 868.^[1] It is, in the words of the British Library, "the earliest complete survival of a dated printed book."

+The Smith Gun was an ad hoc anti-tank artillery piece used by the British Army and Home Guard during the Second World War. With a German invasion of Great Britain seeming likely after the defeat in the Battle of France, most available weaponry was diverted to the regular British Army, leaving the Home Guard short on supplies, particularly anti-tank weaponry. The Smith Gun was designed by a retired Army Major named William H. Smith as a makeshift anti tank weapon, and was put into production in 1941 following a demonstration to the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill.

+Chewbacca's creation as a "gentle, hairy, non-English-speaking co-pilot" was inspired by George Lucas seeing his own dog sitting up on the passenger seat of his car.^[1] The dog, named Indiana, also inspired the name of the lead character in another one of Lucas' film franchises - Indiana Jones.^[2] It is said that Chewbacca's name is derived from собака (sobaka), the Russian word for dog.         

+https://www.darkenergysurvey.org/index.shtml

+Cult of the Dead Cow, also known as cDc or cDc Communications, is a computer hacker and DIY media organization founded in 1984 in Lubbock, Texas. The group maintains a weblog on its site, also titled "Cult of the Dead Cow". New media are released first through the blog, which also features thoughts and opinions of the group's members.

+Thomas Crapper (baptised 28 September 1836; died 27 January 1910) was a plumber who founded Thomas Crapper & Co in London. Contrary to widespread misconceptions, Crapper did not invent theflush toilet. He did, however, do much to increase the popularity of the toilet, and developed some important related inventions, such as the ballcock. He was noted for the quality of his products and received several royal warrants.

                                                Computer Section

+Gary McKinnon (born 10 February 1966) is a Scottish^[1] systems administrator and hacker who was accused in 2002 of perpetrating the "biggest military computer hack of all time,"^[2] although McKinnon himself – who has a diagnosis of Asperger's Syndrome – states that he was merely looking for evidence of free energy suppression and a cover-up of UFO activity and other technologies potentially useful to the public. On 16 October 2012, after a series of legal proceedings in Britain, Home Secretary Theresa May withdrew his extradition order to the United States.

+SQL injection is a technique often used to attack data driven applications.^[1] This is done by including portions of SQL statements in an entry field in an attempt to get the website to pass a newly formed rogue SQL command to the database (e.g., dump the database contents to the attacker). SQL injection is a code injection technique that exploits a security vulnerability in an application's software. The vulnerability happens when user input is either incorrectly filtered for string literalescape characters embedded in SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and unexpectedly executed. SQL injection is mostly known as an attack vector for websites but can be used to attack any type of SQL database.

In operational environments, it has been noted that applications experience an average of 71 attempts an hour.

+The Morris worm or Internet worm of November 2, 1988 was one of the first computer worms distributed via the Internet. It is considered the first worm and was certainly the first to gain significant mainstream media attention. It also resulted in the first conviction in the US under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.^[1] It was written by a student at Cornell University, Robert Tappan Morris, and launched on November 2, 1988 from MIT.

+In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Although the means to carry out, motives for, and targets of a DoS attack may vary, it generally consists of the efforts of one or more people to temporarily or indefinitely interrupt or suspend services of ahost connected to the Internet.

+DNS hijacking or DNS redirection is the practice of subverting the resolution of Domain Name System (DNS) queries. This can be achieved by malware that overrides a computer's TCP/IP configuration to point at a rogue DNS server under the control of an attacker, or through modifying the behaviour of a trusted DNS server so that it does not comply with internet standards.

+The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and similar networks, and generally the most popular protocol stack for wide area networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because of its most important protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first networking protocols defined in this standard. It is occasionally known as the DoD model due to the foundational influence of the ARPANET in the 1970s (operated by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense).

+The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the world's first operational packet switching network, the first network to implement TCP/IP, and the progenitor of what was to become the global Internet. The network was initially funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) within the U.S. Department of Defense for use by its projects at universities and research laboratories in the US. The packet switching of the ARPANET, together with TCP/IP, would form the backbone of how the Internet works. The packet switching was based on concepts and designs by engineer Paul Baran, British scientist Donald Davies^[1][2] and Lawrence Roberts of the Lincoln Laboratory.^[3] The TCP/IP set of communication protocols were developed for ARPANET by computer scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf.

+Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in Web applications. XSS enables attackers to inject client-side script into Web pages viewed by other users. A cross-site scripting vulnerability may be used by attackers to bypass access controls such as the same origin policy. Cross-site scripting carried out on websites accounted for roughly 84% of all security vulnerabilities documented by Symantec as of 2007.^[1] Their effect may range from a petty nuisance to a significant security risk, depending on the sensitivity of the data handled by the vulnerable site and the nature of any security mitigation implemented by the site's owner.

+The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is an open-source application security project. The OWASP community includes corporations, educational organizations, and individuals from around the world. This community works to create freely-available articles, methodologies, documentation, tools, and technologies. The OWASP Foundation is a 501(c)(3) charitable organization that supports and manages OWASP projects and infrastructure. It is also a registered non profit in Europe since June 2011.

+Continuum theories or models explain variation as involving gradual quantitative transitions without abrupt changes or discontinuities. In contrast, categorical theories or models explain variation using qualitatively different states.

+Smooth infinitesimal analysis is a modern reformulation of the calculus in terms of infinitesimals. Based on the ideas of F. W. Lawvere and employing the methods of category theory, it views all functions as being continuous and incapable of being expressed in terms of discrete entities. As a theory, it is a subset of synthetic differential geometry.

+Infinitesimals have been used to express the idea of objects so small that there is no way to see them or to measure them. Students easily relate to the intuitive notion of an infinitesimal difference 1-"0.999...", where "0.999..." needs to be interpreted differently from its standard meaning as a real number.

+Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts relating to the uniformity in a substance. A material that is homogeneous is uniform in composition or character; one that is heterogeneous is distinctly nonuniform in one of these qualities

+Rhenium diboride (ReB₂) is a synthetic superhard material. It was first synthesized in 1962^[2] and re-emerged recently due to hopes of achieving high hardness comparable to that of diamond.^[3] However, the reported ultrahigh hardness has not been confirmed.

+Rhenium trichloride (ReCl₃) is a compound of rhenium and chlorine. It was first discovered in 1932 by Geilnann, Wriuce, and Biltz.

+Tungsten(VI) fluoride, also known as tungsten hexafluoride, is the inorganic compound of tungsten and fluorine with the formula WF₆. This corrosive, colorless compound is a gas under standard conditions, with a density of about 13 g/L (roughly 11 times heavier than air.^[1][2][3]), WF₆ is one of the heaviest known gases under standard conditions.^[4] WF₆ gas is most commonly used in the production of semiconductor circuits and circuit boards through the process of chemical vapor deposition – upon decomposition, molecules of WF₆ leave a residue of metallic tungsten. This layer serves as low-resistive metallic "interconnect".

+The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength,^[1] named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square meter.

+The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Le Système international d'unités) is the modern form of the metric system. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built around seven base units, 22 named and an indeterminate number of unnamed coherent derived units, and a set of prefixes that act as decimal-based multipliers. The standards, published in 1960, are based on the metre-kilogram-second system, rather than the centimetre-gram-second system, which, in turn, had several variants

+The centimetre–gram–second system (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system of physical units based on centimetre as the unit of length, gram as a unit of mass, and second as a unit of time. All CGS mechanical units are unambiguously derived from these three base units, but there are several different ways of extending the CGS system to cover electromagnetism.

+The International System of Units (SI) specifies a set of seven base units from which all other units of measurement are formed, by products of the powers of base units. These other units are called SI derived units; for example, the SI derived unit of area is square metre (m²), and of density is kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m³). The number of derived units is unlimited.

+Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity) quantifiYoung's modulus, also known as the tensile modulus or elastic modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and is a quantity used to characterize materials. It is defined as the ratio of the stress along an axis over the strain along that axis in the range of stress in which Hooke's law holdses how strongly a given material opposes the flow of electric current.

+Young's modulus, also known as the tensile modulus or elastic modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and is a quantity used to characterize materials. It is defined as the ratio of the stress along an axis over the strain along that axis in the range of stress in which Hooke's law holds.

+Hooke's law is a principle of physics that states that the force  needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance  is proportional to that distance. That is,

+Isotropy is uniformity in all orientations; it is derived from the Greek isos (ίσος, equal) and tropos (τρόπος, way). Precise definitions depend on the subject area. Exceptions, or inequalities, are frequently indicated by the prefix an, hence anisotropy.Anisotropy is also used to describe situations where properties vary systematically, dependent on direction.

+Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test particle is oriented. It radiates uniformly in all directions from a point source sometimes called an isotropic radiator. The radiation may be electromagnetic, audio or composed of other elementary particles.

+Poisson's ratio (), named after Siméon Poisson, is the negative ratio of transverse to axial strain. In fact, when a sample object is stretched (or squeezed), to an extension (or contraction) in the direction of the applied load, it corresponds a contraction (or extension) in a direction perpendicular to the applied load. The ratio between these two quantities is the Poisson's ratio.

+An orthotropic material has two or three mutually orthogonal twofold axes of rotational symmetry so that its mechanical properties are, in general, different along each axis. 

+A transversely isotropic material is one with physical properties which are symmetric about an axis that is normal to a plane of isotropy. This transverse plane has infinite planes of symmetry and thus, within this plane, the material properties are the same in all directions. Hence, such materials are also known as "polar anisotropic" materials.

+In linear algebra, an orthogonal transformation is a linear transformation T : V → V on a real inner product space V, that preserves the inner product. That is, for each pair u, v of elements of V, we have

+In statics, a structure is statically indeterminate (or hyperstatic)^[1] when the static equilibrium equations are insufficient for determining the internal forces and reactions on that structure.

Based on Newton's laws of motion, the equilibrium equations available for a two-dimensional body are

• : the vectorial sum of the forces acting on the body equals zero. This translates to

Σ H = 0: the sum of the horizontal components of the forces equals zero;

Σ V = 0: the sum of the vertical components of forces equals zero;

• : the sum of the moments (about an arbitrary point) of all forces equals zero.

 

+Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS) or ultimate strength,^[1][2] is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking. Tensile strength is the opposite ofcompressive strength and the values can be quite different.

+Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere. Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 18th century. The 19th century saw breakthroughs occur after observing networks developed across several countries. 

+Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.

+In Physics, geography, astronomy, meteorology, statistics, and other sciences, the term scale or spatial scale is used for describing or classifying with large approximation the extent or size of a length, distance, or area studied or described. For instance, in physics an object or phenomenon can be called microscopic if too small to be visible.

+Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted on a surface by the weight of air above that surface in the atmosphere of Earth (or that of another planet). In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the mass of air above the measurement point. Low-pressure areas have less atmospheric mass above their location, whereas high-pressure areas have more atmospheric mass above their location. 

+The bar is a non-SI unit of pressure, defined by the IUPAC as exactly equal to 100,000 Pa.^[1] It is about equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level, and since 1982 the IUPAC has recommended that the standard for atmospheric pressure should be harmonized to 100,000 Pa = 1 bar ≈ 750.0616827 Torr.

+The centimetre–gram–second system (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system of physical units based on centimetre as the unit of length, gram as a unit of mass, and second as a unit of time. All CGS mechanical units are unambiguously derived from these three base units, but there are several different ways of extending the CGS system to cover electromagnetism.

+The metre–tonne–second or mts system of units is a system of physical units. It was invented in France, hence the unit names sthène and pièze, and became its legal system between 1919 and 1961 ("décret" May 5th 1961, "Journal Officiel"). It was adopted by the Soviet Union in 1933, and abolished there in 1955.

+The sthène (symbol sn), sometimes spelled (or misspelled) sthéne^[1] or sthene,^[2] is an obsolete unit of force in the metre-tonne-second system of units (mts) introduced in France in 1919.^[3] The system was soon abandoned in favor of the mkssystem and has now been superseded by the Système International (SI).^[2] It was also used to measure thrust. It is approximately 224 pounds force.

+Hemp (from Old English hænep) is a commonly used term for varieties of the Cannabis plant and its products, which include fiber, oil, and seed. In many countries regulatory limits for concentrations of psychoactive drug compounds (THC) in hemp encourages the use of strains of the plant which are bred for low tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content or otherwise have the THC removed.^[1] Hemp is refined into products like hemp seed foods, hemp oil, wax, resin, rope, cloth, pulp, and fuel.

+Elastography is a non-invasive method in which stiffness or strain images of soft tissue are used to detect or classify tumors. A tumor or a suspicious cancerous growth is normally 5-28 times stiffer than the background of normal soft tissue. When a mechanical compression or vibration is applied, the tumor deforms less than the surrounding tissue. i.e. the strain in the tumor is less than the surrounding tissue. Hence a strain image may, under particular simplifying assumptions, be interpreted as representative of the underlying Young's modulus distribution.

+Liver biopsy is the biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue) from the liver. It is a medical test that is done to aid diagnosis of liver disease, to assess the severity of known liver disease, and to monitor the progress of treatment.

+Cirrhosis (pron.: /sɪˈroʊsɪs/) is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerative nodules (lumps that occur as a result of a process in which damaged tissue is regenerated),^[1][2][3] leading to loss of liver function.

+Hepatic encephalopathy (also known as portosystemic encephalopathy) is the occurrence of confusion, altered level of consciousness, and coma as a result of liver failure. In the advanced stages it is called hepatic coma or coma hepaticum. It may ultimately lead to death.

+The system of imperial units or the imperial system (also known as British Imperial^[1]) is the system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, which was later refined and reduced. The system came into official use across the British Empire. By the late 20th century, most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement, although as of 2013 the United Kingdom had only partially adopted it.

+An abrasive is a material, often a mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away. While finishing a material often means polishing it to gain a smooth, reflective surface it can also involve roughening as in satin, matte or beaded finishes.

+Honing is an abrasive machining process that produces a precision surface on a metal workpiece by scrubbing an abrasive stone against it along a controlled path. Honing is primarily used to improve the geometric form of a surface, but may also improve the surface texture.

+Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) with traces of iron, titanium and chromium.^[1] It is a rock-forming mineral. It is one of the naturally clear transparent materials, but can have different colors when impurities are present. Transparent specimens are used as gems, called ruby if red and padparadscha if pink-orange. 

+Linoleum (informally abbreviated to lino) is a floor covering made from renewable materials such as solidified linseed oil (linoxyn), pine rosin, ground cork dust, wood flour, and mineral fillers such ascalcium carbonate, most commonly on a burlap or canvas backing; pigments are often added to the materials.

+Swarf, also known as turnings, chips, or filings, are shavings and chippings of metal — the debris or waste resulting from metalworking operations including milling and grinding. It can usually be recycled, and this is the preferred method of disposal due to the environmental concerns regarding potential contamination with cutting fluid or tramp oil. 

+A centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by an electric motor (some older models were spun by hand), that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis. A centrifuge is also used to separate the components of blood in blood banks.

+Molybdenum is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin Molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores.^[4] Molybdenum minerals have been known into prehistory, but the element was discovered (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. The metal was first isolated in 1781 by Peter Jacob Hjelm.

+Tungsten hexachloride is the chemical compound of tungsten and chlorine with the formula WCl₆. This dark violet blue species exists as a volatile solid under standard conditions. It is an important starting reagent in the preparation of tungsten compounds.^[1] WCl₆ is a rare example of a charge-neutral hexachloride, another example being ReCl₆. Better known than WCl₆ is the still more volatile WF₆.

+"NFPA 704: Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response" is a standard maintained by the U.S.-based National Fire Protection Association. First "tentatively adopted as a guide" in 1960,^[1] and revised several times since then, it defines the colloquial "fire diamond" used by emergency personnel to quickly and easily identify the risks posed by hazardous materials. This helps determine what, if any, special equipment should be used, procedures followed, or precautions taken during the initial stages of an emergency response.

+A fractal is a mathematical set that has a fractal dimension that usually exceeds its topological dimension^[1] and may fall between the integers.^[2] Fractals are typically self-similar patterns, where self-similar means they are "the same from near as from far".^[3] Fractals may be exactly the same at every scale, or, as illustrated in Figure 1, they may be nearly the same at different scales.

+Lebesgue covering dimension or topological dimension is one of several inequivalent notions of assigning a topological invariant dimension to a given topological space.

+In topology and related branches of mathematics, a topological space is a set of points, along with a set of neighbourhoods for each point, that satisfy a set of axioms relating points and neighbourhoods. The definition of a topological space relies only upon set theory and is the most general notion of a mathematical "space" that allows for the definition of concepts such as continuity, connectedness, and convergence. 

+Cymothoa exigua, or the tongue-eating louse, is a parasitic crustacean of the family Cymothoidae. This parasite enters fish through the gills, and then attaches itself at the base of the fish's tongue. The female attaches to the tongue and the male attaches on the gill arches beneath and behind the female. Females are 8–29 millimetres (0.3–1.1 in) long and 4–14 mm (0.16–0.55 in) in maximum width. Males are approximately 7.5–15 mm (0.3–0.6 in) long and 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) wide.^[1] The parasite destroys the fish's tongue, and then attaches itself to the stub of what was once its tongue and becomes the fish's new tongue.

+Crustaceans (Crustacea) form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. The 67,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at 0.1 mm (0.004 in), to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of up to 12.5 ft (3.8 m) and a mass of 44 lb (20 kg). Like other arthropods, crustaceans have an exoskeleton, which they moult to grow. They are distinguished from other groups of arthropods, such as insects, myriapods and chelicerates, by the possession of biramous (two-parted) limbs, and by the nauplius form of the larvae.

+Ecdysis (from Greek: ἐκδύω, ekduo, to take off, strip off^[1]) is the moulting of the cuticula in many invertebrates. This process of moulting is the defining feature of the clade Ecdysozoa,^[2] comprising thearthropods, nematodes velvet worms, horsehair worms, tardigrades, and Cephalorhyncha.^[3] Since the cuticula of these animals often forms an inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed.^[2] The remnants of the old, empty exoskeleton are called exuviae.

+Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. Causes of atrophy include mutations (which can destroy the gene to build up the organ), poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss ofhormonal support, loss of nerve supply to the target organ, excessive amount of apoptosis of cells, and disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself. Hormonal and nerve inputs that maintain an organ or body part are referred to as trophic [noun] in medical practice ('trophic" is an adjective that can be paired with various nouns). Trophic describes the trophic condition of tissue. A diminished muscular trophic is designated as atrophy.

+Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 – April 5, 1994)^[2][3] was an American musician and artist, best known as the lead singer, guitarist and primary songwriter of the grunge band Nirvana. Cobain formed Nirvana with Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen, Washington in 1985 and established it as part of the Seattle music scene, having its debut album Bleach released on the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989.

+Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of these are considered classics of American literature.

+Haemochromatosis (or hemochromatosis) type 1^[1] (also HFE hereditary haemochromatosis^[2] or HFE-related hereditary haemochromatosis^[3]) is a hereditary disease characterized by excessive intestinal absorption of dietary iron resulting in a pathological increase in total body iron stores.^[4] Humans, like most animals, have no means to excrete excess iron.^[5] Excess iron accumulates in tissues and organs disrupting their normal function. The most susceptible organs include the liver, adrenal glands, heart, skin, gonads, joints, and the pancreas; patients can present with cirrhosis, polyarthropathy, adrenal insufficiency, heart failure or diabetes.^[6] The hereditary form of the disease is most common among those of Northern European ancestry, in particular those of Celtic descent.

+In medicine, iron overload indicates accumulation of iron in the body from any cause. The most important causes are hereditary haemochromatosis (HHC), a genetic disorder, and transfusional iron overload, which can result from repeated blood transfusion.

+François-Marie Arouet (French: [fʁɑ̃.swa ma.ʁi aʁ.wɛ]; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known by his nom de plume Voltaire (pronounced: [vɔl.tɛːʁ]), was a French Enlightenment writer, historian andphilosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state. Voltaire was a versatile writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poems, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works.

+Clairvius Narcisse (born c. 1922) was a Haitian man said to have been turned into a living zombie by a combination of drugs. After investigating reports of "zombies" (including Narcisse and a handful of others), researchers believed that Narcisse received a dose of chemical mixture containing tetrodotoxin (pufferfish venom) and bufotoxin (toad venom) to induce a coma which mimicked the appearance of death. He was then allowed to return to his home where he collapsed, "died", and was buried. The Canadian ethnobotanist Wade Davis, who did the research on tetrodotoxin ^[1] explains how this would have been done. The bokor (sorcerer) would have given Narcisse a powder containing the tetrodotoxin through abraded skin. Narcisse fell into a comatose state, closely resembling death, which resulted in his live burial.^[2] His body was then recovered and he was given doses of Datura stramonium to create a compliant zombie-like state and set to work on a plantation. After two years, the plantation owner died and Narcisse simply walked away to freedom.

+Bokors in the religion of vodou are sorcerers or houngan (priests) or mambo (priestesses) for hire who are said to 'serve the loa with both hands', meaning that they practice both dark magic and light magic. Their black magic includes the creation ofzombies^[1] and the creation of 'ouangas', talismans that house spirits.

+Bufotoxins are a family of toxic substances found in the parotoid glands, skin and venom of many toads (genus Bufo); other amphibians; and some plants and mushrooms.^[1] The exact composition varies greatly with the specific source of the toxin. It can contain: 5-MeO-DMT, bufagins, bufotalin, bufotenine, bufothionine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. The term bufotoxin can also be used specifically to describe the conjugate of a bufagin with suberylargine

+Houngan is the term for a male priest in Haitian Vodou (a female priest is known as a mambo).^[1] The term is derived from the Fon word "hùn gan". There are two ranks of houngan, houngan asogwe (high priest) and houngan sur pwen (junior priest).^[2] A houngan asogwe is the highest member of clergy in voodoo and the only one with authority to ordain other priests.

+Mambo is the term for a female (as opposed to the Houngan, or male) High Priest in the Vodou religion in Haiti. They are the highest form of clergy in the religion, whose responsibility it is to preserve the rituals and songs and maintain the relationship between the spirits and the community as a whole (though some of this is the responsibility of the whole community as well). They are entrusted with leading the service of all of the spirits of their lineage.

+Ethnobotany (from "ethnology" — study of culture^[1] and "botany" — study of plants) is the scientific study of the relationships that exist between people and plants.

+Erotic asphyxiation or breath control play is the intentional restriction of oxygen to the brain for sexual arousal. The sexual practice is variously called asphyxiophilia, autoerotic asphyxia, hypoxyphilia. Colloquially, a person engaging in the activity is sometimes called a gasper. The erotic interest in asphyxiation is classified as a paraphilia in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association.

+Hypoxia refers to low oxygen conditions. Normally oxygen exerts a partial pressure of 20.9%^[1] in the air. In water however; oxygen levels are much lower, approximately 1%, and fluctuate locally depending on the presence of photosynthetic organisms and relative distance to the surface (there is more oxygen in the air, which will diffuse across the partial pressure gradient).

+Hypoxia, or hypoxiation, is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole (generalized hypoxia) or a region of the body (tissue hypoxia, or less commonly regional hypoxia) is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, during strenuous physical exercise. A mismatch between oxygen supply and its demand at the cellular level may result in a hypoxic condition. Hypoxia in which there is complete deprivation of oxygen supply is referred to as anoxia.

+A deep water blackout is a loss of consciousness caused by cerebral hypoxia on ascending from a deep freedive or breath-hold dive, typically of ten metres or more when the swimmer does not necessarily experience an urgent need to breathe and has no other obvious medical condition that might have caused it.^[1][2][3] Victims typically black out close to the surface, usually within the top three metres, sometimes even as they break surface and have often been seen to approach the surface without apparent distress only to sink away.

+Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts relating to the uniformity in a substance. A material that is homogeneous is uniform in composition or character; one that is heterogeneous is distinctly nonuniform in one of these qualities. The concepts are the same to every level of complexity, from atoms to populations of animals or people, and galaxies^{[clarification needed]}. Hence, an element may be homogeneous on a larger scale, compared to being heterogeneous on a smaller scale. This is known as an effective medium approach, or effective medium approximations.

+The word cockalorum means a self-important little man.

+The Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives (Permanent International Commission for Firearms Testing - commonly abbreviated as C.I.P. or CIP) is an international organisation whose members are 14 states, mainly European.

+Kerosene is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid. The name is derived from Greek: κηρός (keros) meaning wax. The word "Kerosene" was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854, and for several years, only the North American Gas Light Company and the Downer Company (to which Gesner had granted the right) were allowed to call their lamp oil "Kerosene" in the United States.^[1] It eventually became a genericized trademark. It is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage.^[2] The term "kerosene" is usual in much of Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand.^[3] It can be referred to colloquially as "kero".

+Paraffin wax refers to a white or colourless soft solid that is used as a lubricant and for other applications. It is derived from petroleum and consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms. It is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 °C (99 °F).^[1] In chemistry, paraffin is used synonymously with "alkane", indicating hydrocarbons with the general formula C_nH_2n+2. The name is derived from Latin parum ("barely") + affinis, meaning "lacking affinity" or "lacking reactivity" indicating paraffin's unreactive nature.

+Alkanes , or paraffins (a still-used historical name for alkanes), are saturated hydrocarbons. They consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms, all bonds are single bonds, and the carbon atoms are not joined in cyclic structures but instead form a simple chain. They have the general chemical formula C_nH_2n+2. Alkanes belong to a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ by amolecular mass of 14 (one carbon atom of mass 12, and two hydrogen atoms of collective mass 2). There are two main commercial sources: crude oil and natural gas.

+Joseph Benson Foraker (July 5, 1846 – May 10, 1917) was the 37th Governor of Ohio from 1886 to 1890 and a Republican United States Senator from 1897 until 1909.

+Combustibility is a measure of how easily a substance will set on fire, through fire or combustion. This is an important property to consider when a substance is used for construction or is being stored. It is also important in processes that produce combustible substances as a by-product. Special precautions are usually required for substances that are easily combustible. These measures may include installation of fire sprinklers or storage remote from possible sources of ignition.

+Abraham Pineo Gesner (May 2, 1797 - April 29, 1864) was a Canadian physician and geologist who invented kerosene. Although Ignacy Łukasiewicz developed the modern kerosene lamp, starting the world's oil industry, Gesner is considered a primary founder. Gesner was born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. He died in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

+Jasper Newton "Jack" Daniel (January 5, 1849 – October 10, 1911) was an American distiller and the founder of Jack Daniel's Tennessee whiskey distillery.

The Seagram Company Ltd. was a large corporation headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada that was the largest distiller of alcoholic beverages in the world. Toward the end of its independent existence it also controlled various entertainment and other business ventures. The Seagram assets have since been acquired by other companies, notably The Coca-Cola Company, Diageo, and Pernod Ricard.

+Captain Morgan is a brand of rum produced by alcohol conglomerate Diageo. It is named after the 17th-century, Welsh privateer of the Caribbean, Sir Henry Morgan who died on 26 August 1688. Since 2011, the label has used the slogan, "To Life, Love and Loot."

+A privateer is a private person or ship authorized by a government by letters of marque to attack foreign shipping during wartime. Privateering was a way of mobilizing armed ships and sailors without having to spend treasury resources or commit naval officers. 

+Admiral Sir Henry Morgan (Harri Morgan in Welsh; ca. 1635 – 25 August 1688) was an Admiral of the English Royal Navy, a privateer, and a pirate^[3][4][5] who made a name for himself during activities in the Caribbean, primarily raiding Spanish settlements. He earned a reputation as one of the most notorious and successful privateers in history, and one of the most ruthless among those active along the Spanish Main.

+David Litman was born in New York in 1957. He lived in the UK from 1967-1975. He attended Sussex House School from 1968-1971 and City of London School from 1971-1975. He is a graduate of Cornell University (1979) and Cornell Law School(1982).

+American exceptionalism is the proposition that the United States is different from other countries in that it has a specific world mission to spread liberty and democracy.^[2] It is not a notion that the United States is quantitatively better than other countries or that it has a superior culture, but rather that it is "qualitatively different".^[3] In this view, America's exceptionalism stems from its emergence from a revolution, becoming what political scientist Seymour Martin Lipset called "'the first new nation,'...other than Iceland, to become independent",^[4] and developing a uniquely American ideology, based on liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, populism and laissez-faire.

+Egalitarianism (from French égal, meaning "equal")—or, rarely, equalitarianism^[1][2]—is a trend of thought that favors equality for particular categories of, or for all, living entities. Egalitarian doctrines maintain that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or social status, according to The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.^[3] The Cultural theory of risk holds egalitarianism as defined by (1) a negative attitude towards rules and principles, and (2) a positive attitude towards group decision-making, with fatalism termed as its opposite.

⁺The Konami Code (Japanese: コナミコマンド, Konami komando, "Konami command") is a cheat code that appears in many Konami video games,^[1] although the code also appears in some non-Konami games.

+Wayne Clayson Booth (February 22, 1921 in American Fork, Utah – October 10, 2005 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American literary critic. He was the George M. Pullman Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in English Language & Literature and the College at the University of Chicago. His work followed largely from the Chicago school of literary criticism.

+An unreliable narrator is a narrator, whether in literature, film, or theatre, whose credibility has been seriously compromised.^[1] The term was coined in 1961 by Wayne C. Booth in The Rhetoric of Fiction.^[2] This narrative mode is one that can be developed by an author for a number of reasons, usually to deceive the reader or audience.^[1] Most often unreliable narrators are first-person narrators, but sometimes third-person narrators can also be unreliable.

+A utopia (/juːˈtoʊpiə/) is a community or society possessing highly desirable or perfect qualities. The word was coined in Greek by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book Utopia, describing a fictional island society in the Atlantic Ocean. The term has been used to describe both intentional communities that attempt to create an ideal society, and fictional societies portrayed in literature. It has spawned other concepts, most prominently dystopia.

+A Crystal Age is a utopian novel/ Dystopia written by W. H. Hudson, first published in 1887.^[1] The book has been called a "significant S-F milestone"^[2] and has been noted for its anticipation of the "modern ecological mysticism" that would evolve a century later.

+Pyrokinesis, derived from the Greek words πυρ (pûr, meaning "fire, lightning") and κίνησις (kínesis, meaning "motion"), was the name coined by horror novelist Stephen King for protagonistCharlie McGee's ability to create or to control fire strictly by thought in King's 1980 novel, Firestarter.^[1] The word is intended to be parallel to telekinesis, though arguably the prefix "tele-" (meaning "from afar") rather than the suffix "-kinesis" would be the part to preserve in a proper Greek-based hybrid word. Critic S.T. Joshi describes the word as a "singularly unfortunate coinage."

+The Bathysphere (Greek words βάθuς (bathus), "deep" and σφαίρα (sphaira), "sphere") is a spherical deep-sea submersible which was unpowered and lowered into the ocean on a cable, and was used to conduct a series of dives off the coast of Bermuda from 1930 to 1934. The Bathysphere was designed in 1928 and 1929 by the American engineer Otis Barton, to be used by the naturalist William Beebe for studying undersea wildlife. Beebe and Barton conducted dives in the Bathysphere together, marking the first time that a marine biologist observed deep-sea animals in their native environment. Their dives set several consecutive world records for the deepest dive ever performed by a human. The record set by the deepest of these, to a depth of 3,028 feet on August 15, 1934, lasted until it was broken by Barton in 1949.

+A sleeper agent is a spy who is placed in a target country or organization, not to undertake an immediate mission, but rather to act as a potential asset if activated. Sleeper agents are popular plot devices in fiction, in particular espionage fiction andscience fiction.

+Whittaker Chambers, born Jay Vivian Chambers and also known as David Whittaker Chambers^[1] (April 1, 1901 – July 9, 1961), was an American writer and editor. After being a Communist Party USA member and Soviet spy, he later renounced communism and became an outspoken opponent later testifying in the perjury and espionage trial of Alger Hiss. Both are described in his book published in 1952 entitled Witness.

+Atlas Shrugged is a novel by Ayn Rand, first published in 1957 in the United States. Rand's fourth and last novel, it was also her longest, and the one she considered to be her magnum opus in the realm of fiction writing.^[4] Atlas Shrugged includes elements of romance,^[1][2][3] mystery, and science fiction,^[5] and it contains Rand's most extensive statement of Objectivism in any of her works of fiction.

+Magnum opus (plural: magna opera, also opus magnum / opera magna), from the Latin meaning "great work",^[1] refers to the largest, and perhaps the best, greatest, most popular, or most renowned achievement of a writer, artist, composer orcraftsman.

+Objectivity is a central philosophical concept, related to reality and truth, which has been variously defined by sources. Generally, objectivity means the state or quality of being true even outside of asubject's individual feelings, imaginings, or interpretations.

+Ayn Rand (pron.: /ˈaɪn ˈrænd/;^[1] born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum; February 2 [O.S. January 20] 1905 – March 6, 1982) was a Russian-American novelist, philosopher,^[2] playwright, and screenwriter. She is known for her two best-selling novels, The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged, and for developing a philosophical system she called Objectivism. Born and educated in Russia, Rand moved to the United States in 1926. She worked as a screenwriter in Hollywood and had a play produced on Broadway in 1935–1936.

+The Objectivist Party is a political party in the United States that seeks to promote Ayn Rand's philosophy of Objectivism in the political realm.^[1] The party was formed on February 2, 2008 by Dr. Thomas Stevens;^[2] the date was chosen to coincide with Rand's birthday.

+A dystopia is a community or society, usually fictional, that is in some important way undesirable or frightening. It is the opposite of a utopia. Such societies appear in many works of fiction, particularly in stories set in a speculative future. Dystopias are often characterized by dehumanization,^[1] totalitarian governments, environmental disaster,^[2] or other characteristics associated with a cataclysmic decline in society.

+A protagonist (from the Greek πρωταγωνιστής protagonistes, "one who plays the first part, chief actor"^[1]) is the main character (the central or primary personal figure) of a literary, theatrical, cinematic, or musical narrative, which ends up in conflict because of the antagonist. The audience is intended to most identify with the protagonist. In the theatre of Ancient Greece, three actors played all of the main dramatic roles in a tragedy; the leading role was played by the protagonist, while the other roles were played by deuteragonist and the tritagonist.

+The profit motive is the concept in economics that refers to individuals being provided to increase productivity to give up on something (e.g. capital, expertise, labour) for deployment to a productive purpose. If humans are rational and self-interested (seeHomo economicus), then they should only divert some of their personal resource toward production for others in society (i.e. invest) if there is some payback for their self-sacrifice and risk. If there was no profit motive then the rational actor would merely conserve their resource for personal use and no investment would occur. The concept of profit motive was first raised by Adam Smith to explain why rational actors should invest their personal resources and why they needed to be provided a rent for use of that capital.

+A golden age is a period in a field of endeavor when great tasks were accomplished. The term originated from early Greek and Roman poets, who used to refer to a time when mankind lived in a better time and was pure (see Golden Age).

+The R-7 (Russian: Р-7) was a Soviet missile developed during the Cold War, and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile.^[1] The R-7 made 28 launches between 1957 and 1961, but was never deployed operationally. A derivative, the R-7A, was deployed from 1960 to 1968. To the West it was known by the NATO reporting name SS-6 Sapwood and within the Soviet Union by the GRAU index8K71. In modified form, it launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, into orbit, and became the basis for the R7 family which includes Sputnik, Luna, Molniya, Vostok, and Voskhod space launchers, as well as later Soyuz/L/U/U2/FG/2 variants.

+R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. The list was consolidated and republished in Directive 2001/59/EC, where translations into other EU languages may be found. These risk phrases are used internationally, not just in Europe, and there is an ongoing effort towards complete international harmonization.

+Taylor Ashley Horn^[2] (born October 12, 1992, in Redlands, California) is an American singer-songwriter and occasional actress from Kentwood, Louisiana. She now goes by the stage name of Princess Bambi Monroe.

+The Yamaha YZF-R7 OW02 is a race homologation motorcycle of limited production run of only 500 units. It was designed to compete in the Superbike World Championship and Suzuka 8 Hours endurance races.

+The .950 JDJ is a large caliber rifle cartridge developed by J. D. Jones of SSK Industries. Loaded .950 JDJ cartridges are approximately the length of an empty .50 BMG casing (i.e., 4 in/10 cm), and are based on a 20×102mm case shortened and necked up to accept the .950 in (24.1 mm) bullet.^[1] Projectiles are custom-made and most commonly weigh 3,600 grains (230 g) which is 8.2 ounces or over half a pound. The maximum psi is 8,349,768. (57,569.62 MPa)

+A vacuum flask (also known as a Dewar flask, Dewar bottle or Thermos) is an insulating storage vessel that greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flask's surroundings. Invented by Sir James Dewar in 1892, the vacuum flask consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a near-vacuum which prevents heat transfer by conduction or convection.

+The Leidenfrost effect is a phenomenon in which a liquid, in near contact with a mass significantly hotter than the liquid's boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer which keeps that liquid from boiling rapidly. This is most commonly seen when cooking; one sprinkles drops of water in a pan to gauge its temperature—if the pan's temperature is at or above the Leidenfrost point, the water skitters across the metal and takes longer to evaporate than it would in a pan that is above boiling temperature, but below the temperature of the Leidenfrost point.

+Liquid oxygen — abbreviated LOx, LOX or Lox in the aerospace, submarine and gas industries — is one of the physical forms of elemental oxygen. Liquid oxygen has a pale blue color and is strongly paramagnetic and can be suspended between the poles of a powerful horseshoe magnet.^[1] Liquid oxygen has a density of 1.141 g/cm³ (1.141 kg/L) and is cryogenic with a freezing point of 50.5 K (−368.77  °F; −222.65 °C) and a boiling point of 90.19 K (−297.33 °F, −182.96 °C) at 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg). Liquid oxygen has an expansion ratio of 1:861 under 1 standard atmosphere (100 kPa) and 20 °C (68 °F),^[2][3] and because of this, it is used in some commercial and military aircraft as transportable source of breathing oxygen.

+Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby certain materials are attracted by an externally applied magnetic field. In contrast with this behavior, diamagnetic materials are repelled by magnetic fields.^[1] Paramagnetic materials include most chemical elements and some compounds;^[2] they have a relative magnetic permeability greater or equal to unity (i.e., a positive magnetic susceptibility) and hence are attracted to magnetic fields. The magnetic moment induced by the applied field is linear in the field strength and rather weak. It typically requires a sensitive analytical balance to detect the effect and modern measurements on paramagnetic materials are often conducted with a SQUID magnetometer.

+An oxidising agent, oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser can be defined as a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox chemical reaction. The oxidising agent is "reduced" by taking electrons onto itself and the reactant is "oxidised" by having its electrons taken away. Oxygen is the prime example of an oxidising agent, but it is only one among many.

+An oxidizing acid is a Brønsted acid that is also a strong oxidizing agent . All Brønsted acids can act as moderately strong oxidizing agents, because the acidic proton can be reduced to hydrogen gas. Some acids contain other structures that act as stronger oxidizing agents than hydrogen. Generally, they contain oxygen in the anionic structure. These include nitric acid, perchloric acid, chloric acid, chromic acid, and concentrated sulfuric acid, among others.

+In various burners, the oxidizing flame is the flame produced with an excessive amount of oxygen. When the amount of oxygen increases, the flame shortens, its color darkens, and it hisses and roars.^[1]With some exceptions (e.g., platinum soldering in jewelry), the oxidizing flame is usually undesirable for welding and soldering, since, as its name suggests, it oxidizes the metal's surface.

+? (also written Tanda Tanya, meaning Question Mark) is a 2011 Indonesian drama film directed by Hanung Bramantyo. It stars Revalina Sayuthi Temat, Reza Rahadian, Agus Kuncoro, Endhita, Rio Dewanto, and Hengky Sulaeman. The theme is Indonesia's religious pluralism, which often results in conflict between religious beliefs, represented in a plot that revolves around the interactions of three families, one Buddhist, one Muslim, and one Catholic. 

+Kata (型 or 形 literally: "form"^?) is a Japanese word describing detailed choreographed patterns of movements practised either solo or in pairs. The term form is used for the corresponding concept in non-Japanese martial arts in general.

+Major General Sir Samuel Roy Burston KBE, KStJ, CB, DSO, VD, FRCP, FRCPE, FRACP (21 March 1888 – 21 August 1960) was an Australian soldier, physician, and horse racing identity. The son of a prominent Melbourne soldier and businessman, Burston graduated from the University of Melbourne with a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery in 1910. After graduation he worked with children at the Adelaide Children's Hospital and Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory.

+Ialyssus tuberculatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus Ialyssus.

+George Graham Vest (December 6, 1830 – August 9, 1904) was a U.S. politician. Born in Frankfort, Kentucky, he was known for his skills in oration and debate. Vest, a lawyer as well as a politician, served as a Missouri Congressman, a Confederate Congressman during the Civil War, and finally a US Senator. He is best known for his "a man's best friend" closing arguments from the trial in which damages were sought for the killing of a dog named Old Drum on October 18, 1869.

+Bergama is a populous district, as well as the center city of the same district, in İzmir Province in western Turkey. 

+Donald Robert "Don" Willesee (14 April 1916 – 9 September 2003) was an Australian politician, a member of the Australian Senate for 25 years representing Western Australia, and a Cabinet minister in the Whitlam government.

+Capilano Lake is a lake located in the District of North Vancouver and West Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada. It is a watershed administered by the Metro Vancouver and accounts for approximately 40% of Greater Vancouver's water supply.^[1] The southern part of the lake is within the Capilano River Regional Park; it is also in this area that the lake is separated from the Capilano River's southern portion by the Cleveland Dam.

+The 5th Foreign Infantry Regiment (French: 5^e Régiment Étranger d'Infanterie, 5^e REI) was an infantry regiment of the French Foreign Legion. It was based in French Indo-China and existed from 1930 to 1945 and again from 1949 to 1955.

+Adelaide of Hesse (1324–1371) was a daughter of Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse, and his wife Elisabeth of Thuringia. Adelaide was a member of the House of Hesse.

+Alex Okosi is a Nigerian-born, US-educated media executive responsible for developing and launching MTV Africa (MTV base) in February 2005. ^[1] He has also spearheaded the launch of other localized Viacom brands in Africa encompassing Nickelodeon and Comedy Central. ^[2]Okosi’s mission in Africa, has always been to develop content and experiences for audiences that not only entertains and showcases the best of African music and entertainment; but also serves to socially empower audiences in Africa and around the world.

+Bastilla absentimacula is a moth of the Noctuidae family. It is found from the Indian subregion to Taiwan and New Guinea.

+DXP synthase is an enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway. It generates 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is classified under EC 2.2.1.7.

+1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway.

+The Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze.^[1] As a system of enzyme nomenclature, every EC number is associated with a recommended name for the respective enzyme.

+The non-mevalonate pathway or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate pathway (MEP/DOXP pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis is an alternative metabolic pathway leading to the formation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).

+In enzymology, a 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (EC 4.6.1.12) is an enzyme is a lyase which participates in biosynthesis of steroids.

+4-Diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate (or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C methylerythritol 2-phosphate) is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway. It is formed by CDP-ME kinase.

+A bailer in hydrogeology is a hollow tube used to retrieve groundwater samples from monitoring wells. Groundwater monitoring wells are drilled in areas where there are underground storage tanks or where there is environmental remediation occurring. The wells are typically built out of PVC casing which is slotted to allow groundwater to flow freely through the well. Bailers are tied to a piece of rope (usually made from nylon or polypropylene) or a piece of wire (composed of Teflon or stainless steel) and lowered into the water column. Once lowered, the bailer uses a simple ball check valve to seal at the bottom in order to pull up a sample of the groundwater table. Bailers can be disposable or reusable, and they are made out of polyethylene, PVC, FEP or stainless steel.

+A bay dog (or bailer, in Australian English) is a dog that is specially trained to find, chase, and then bay, or howl at from a safe distance, large animals during a hunt, such as during a wild boar hunt.

+Ma'anit (Hebrew: מַעֲנִית) is a kibbutz located near the town of Pardes Hanna-Karkur in northern Israel. It falls under the jurisdiction of Menashe Regional Council.

+Paphiopedilum rothschildianum, described in 1888, is a species of orchid commonly known as the King of the Paphs. It is a large sized clear-leafed plant. It blooms with a tall inflorescence with up to six, large flowers. It is unique in the Corypetalum group by holding its petals almost horizontally, giving the flower a very large appearance. The peak flowering period is from April to May.

+Kərkicahan (also, Kərgicahan, Kirdidzhan, Kirkidzhan, and Krkzhan) is a village in the Khojali Rayon of Azerbaijan.

+The Kirdi are is a term that describes some many cultures and ethnic groups who inhabit northwestern Cameroon and northeastern Nigeria.

+Lieutenant Frederick John Hunt was an English World War I flying ace credited with nine aerial victories.

+John Hunt (1712 – March 31, 1778) was one of the Virginia Exiles, a group of Philadelphia Quakers which was forcibly exiled to Winchester, Virginia, during the Revolutionary War.

+Lord John Frederick Gordon Hallyburton GCH (15 August 1799 – 29 September 1878) was a Scottish naval officer and Member of Parliament.

+Mark Bergman (born July 28, 1973 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian radio and television personality.

+Kelimutu ([kəliˈmutu]) is a volcano, close to the small town of Moni about 50 km to the east of Ende, Indonesia in central Flores Island of Indonesia.

+Smedstorp Castle (Swedish: Smedstorps slott) is a castle in Tomelilla Municipality, Scania, in southern Sweden.

+Benjamin Matthew "Ben" Ondrus (born June 25, 1982) is a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger currently playing for the Idaho Steelheads of the ECHL.

+Udham Bai (born 17XX) also known as kudsiya Begum or Mumtaz Mahal Sahiba was a queen of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah and an Indian administrator. She served as de facto regent of India from 1748 to 1754. She was also the mother ofAhmad Shah Bahadur.

+Munster, Go Home! is a 1966 American film based on the hit 1960s family television sitcom The Munsters. It was directed by Earl Bellamy, who also directed a number of episodes in the series. The film reunited the original cast, except for Marilyn, who was played by Debbie Watson.

+Rayleigh–Bénard convection is a type of natural convection, occurring in a plane horizontal layer of fluid heated from below, in which the fluid develops a regular pattern of convection cellsknown as Bénard cells. Rayleigh–Bénard convection is one of the most commonly studied convection phenomena because of its analytical and experimental accessibility.^[1] The convection patterns are the most carefully examined example of self-organizing nonlinear systems.

+Bernard "Josh" Lay (born September 8, 1982) is an American football cornerback who is currently a member of the Pittsburgh Power of the Arena Football League. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the sixth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at Pittsburgh.

+Ableism (pron.: /ˈeɪbəlɪzəm/^[1]) is a form of discrimination or social prejudice against people with disabilities. It is known by many names, including disability discrimination, physicalism, handicapism, and disability oppression.^[2] It is also sometimes known as disablism, although there is some dispute as to whether ableism and disablism are synonymous, and some people within disability rights circles find the latter term's use inaccurate.^{[citation needed]} Discrimination faced by those who have or are perceived to have a mental disorder is sometimes called mentalism rather than ableism.

+Hypotonia is a state of low muscle tone^[1] (the amount of tension or resistance to stretch in a muscle), often involving reduced muscle strength. Hypotonia is not a specific medical disorder, but a potential manifestation of many different diseases and disorders that affect motor nerve control by the brain or muscle strength.

+Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia associated with a low plasma osmolality.^[1] The term "Hypotonic hyponatremia" is also sometimes used.^[2] When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.

+Hyponatremia (American English) or hyponatraemia (British English) is an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium (salt) concentration in the serum is lower than normal. (Hypo = low; natraemia = sodium in blood) Sodium is the dominant extracellular cation (positive ion) and cannot freely cross the cell membrane. Its homeostasis (stability) is vital to the normal function of cells. Normal serum sodium levels are between 135 and 145 mEq/L. Hyponatremia is defined as a serum level of less than 135 mEq/L and is considered severe when the serum level is below 125 mEq/L.

+An electrolyte is a compound that ionises when dissolved in suitable ionising solvents such as water. This includes most soluble salts, acids, and bases.

+In blood, the serum (UK /ˈsɪərəm/ or US /ˈsɪrəm/) is the component that is neither a blood cell (serum does not contain white or red blood cells) nor a clotting factor; it is the blood plasma with the fibrinogensremoved. Serum includes all proteins not used in blood clotting (coagulation) and all the electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and any exogenous substances (e.g., drugs and microorganisms).

+Plasma osmolarity measures the body's electrolyte-water balance.^[1] There are multiple methods for arriving at this quantity through measurement and calculation.

+Gigantism, also known as giantism (from Greek γίγας gigas, "giant", plural γίγαντες gigantes), is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average. In humans, this condition is caused by over-production of growth hormone^[1] in childhood resulting in persons between 7 feet (84 inches) (2.13 m) and 9 feet (108 inches) (2.74 m) in height.

+Dwarfism (pron.: /ˈdwɔrfɪzəm/) occurs when an individual person or animal is short in stature resulting from a medical condition caused by abnormal (slow or delayed) growth. In humans, dwarfism is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than 147 cm (4 feet 10 inches).

+Cockayne syndrome (also called Weber-Cockayne syndrome, or Neill-Dingwall syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive,^[1] congenital disorder characterized by growth failure, impaired development of the nervous system, abnormal sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity), and premature aging.

+Acromegaly (pron.: /ˌækrɵˈmɛɡəli/; from Greek άκρος akros "extreme" or "extremities" and μεγάλος megalos "large") is a syndrome that results when the anterior pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone (GH) after epiphyseal plate closure at puberty. A number of disorders may increase the pituitary's GH output, although most commonly it involves a GH-producing tumor called pituitary adenoma, derived from a distinct type of cell (somatotrophs).

+Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an obligate pathogenic bacterium in the genus Mycobacterium.^[1] It is often abbreviated M. paratuberculosis or M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis. It is the causative agent of Johne's disease, which affects ruminants such as cattle, and also perhaps the human disease Crohn's disease. The type strain is ATCC 19698 (equivalent to CIP 103963 or DSM 44133).

+Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection (MAI)^[1] is an atypical mycobacterial infection which can occur in the later stages of AIDS.

+Unification or Death (Serbian: Уједињење или смрт, Ujedinjenje ili smrt),^[1] unofficially known as the Black Hand (Црна рука, Crna ruka), was a secret military society^[2] formed on 6 September 1901 by members of the Serbian Army in the Kingdom of Serbia.^[3] It was formed with the aim of uniting all of the territories with majority South Slavic population not ruled by the Kingdom of Serbia or Kingdom ofMontenegro in the manner of earlier national unification processes, primarily Italian in 1870 and German in 1871.^[4][5] Through its connections to the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinandin Sarajevo, which was committed by the members of youth movement Young Bosnia, the Black Hand is often viewed as the organization that may have contributed to the start of World War I, fueling theJuly Crisis of 1914 and giving Austria-Hungary a pretext to its invasion of independent Serbia.

+La Mano Negra (Spanish, in English, "The Black Hand") was a supposed secret and violent anarchist organization that was founded in Andalucia, Spain at the end of the 19th century.

+Anarchism in Spain has historically gained more support and influence than anywhere else, especially before Francisco Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39.

+Black band disease is characterized by complete coral tissue degradation due to a pathogenic microbial consortium that appears as a dark red or black migrating microbial mat.^[1] The mat is present between apparently healthy coral tissue and freshly exposed coral skeleton.

+A microbial consortium is two or more microbial groups living symbiotically.

+The Black Company or the Black Troops was a unit of Franconian mercenaries during the Peasant's Revolt in the 1520s during the Protestant Reformation in Germany.

+Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип, pronounced [ɡǎʋrilɔ prǐntsip]; 25 July [O.S. 13 July] 1894^[2] – 28 April 1918) was the man who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.

+Zip the Pinhead, real name William Henry Johnson (ca. 1842 in Liberty Corner, New Jersey – April 9, 1926 in New York City, New York), was an American freak show performer famous for his head, tapered in a way which was not considered typical.

+Spaarnestad Photo is an independent institution formerly located on the Nasssaulaan in Haarlem, in the Netherlands, whose goal is to preserve around 5 million photos.^[1] It was founded in 1985.^[1] In 2008, the photographic archives of Spaarnestad Photo were moved to the Nationaal Archief in The Hague.^[2] The Spaarnestad Photo archives worked with the Nationaal Archief and Wikipedia to place 1000 photos on Wiki Commons in 2010.

+Human zoos (also called ethnological expositions or Negro Villages) were 19th- and 20th-century public exhibits of humans, usually in a so-called natural or primitive state. The displays often emphasized the cultural differences between Europeans of Western civilization and non-European peoples. 

+Comprachicos (also Comprapequeños and Cheylas) is a compound Spanish neologism meaning "child-buyers," which was coined by Victor Hugo in his novel The Man Who Laughs.^[1] It refers to various groups in folklore who were said to change the physical appearance of human beings by manipulating growing children, in a similar way to the horticultural method of bonsai – that is, deliberate mutilation. The most common methods said to be used in this practice included stunting children's growth by physical restraint, muzzling their faces to deform them, slitting their eyes, dislocating their joints, and malforming their bones.

+Bonsai (盆栽^?, lit. plantings in tray, from bon, a tray or low-sided pot and sai, a planting or plantings,  pronunciation (help·info))^[1] is a Japanese art form using miniature trees grown in containers.

+A charlatan (also called swindler or mountebank) is a person practicing quackery or some similar confidence trick in order to obtain money, fame or other advantages via some form of pretense ordeception.

+A jester, or fool, was a historical person employed to entertain a ruler in medieval times and can also be a modern entertainer who performs at mostly medieval themed events.

+William Merritt Chase (November 1, 1849 – October 25, 1916) was an American painter, known as an exponent of Impressionism and as a teacher. He is also responsible for establishing the Chase School, which later would become Parsons The New School for Design.

+The Jim Rose Circus is a modern-day version of a circus sideshow.^[1][2] It was founded in Seattle by Jim Rose in the early 1990s. The sideshow came to prominence to an American audience as a second stage show at the 1992 Lollapaloozafestival, then called the Jim Rose Circus Sideshow, although they had made several TV appearances in the UK before this time. Rolling Stone magazine called it "the absolute must-see act" and USA Today termed Rose's troupe "Lollapalooza's word-of-mouth hit attraction".

+Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (c. 1715 – 11 July 1774) was an Anglo-Irish official of the British Empire. As a young man, Johnson moved to the Province of New York to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, Admiral Peter Warren, which was located amidst the Mohawk, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League. Johnson learned the Mohawk language and Iroquois customs, and was appointed the British agent to the Iroquois. Because of his success, he was appointed in 1756 as British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern colonies.

+William Johnson (1855 – May 20, 1903) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of America's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor.

+Neurofibromatosis type I (NF-1), formerly known as von Recklinghausen disease after the researcher (Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen) who first documented the disorder, is a human genetic disorder. It is possibly the most common inherited disorder caused by a single gene.

+Asphyxia or asphyxiation (from Greek α- "without" and σφύξις sphyxis, "heartbeat") is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally.

+Sarah "Saartjie" Baartman (before 1790 – 29 December 1815)^[1] (also spelled Bartman, Bartmann, Baartmen) was the most famous of at least two^[2] Khoikhoi women who were exhibited as freak showattractions in 19th-century Europe under the name Hottentot Venus—"Hottentot" as the then-current name for the Khoi people, now considered an offensive term,^[3] and "Venus" in reference to the Roman goddess of love.

+Peter the Great, Peter I or Pyotr Alexeyevich (Russian: Пётр Алексе́евич, Пётр I, Pyotr I, or Пётр Вели́кий, Pyotr Velikiy) (9 June [O.S. 30 May] 1672 – 8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725)^[a] ruled theTsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his half-brother. In numerous successful wars he expanded the Tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power.

+Lazarus Colloredo and Joannes Baptista Colloredo (1617 – after 1646) were Italian conjoined twins who toured in 17th century Europe. They were born in Genoa, Italy.

+Ectrodactyly involves the deficiency or absence of one or more central digits of the hand or foot and is also known as split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM).^[1] The hands and feet of people with ectrodactyly are often described as "claw-like" and may include only the thumb and one finger (usually either the little finger, ring finger, or a syndactyly of the two) with similar abnormalities of the feet.

+Joseph DeLuca (March 17, 1893 – March 20, 1952) was an Italian-American mobster who controlled the smuggling and distribution of narcotics with his brother Frank Deluca in Kansas City, Missouri for almost four decades.

+The term narcotic (pronunciation: /nɑrˈkɒtɨk/, from ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "Ι benumb") originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with any sleep-inducing properties.

+Daryl Keith Holton (November 23, 1961 – September 12, 2007)^[1] was an American convicted child killer, executed by electrocution by the state of Tennessee on September 12, 2007 in Riverbend Maximum Security Institution in Nashville.

+Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H₂ SO₄. It is a pungent-ethereal, colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid which is soluble in water at all concentrations.^[4] Sometimes, it may be dark brown as dyed during its industrial production process in order to alert people to its hazards.

+Rio Tinto Group is a British-Australian multinational metals and mining corporation with headquarters in London, UK and a management office in Melbourne, Australia. The company's name comes from the Rio Tinto river in southwestern Spain, which has flowed red since mining began there about 5000 years ago, due to acid mine drainage.

+The Malmedy massacre was a war crime in which 80 American prisoners of war were murdered by their German captors during World War II. The massacre was committed on December 17, 1944, by members of Kampfgruppe Peiper (part of the 1st SS Panzer Division), a German combat unit, during the Battle of the Bulge.

+The Flensburg Government (German: Flensburger Regierung), also known as the Flensburg Cabinet (German: Flensburger Kabinett) and the Dönitz Government (German: Regierung Dönitz), was the short-lived administration that attempted to rule Nazi Germany during a period of several weeks directly before and after the end of World War II in Europe.

+A cyanide is any chemical compound that contains monovalent combining group CN. This group, known as the cyano group, consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom.

+Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) (with the alternate archaic name of prussic acid) is an inorganic compound^[6] with chemical formula HCN. It is a colorless, extremely poisonous liquid that boils slightly aboveroom temperature at 26 °C (79 °F). Hydrogen cyanide is a linear molecule, with a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen. A minor tautomer of HCN is HNC, hydrogen isocyanide.

+Tautomers are isomers (constitutional isomers) of organic compounds that readily interconvert by a chemical reaction called tautomerization.

+Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria (but not Archaea), forming the cell wall. The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid.

+Neuromuscular-blocking drugs block neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction,^[1] causing paralysis of the affected skeletal muscles. This is accomplished either by actingpresynaptically via the inhibition of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis or release or by acting postsynaptically at the acetylcholine receptors of the motor nerve end-plate.

+A biofilm is any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Biofilm EPS, which is also referred to as slime (although not everything described as slime is a biofilm), is a polymeric conglomeration generally composed of extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. Biofilms may form on living or non-living surfaces and can be prevalent in natural, industrial and hospital settings.

+Extracellular polymeric substances, also known as exopolysaccharide, or EPS, are high-molecular weight compounds secreted by microorganisms into their environment.^[1] EPS establish the functional and structural integrity of biofilms, and are considered the fundamental component that determines the physiochemical properties of a biofilm.^[2]

⁺Signed into effect on 12 June 2002, the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act, (PHSBPRA) was signed by the President, the Department of Health and Human Services DHHS and the U.S. Department of AgricultureUSDA.

+Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (E-EPA) marketed as Vascepa, Epadel, EPAX, is a synthetic derivative of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In Japan E-EPA is often called EPA-E. This compound has been FDA-approved for use for reduction of high triglyceride levels. E-EPA may exihibit antipsychotic and antidepressive effects,^[1] and it is therefore of special interest in psychiatry.

+A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.

+Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or also icosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:5(n-3). It also has the trivial nametimnodonic acid. In chemical structure, EPA is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and five cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end.

+Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal (also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. Sodium thiopental is a core medicine in the World Health Organization's "Essential Drugs List", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic healthcare system.^[3] It is also usually the first of three drugs administered during most lethal injections in the United States.

+A benzodiazepine /ˌbɛnzɵdaɪˈæzɨpiːn/ (sometimes colloquially "benzo"; often abbreviated "BZD") is a psychoactive drug whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepinering. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam(Valium) since 1963.^[1]

⁺A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that crosses the blood–brain barrier and acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it affects brainfunction, resulting in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior.

+Chlordiazepoxide^[1] (pron.: /ˌklɔərdaɪ.əzɨˈpɒksaɪd/), is a sedative/hypnotic drug and benzodiazepine. It is marketed under the trade names Angirex, Elenium, Klopoxid, Librax (also contains clidinium bromide), Libritabs, Librium, Mesural, Multum, Novapam, Risolid, Silibrin, Sonimen and Tropium.

+The GABA_A receptor (GABA_AR) is an ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel. Its endogenous ligand is γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitoryneurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Upon activation, the GABA_A receptor selectively conducts Cl^- through its pore, resulting in hyperpolarization of the neuron. This causes an inhibitory effect on neurotransmission by diminishing the chance of a successful action potential occurring. The reversal potential of the GABAA-mediated IPSP in normal solution is -75 mV, contrasting the GABA_B IPSP.

+γ-Aminobutyric acid (pron.: /ˈɡæmə əˈmiːnoʊbjuːˈtɪrɨk ˈæsɨd/ gam-ə ə-mee-noh-byew-tirr-ik; or GABA /ˈɡæbə/) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. In humans, GABA is also directly responsible for the regulation of muscle tone.

+Titin (pron.: /ˈtaɪtɪn/), also known as connectin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTN gene.^[1][2] Titin is a giant protein that functions as a molecular spring which is responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle. It is composed of 244 individually folded protein domains connected by unstructured peptide sequences.^[3] These domains unfold when the protein is stretched andrefold when the tension is removed.^[4] With its length of ~27,000 to ~33,000 amino acids (depending on the splice isoform), titin is the largest known protein.^[7] Furthermore the gene for titin contains the largest number of exons (363) discovered in any single gene.

⁺Sodium nitroprusside is the inorganic compound with the formula Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO]·2H₂O.^[1] This red-coloured salt, which is often abbreviated SNP, is a potent vasodilator. The sodium salt dissolves in water and to a lesser extent in ethanol to give solutions containing the dianion [Fe(CN)₅NO]²⁻.

+Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia.

+Chromosome 2 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 2 is the second largest human chromosome, spanning more than 243 million base pairs^[1] (the building material of DNA) and representing almost 8% of the total DNA in cells.

+An exon is any nucleotide sequence encoded by a gene that remains present within the final mature RNA product of that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.

+An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing while the final mature RNA product of a gene is being generated.

+Alternative splicing is a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins.

+Pancuronium (trademarked as Pavulon) is a muscle relaxant with various purposes. It is the second of three drugs administered during most lethal injections in the United States.

+The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. In its pure state, it is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance, with a crystal structure that cleaves easily in three directions. Potassium chloride crystals are face-centered cubic.

+In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals andminerals.

+The Yoshimoto Cube is a polyhedral mechanical puzzle toy invented^[1] in 1971 by Naoki Yoshimoto (吉本直貴 Yoshimoto Naoki^?), who discovered that two rhombic dodecahedrons could be pieced together into a square when he was finding different ways he could split a cube equally in half.

+In geometry, a dodecahedron (Greek δωδεκάεδρον, from δώδεκα, dōdeka "twelve" + ἕδρα hédra "base", "seat" or "face") is any polyhedron with twelve flat faces, but usually a regular dodecahedron is meant: a Platonic solid.

+The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, is an iron sulfide with the formula Fe S₂. This mineral's metallic luster and pale brass-yellow hue have earned it the nickname fool's gold because of its superficial resemblance to gold. The color has also led to the nicknames brass, brazzle and Brazil, primarily used to refer to pyrite found in coal.

+Facets are flat faces on geometric shapes. The organization of naturally occurring facets was key to early developments in crystallography, since they reflect the underlying symmetry of the crystal structure.

+The Newhall massacre or Newhall Incident was a shootout between two heavily armed criminals and officers of the California Highway Patrol (CHP) in the Newhall unincorporated area of Los Angeles County, California on April 6, 1970. In less than 5 minutes, four CHP officers were killed in what was at the time the deadliest day in the history of California law enforcement.

+Form P11D (Expenses and Benefits) is a tax form filed by United Kingdom employers for each director and for each employee earning over £8500 per year, and sent to the tax office with which their PAYE scheme is registered.

+S100-A10, also known as p11, is a protein^[1] that is encoded by the S100A10 gene in humans and the S100a10 gene in other species.^[2][3] S100-A10 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells.

+Pseudomonas sRNA P11 is a ncRNA that was predicted using bioinformatic tools in the genome of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its expression verified by northern blotanalysis.

+In biology, Bioinformatics ⁱ/ˌbaɪ.oʊˌɪnfərˈmætɪks/ is an interdisciplinary field that develops and improves upon methods for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data.

+Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with the behavior of dynamical systems with inputs.

+A serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) is a kinase enzyme that phosphorylates the OH group of serine or threonine (which have similar sidechains). At least 125 of the 500+ human protein kinases are serine/threonine kinases (STK).^[2]

⁺Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO₄^3-) group to a protein or other organic molecule.

+Phosphine (IUPAC name: phosphane) is the compound with the chemical formula PH₃. It is a colorless, flammable, toxic gas.

+Phosphuranylite is a uranyl phosphate mineral with formula KCa(H₃O)₃(UO₂)₇(PO₄)₄O₄·8(H₂O).^[1][2][3] It was first described in 1879 by Frederick Augustus Genth, from an occurrence in the Flat Rock pegmatite in Mitchell County, North Carolina, USA.^[2]

+A plasma railgun is a linear accelerator which, like a projectile railgun, uses two long parallel electrodes to accelerate a "sliding short" armature.

+Magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) describes a class of fusion devices which combine aspects of magnetic confinement fusion and inertial confinement fusion in an attempt to lower the cost of fusion devices.

+Magnetic confinement fusion is an approach to generating fusion power that uses magnetic fields to confine the hot fusion fuel in the form of a plasma.

+Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a 259-kilogram (569 lb) robotic space probe launched by NASA on April 6, 1973 to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar wind,cosmic rays, and eventually the far reaches of the solar system and heliosphere.

+In the theory of discrete-time stochastic processes, a part of the mathematical theory of probability, the Doob decomposition theorem gives a unique decomposition of every adapted and integrablestochastic process as the sum of a martingale and a predictable process (or "drift") starting at zero. The theorem was proved by and is named for Joseph Leo Doob.

+A helix (pl: helixes or helices) is a type of smooth space curve, i.e. a curve in three-dimensional space. It has the property that the tangent line at any point makes a constant angle with a fixed line called the axis. Examples of helixes are coil springs and the handrails of spiral staircases.

+A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of computer programming. There are four main paradigms: object-oriented, imperative, functional anddeclarative.^[1] Their foundations are distinct models of computation: Turing machine for object-oriented and imperative programming, lambda calculus for functional programming, and first order logic for logic programming.

+Lambda calculus (also written as λ-calculus or called "the lambda calculus") is a formal system in mathematical logic and computer science for expressing computation by way of variable binding and substitution. First formulated by Alonzo Church, lambda calculus found early successes in the area of computability theory, such as a negative answer to Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem.

+A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to createprograms that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely.

+WebGL (Web Graphics Library) is a JavaScript API for rendering interactive 3D graphics and 2D graphics^[2] within any compatible web browser without the use of plug-ins. WebGL is integrated completely into all the web standards of the browser allowing GPU accelerated usage of physics and image processing and effects as part of the web page canvas.

+Musa I (c. 1280 – c. 1337), commonly referred to as Mansa Musa, was the tenth Mansa, which translates as "King of Kings" or "Emperor", of the wealthy Malian Empire. At the time of Mansa Musa's rise to the throne, the Malian Empire consisted of territory formerly belonging to the Ghana Empire and Melle (Mali) and immediate surrounding areas, and Musa held many titles, including: Emir of Melle, Lord of the Mines of Wangara, andConqueror of Ghanata, Futa-Jallon, and at least another dozen.

+ISO 14000 is a family of standards related to environmental management that exists to help organizations (a) minimize how their operations (processes etc.) negatively affect the environment (i.e. cause adverse changes to air, water, or land); (b) comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented requirements, and (c) continually improve in the above.

+2600: The Hacker Quarterly is an American publication that specializes in publishing technical information on a variety of subjects including telephone switching systems, Internet protocols and services, as well as general news concerning the computer "underground" and left wing, and sometimes (but not recently), anarchist issues.

+The Museo Soumaya is a private museum in Mexico City with free admission. It is owned by the Carlos Slim Foundation and contains the extensive art, religious relics, historical documents, and coin collection of Carlos Slim and his late wife Soumaya, after whom the museum was named.

+Paper wealth means wealth as measured by monetary value, as reflected in the price of assets – how much money one's assets could be sold for. Paper wealth is contrasted with real wealth, which refers to one's actual physical assets.

+Telmex is a Mexican telecommunications company headquartered in Mexico City that provides telecommunications products and services in Mexico,^[2]Argentina, Colombia, Brazil (Embratel) and other countries in Latin America.

+América Móvil is a Mexican telecommunication company headquartered in Mexico City, Mexico. It is the fourth largest mobile network operator in terms of equity subscribers and one of the largest corporations in the world.

+Industria de Diseño Textil, S.A. (Inditex) (/ˌɪndɪˈtɛks/, Spanish: [indiˈteks]; Textile Design Industries) is a Spanish multinational clothing company headquartered in Arteixo, Galicia, Spain. It is made up of almost a hundred companies dealing in activities related to textile design, production and distribution.Amancio Ortega, Spain's richest man, and the world's third richest man, is the founder and current largest shareholder. 

+Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 – January 4, 1877), also known by the sobriquet Commodore,^[2] was an American industrialist and philanthropist who built his wealth in shipping and railroads. He was also the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family and one of the richest Americans in history. He provided the initial gift to found Vanderbilt University, which is named in his honor.

+Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi^[6] (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي‎ pron.: /ˈmoʊ.əmɑr ɡəˈdɑːfi/  audio (help·info)) (c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,^{[nb 3]} was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as the ruler of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then the "Brother Leader" of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011, during which industry and business was nationalized. 

+The Third International Theory, the Third Universal Theory (Arabic: نظرية عالمية ثالثة), or simply called Gaddafiism, refers to the style of government proposed by Col. Muammar Gaddafi in the early 1970s, on which his government, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, was officially based.

+William I (Old Norman: Williame I; c. 1028^[1] – 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard,^[2][a] was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. Descended from Viking raiders, he had been Duke of Normandy since 1035 under the title of William II. After a long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman conquest of England in 1066.

+Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi GCSI, GBE Asaf Jah VII (Urdu: آصف جاہ‎), born Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi Bahadur (Urdu: عثمان علی خان بہادر‎; 6 April 1886 – 24 February 1967), was the last Nizam (or ruler) of the Princely State of Hyderabad and of Berar. He ruled Hyderabad between 1911 and 1948, until it wasmerged into India.

+Osman Hassan Ali Atto^[1] (Somali: Cismaan Xasan Cali Caato) (born c. 1940^{[citation needed]}) is a Somali warlord, affiliated with the Somali National Alliance.

+Nikola Altomanović (Vojinović) (Serbian: Никола Алтомановић, Nikola Altomanović) was Serbian župan from 14th century. He ruled vast areas from Rudnik, over Polimlje, Podrinje, east Herzegovina with Trebinje, till Konavle and Dračevica, neighboring the Republic of Dubrovnik. He was defeated and blinded in Užice(fortress Užice) in 1373 by a coalition of his Serbian and Bosnian royals neighbors supported by the king of Hungary.

+Andrew Carnegie (pron.: /kɑrˈneɪɡi/ kar-nay-gee, but commonly /ˈkɑrnɨɡi/ kar-nə-gee or /kɑrˈnɛɡi/ kar-neg-ee;^[1] November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was aScottish-American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. 

+John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American industrialist and philanthropist. He was the founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modernphilanthropy. In 1870, he founded the Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it until he officially retired in 1897.

+The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers andpipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol).

+The Rothschild family (pron.: /ˈrɒθs.tʃaɪld/, German: [ˈʁoːt.ʃɪlt], French: [ʁɔt.ʃild], Italian: [ˈrɔtʃild]), or more simply as the Rothschilds, is a family, originating inFrankfurt, Germany, that established a European banking dynasty starting in the late 18th century, that came even to surpass the most powerful families of the 1700s such as Baring and Berenberg. The wealth of the Rothschild family at its height during the mid-19th century has been estimated in today's terms in the hundred millions of billions or even in the trillions of dollars.

 

+In the theory of discrete-time stochastic processes, a part of the mathematical theory of probability, the Doob decomposition theorem gives a unique decomposition of every adapted and integrablestochastic process as the sum of a martingale and a predictable process (or "drift") starting at zero. The theorem was proved by and is named for Joseph Leo Doob.

+A helix (pl: helixes or helices) is a type of smooth space curve, i.e. a curve in three-dimensional space. It has the property that the tangent line at any point makes a constant angle with a fixed line called the axis. Examples of helixes are coil springs and the handrails of spiral staircases.

+A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of computer programming. There are four main paradigms: object-oriented, imperative, functional anddeclarative.^[1] Their foundations are distinct models of computation: Turing machine for object-oriented and imperative programming, lambda calculus for functional programming, and first order logic for logic programming.

+Lambda calculus (also written as λ-calculus or called "the lambda calculus") is a formal system in mathematical logic and computer science for expressing computation by way of variable binding and substitution. First formulated by Alonzo Church, lambda calculus found early successes in the area of computability theory, such as a negative answer to Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem.

+A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to createprograms that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely.

+WebGL (Web Graphics Library) is a JavaScript API for rendering interactive 3D graphics and 2D graphics^[2] within any compatible web browser without the use of plug-ins. WebGL is integrated completely into all the web standards of the browser allowing GPU accelerated usage of physics and image processing and effects as part of the web page canvas.

+Musa I (c. 1280 – c. 1337), commonly referred to as Mansa Musa, was the tenth Mansa, which translates as "King of Kings" or "Emperor", of the wealthy Malian Empire. At the time of Mansa Musa's rise to the throne, the Malian Empire consisted of territory formerly belonging to the Ghana Empire and Melle (Mali) and immediate surrounding areas, and Musa held many titles, including: Emir of Melle, Lord of the Mines of Wangara, andConqueror of Ghanata, Futa-Jallon, and at least another dozen.

+ISO 14000 is a family of standards related to environmental management that exists to help organizations (a) minimize how their operations (processes etc.) negatively affect the environment (i.e. cause adverse changes to air, water, or land); (b) comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented requirements, and (c) continually improve in the above.

+2600: The Hacker Quarterly is an American publication that specializes in publishing technical information on a variety of subjects including telephone switching systems, Internet protocols and services, as well as general news concerning the computer "underground" and left wing, and sometimes (but not recently), anarchist issues.

+The Museo Soumaya is a private museum in Mexico City with free admission. It is owned by the Carlos Slim Foundation and contains the extensive art, religious relics, historical documents, and coin collection of Carlos Slim and his late wife Soumaya, after whom the museum was named.

+Paper wealth means wealth as measured by monetary value, as reflected in the price of assets – how much money one's assets could be sold for. Paper wealth is contrasted with real wealth, which refers to one's actual physical assets.

+Telmex is a Mexican telecommunications company headquartered in Mexico City that provides telecommunications products and services in Mexico,^[2]Argentina, Colombia, Brazil (Embratel) and other countries in Latin America.

+América Móvil is a Mexican telecommunication company headquartered in Mexico City, Mexico. It is the fourth largest mobile network operator in terms of equity subscribers and one of the largest corporations in the world.

+Industria de Diseño Textil, S.A. (Inditex) (/ˌɪndɪˈtɛks/, Spanish: [indiˈteks]; Textile Design Industries) is a Spanish multinational clothing company headquartered in Arteixo, Galicia, Spain. It is made up of almost a hundred companies dealing in activities related to textile design, production and distribution.Amancio Ortega, Spain's richest man, and the world's third richest man, is the founder and current largest shareholder. 

+Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 – January 4, 1877), also known by the sobriquet Commodore,^[2] was an American industrialist and philanthropist who built his wealth in shipping and railroads. He was also the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family and one of the richest Americans in history. He provided the initial gift to found Vanderbilt University, which is named in his honor.

+Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi^[6] (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي‎ pron.: /ˈmoʊ.əmɑr ɡəˈdɑːfi/  audio (help·info)) (c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,^{[nb 3]} was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as the ruler of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then the "Brother Leader" of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011, during which industry and business was nationalized. 

+The Third International Theory, the Third Universal Theory (Arabic: نظرية عالمية ثالثة), or simply called Gaddafiism, refers to the style of government proposed by Col. Muammar Gaddafi in the early 1970s, on which his government, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, was officially based.

+William I (Old Norman: Williame I; c. 1028^[1] – 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard,^[2][a] was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. Descended from Viking raiders, he had been Duke of Normandy since 1035 under the title of William II. After a long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman conquest of England in 1066.

+Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi GCSI, GBE Asaf Jah VII (Urdu: آصف جاہ‎), born Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi Bahadur (Urdu: عثمان علی خان بہادر‎; 6 April 1886 – 24 February 1967), was the last Nizam (or ruler) of the Princely State of Hyderabad and of Berar. He ruled Hyderabad between 1911 and 1948, until it wasmerged into India.

+Osman Hassan Ali Atto^[1] (Somali: Cismaan Xasan Cali Caato) (born c. 1940^{[citation needed]}) is a Somali warlord, affiliated with the Somali National Alliance.

+Nikola Altomanović (Vojinović) (Serbian: Никола Алтомановић, Nikola Altomanović) was Serbian župan from 14th century. He ruled vast areas from Rudnik, over Polimlje, Podrinje, east Herzegovina with Trebinje, till Konavle and Dračevica, neighboring the Republic of Dubrovnik. He was defeated and blinded in Užice(fortress Užice) in 1373 by a coalition of his Serbian and Bosnian royals neighbors supported by the king of Hungary.

+Andrew Carnegie (pron.: /kɑrˈneɪɡi/ kar-nay-gee, but commonly /ˈkɑrnɨɡi/ kar-nə-gee or /kɑrˈnɛɡi/ kar-neg-ee;^[1] November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was aScottish-American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. 

+John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American industrialist and philanthropist. He was the founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modernphilanthropy. In 1870, he founded the Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it until he officially retired in 1897.

+The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers andpipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol).

+The Rothschild family (pron.: /ˈrɒθs.tʃaɪld/, German: [ˈʁoːt.ʃɪlt], French: [ʁɔt.ʃild], Italian: [ˈrɔtʃild]), or more simply as the Rothschilds, is a family, originating inFrankfurt, Germany, that established a European banking dynasty starting in the late 18th century, that came even to surpass the most powerful families of the 1700s such as Baring and Berenberg. The wealth of the Rothschild family at its height during the mid-19th century has been estimated in today's terms in the hundred millions of billions or even in the trillions of dollars.

+The Pythia (pronounced /ˈpɪθiə/ or /ˈpaɪθiə/, Greek: Πυθία [pyːˈtʰi.a]), commonly known as the Oracle of Delphi, was the priestess at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, located on the slopes of Mount Parnassus, beneath the Castalian Spring. The Pythia was widely credited for her prophecies inspired by Apollo. The Delphic oracle was established in the 8th century BC,^[1] although it may have been present in some form in Late Mycenaean times,^[2] from 1,400 BC and was abandoned, and there is evidence that Apollo took over the shrine from an earlier dedication to Gaia.

+Pseudoarchaeology — also known as alternative archaeology, fringe archaeology, fantastic archaeology, or cult archaeology — refers to interpretations of the past from outside of the academic archaeological community, which typically also reject the accepted scientific and analytical methods of the discipline.

+Michel de Nostredame (14 or 21 December 1503^[1] – 2 July 1566), usually Latinized as Nostradamus, was a French apothecary and reputed seer who published collections of prophecies that have since become famous worldwide. He is best known for his book Les Propheties, the first edition of which appeared in 1555. Since the publication of this book, which has rarely been out of print since his death, Nostradamus has attracted a following that, along with much of the popular press, credits him with predicting many major world events.

+Apothecary (pron.: /əˈpɒθɨkəri/) is a historical name for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses materia medica to physicians, surgeons and patients — a role now served by a pharmacist (or achemist or dispensing chemist) and some caregivers. Apothecary could date back to 2600 BC to ancient Babylon, which provides one of the earliest records of the practice of the apothecary. Clay tablets were found with medical texts recording symptoms, the prescriptions, and the directions for compounding it.^[2] The Papyrus Ebers from ancient Egypt, written around 1500 B.C., contain a collection of more than 800 prescriptions, or ancient recipes for the apothecaries of the time. It mentions over 700 different drugs.

+Astrology consists of belief systems which hold that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events in the human world. In the West, astrology most often consists of a system of horoscopes that claim to explain aspects of a person's personality and predict future events in their life based on the positions of the sun, moon, and other planetary objects at the time of their birth.

+Theophilus de Garencières (1610–1680)^[1] was a French apothecary who spent most of his life practising in England. Born in Paris, Garencières studied the prophecies of Nostradamus at an early age, and these had a lasting effect on him. He studied at the University of Caen, which he left with a Doctorate of Medicine in 1636. To avoid religious persecution, he moved to the University of Oxford during the 1640s, which finally granted him the same qualification in 1657.

+Zero-point energy, also called quantum vacuum zero-point energy, is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may have; it is the energy of its ground state. All quantum mechanical systems undergo fluctuations even in their ground state and have an associated zero-point energy, a consequence of their wave-like nature. The uncertainty principle requires every physical system to have a zero-point energy greater than the minimum of its classical potential well. This results in motion even at absolute zero. For example, liquid helium does not freeze under atmospheric pressure at any temperature because of its zero-point energy.

+In theosophy and anthroposophy, the akashic records (from akasha, the Sanskrit word for 'sky' 'space' or 'aether') are a compendium of mystical knowledge supposedly encoded in a non-physical plane of existence. The akashic records – akasha is a Sanskrit word meaning "sky", "space" or "aether" – are described as containing all knowledge of human experience and all experiences as well as the history of the cosmos encoded or written in the very aether or fabric of all existence. The records or The Book of Life in the Bible (Psalm 69:28, Philippians 4:3, Revelation 3:5, 13:8, 17:8, 20:12, 20:15 and Revelation 21:27) are metaphorically on a non-physical plane described as a library; other analogies commonly found in discourse on the subject include a "universal supercomputer" and the "Mind of God".

+Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie  (The Special and the General Theory of Relativity)  is the title of one of Albert Einstein wrote essays from 1916, where it meets the basic ideas of going back to him Relativity a scientifically and philosophically interested readers imagine.

+James Alexander Dewar (February 5, 1897 – June 30, 1985) was an American inventor of the Twinkie.

+James Dewey Watson, KBE, ForMemRS (born April 6, 1928), is an American molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist, best known as a co-discoverer of the structure of DNA in 1953 with Francis Crick.

+The Baghdad Battery, sometimes referred to as the Parthian Battery, is the common name for a number of artifacts created in Mesopotamia, during the dynasties of Parthian or Sassanid period (the early centuries AD), and probably discovered in 1936 in the village of Khuyut Rabbou'a, near Baghdad, Iraq. These artifacts came to wider attention in 1938 when Wilhelm König, the German director of the National Museum of Iraq, found the objects in the museum's collections. In 1940, König published a paper speculating that they may have been galvanic cells, perhaps used for electroplating gold onto silverobjects.^[2][3] Though far from settled, this interpretation continues to be considered as at least a hypothetical possibility.^[4] If correct, the artifacts would predate Alessandro Volta's 1800 invention of theelectrochemical cell by more than a millennium.

+Dendera Temple complex, (Ancient Egyptian: Iunet or Tantere; the 19th century English spelling in most sources, including Belzoni, was Tentyra) is located about 2.5 km south-east of Dendera,Egypt. It is one of the best-preserved temple complexes in Egypt. The area was used as the sixth Nome of Upper Egypt, south of Abydos.

+Giovanni Battista Belzoni (Italian pronunciation: [dʒoˈvanni batˈtista belˈdzoːni]; 5 November 1778 – 3 December 1823), sometimes known as The Great Belzoni, was a prolific Italian explorer of Egyptianantiquities.

+The "Dendera light" is a technology of electrical lighting supposedly in existence in ancient Egypt, proposed by some fringe authors. Proponents argue that the technology is depicted in theHathor temple at the Dendera Temple complex located in Egypt on three stone reliefs (one single and a double representation), which resemble some modern electrical lighting systems. Egyptologists reject the theory and explain the reliefs as a typical set of symbolic images from Egyptian mythology.

+The sculptured Dendera zodiac (or Denderah zodiac) is a widely known Egyptian bas-relief from the ceiling of the pronaos (or portico) of a chapel dedicated to Osiris in the Hathor temple at Dendera, containing images of Taurus (the bull) and the Libra (the scales). This chapel was begun in the late Ptolemaic period; its pronaos was added by the emperor Tiberius. This led Jean-François Champollion to date the relief correctly to the Greco-Roman period, but most of his contemporaries believed it to be of the New Kingdom.

+The Musée du Louvre (French pronunciation: ​[myze dy luvʁ])—in English, the Louvre Museum or simply The Louvre—is one of the world's largest museums, and a historic monument. A central landmark of Paris, France, it is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the 1st arrondissement (district).

+Piezoelectricity (pron.: /piˌeɪzoʊˌilɛkˈtrɪsɪti/) is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials (notably crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins)^[1] in response to applied mechanicalstress. The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure. It is derived from the Greek piezo or piezein (πιέζειν), which means to squeeze or press, and electric or electron (ήλεκτρον), which stands for amber, an ancient source of electric charge.^[2] Piezoelectricity was discovered in 1880 by French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie. ^[3] The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry.^[4] The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an applied mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field). For example, lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable piezoelectricity when their static structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension. Conversely, those same crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension when an external electric field is applied to the material. The inverse piezoelectric effect is used in production of ultrasonic sound waves.^[5] Piezoelectricity is found in useful applications such as the production and detection of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation, microbalances, and ultrafine focusing of optical assemblies. It is also the basis of a number of scientific instrumental techniques with atomic resolution, the scanning probe microscopies such as STM, AFM, MTA, SNOM, etc., and everyday uses such as acting as the ignition source for cigarette lighters and push-start propane barbecues.

+The Ångström ([ˈɔŋstrøm]) is a unit of length equal to 10⁻¹⁰ m (one ten-billionth of a meter) or 0.1 nm. Its symbol is the Swedish letter Å.

+Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust, after feldspar. It is made up of a continuous framework of SiO₄ silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall formula SiO₂. There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are semi-precious gemstones. Especially in Europe and the Middle East, varieties of quartz have been since antiquity the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings. The word "quartz" is derived from the German word "Quarz" and its Middle High German ancestor "twarc", which probably originated in Slavic (cf. Czech tvrdý ("hard"), Polish twardy ("hard")).

+Ableism (pron.: /ˈeɪbəlɪzəm/^[1]) is a form of perceived discrimination or social prejudice against people with disabilities. It is known by many names, including disability discrimination, physicalism, handicapism, and disability oppression.^[2] It is also sometimes known as disablism, although there is some dispute as to whether ableism and disablism are synonymous, and some people within disability rights circles find the latter term's use inaccurate.^{[citation needed]} Discrimination faced by those who have or are perceived to have a mental disorder is sometimes called mentalism rather than ableism.

+The Mogao Caves or Mogao Grottoes (Chinese: 莫高窟; pinyin: Mògāo kū), also known as the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas (Chinese: 千佛洞; pinyin: qiān fó dòng), form a system of 492 temples 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the center of Dunhuang, an oasis strategically located at a religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, in Gansu province, China. The caves may also be known as the Dunhuang Caves, however, this term is also used to include other Buddhist cave sites in the Dunhuang area, such as the Western Thousand Buddha Caves, and theYulin Caves farther away. The caves contain some of the finest examples of Buddhist art spanning a period of 1,000 years.^[1] The first caves were dug out 366 CE as places of Buddhist meditation and worship.^[2] The Mogao Caves are the best known of the Chinese Buddhist grottoes and, along with Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Grottoes, are one of the three famous ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China.

+The Western Thousand Buddha Caves (Chinese: 西千佛洞; pinyin: Xī Qiānfó Dòng) is a Buddhist cave temple site in Dunhuang, Gansu Province, China. The site is located approximately 35 km southwest of the urban centre and about the same distance from the Yangguan Pass; the area served as a staging post for travellers on the Silk Road.

+The International Dunhuang Project (IDP) is an international collaborative effort to conserve, catalogue and digitise manuscripts, printed texts, paintings, textiles and artefacts from Dunhuang and various other archaeological sites at the eastern end of the Silk Road.

+The Dunhuang map or Dunhuang Star map is one of the first known graphical representations of stars from ancient Chinese astronomy, dated to the Tang Dynasty (618–907). Before this map, much of the star information mentioned in historical Chinese texts had been questioned.^[2] The map provides a graphical verification of the star observations, and are part of a series of pictures on one of the Dunhuang manuscripts.

+Mount Kailash (also Mount Kailas; (Tibetan: གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ,Sanskrit: कैलाश् Kangrinboqê or Gang Rinpoche; simplified Chinese: 冈仁波齐峰, Gāngrénbōqí fēng) is a peak in the Kailas Range (Gangdisê Mountains), which are part of the Transhimalaya in Tibet.

+The Indus River is a major river in Asia which flows through Pakistan and India. It also has courses through western Tibet (in the People's Republic of China) and Northern India. Originating in theTibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, towards Gilgit and Baltistan and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh.

+Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530; sometimes also spelt Baber or Babar) was a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian Subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor.

+A stupa (from Sanskrit: m., स्तूप, stūpa, Sinhalese: ස්ථූපය, Pāli: थुप "thūpa", literally meaning "heap") is a mound-like or breast-shaped structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the ashes of deceased, used by Buddhists as a place of meditation.

+Mohenjo-daro (IPA: [muˑənⁱ dʑoˑ d̪əɽoˑ], Urdu: موئن جودڑو‎, Sindhi: موئن جو دڙو, lit. Mound of the Dead; English pronunciation: /moʊˌhɛn.dʒoʊ ˈdɑː.roʊ/), is an archeological site in the province of Sindh,Pakistan. Built around 2600 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and one of the world's earliest major urban settlements, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Crete. Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE, and was not rediscovered until 1922. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.^[1] However, the site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.

+Wang Yuanlu (Traditional Chinese: 王圓籙; Simplified Chinese: 王圆箓; pinyin: Wáng Yuánlù) (c.a. 1849 - 1931) was a Taoist priest and abbot of the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang during the early 20th century. He is credited with the discovery of the Dunhuang manuscripts while engaged in the restoration of the site and the subsequent sale of numerous manuscripts to Westerners.

+Zhang Qian (Chang Chien; simplified Chinese: 张骞; traditional Chinese: 張騫) was an imperial envoy to the world outside of China in the 2nd century BCE, during the time of the Han Dynasty. He was the first official diplomat to bring back reliable information about Central Asia to the Chinese imperial court, then under Emperor Wu of Han, and played an important pioneering role in the Chinese colonization and conquest of the region now known as Xinjiang.

+Nabta Playa was once a large basin in the Nubian Desert, located approximately 800 kilometers south of modern day Cairo^[1] or about 100 kilometers west of Abu Simbel in southern Egypt,^[2] 22° 32' north, 30° 42' east.^[3] Today the region is characterized by numerous archaeological sites.

+The Solar Sentinels is a space mission to study the Sun during its solar maximum, the last before the beginning of the Orion program.^{[dated info]} Six spacecraft will be launched, which will separate into three groups. The Solar Sentinels are part of the NASA program Living With a Star.

+The Yangshan Quarry (Chinese: 阳山碑材; pinyin: Yángshān bēi cái; literally "Yangshan Stele Material") is an ancient stone quarry near Nanjing, China. Used during many centuries as a source of stone for buildings and monuments of Nanjing, it is presently preserved as a historic site. 

+Baalbek, also known as Baalbeck (Arabic: بعلبك‎ / ALA-LC: Baʻalbak, Lebanese pronunciation: [ˈbʕalbak]) is a town in the Beqaa Valley of Lebanon situated east of the Litani River.

+The cradle of civilization is a term referring to locations identified as the sites of the emergence of civilization. In Western European and Middle Eastern cultures, it has frequently been applied to the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic (Ubaid period,Naqada culture), especially in the Fertile Crescent (Levant and Mesopotamia), but also extended to sites in Armenia,^[1] and the Persian Plateau. Other civilizations arose in Asia, among cultures situated along large river valleys, notably the Indus River in the Indian Subcontinent^[2] and the Yellow River in China.^[3] Civilizations also arose independently in Egypt, Norte Chico in present-day Peru,^[4] the Andes and in Mesoamerica. If writing is considered an indicator of civilization, the earliest "cradle" to have writing was Sumer (Jemdet Nasr).

+Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian speaking Semitic nation state and cultural region based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). It emerged as an independent state circa 1894 BC, the city of Babylonbeing its capital. It was often involved in rivalry with its fellow Akkadian state of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia. Babylonia became the major power in the region after Hammurabi (fl. ca. 1792- 1752 BC middle chronology, or ca. 1696 – 1654 BC, short chronology) created an empire out of many of the territories of the former Akkadian Empire.

+The Zodiac Killer was a serial killer who operated in Northern California in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The killer's identity remains unknown. The Zodiac murdered victims in Benicia, Vallejo, Lake Berryessa, and San Francisco between December 1968 and October 1969. Four men and three women between the ages of 16 and 29 were targeted. The killer originated the name "Zodiac" in a series of taunting letters sent to the local Bay Area press. These letters included four cryptograms (or ciphers). Of the four cryptograms sent, only one has been definitively solved.^[1]

Background information
Also known as	Zodiac
Born	Unknown
Died	Unknown
Cause of death	Unknown
Conviction	N/A
Sentence	N/A
Killings
Number of victims	5 confirmed dead, 2 injured (claimed to have killed 37)
Country	United States
State(s)	California, possibly also Nevada
Date apprehended	N/A

 

+The Shepherd of Hermas (Greek: Ποιμήν του Ερμά; Hebrew: רועה הרמס‎; sometimes just called The Shepherd) is a Christian literary work of the 1st or 2nd century, considered a valuable book by many Christians, and considered canonical scripture by some of the early Church fathers such as Irenaeus.^[1][2] The Shepherd had great authority in the 2nd and 3rd centuries.^[3] It was bound with New Testament^[1]in the Codex Sinaiticus, and it was listed between the Acts of the Apostles and the Acts of Paul in the stichometrical list of the Codex Claromontanus.

+Chaz Lamar Shepard (born October 16, 1977) is an American actor and singer-songwriter. Shepard is known for his regular role as John Hamilton on 7th Heaven and his recurring role as Trey Wiggs onThe Game. In addition, he starred as Curtis Taylor, Jr. in a 2009-10 national tour of the musical Dreamgirls.

+Nick Hysong (born December 9, 1971 in Winslow, Arizona) is an American athlete competing in the men's pole vault.

+Tawa (named after the Hopi word for the Puebloan sun god) is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Late Triassic period.^[1] The discovery is significant and suggests that the earliest dinosaurs arose in the ancient area of Gondwana that is now South America and spread from there.^[2] The specific name honours Ruth Hall, founder of the Ghost Ranch Museum of Paleontology.

+The Maasai (sometimes spelled "Masai" or "Masaai") are a Nilotic ethnic group of semi-nomadic people located in Kenya and northern Tanzania. The Maasai are among the best known of African ethnic groups, due to their residence near the many game parks of East Africa, and their distinctive customs and dress.

+The Massaw of the Hopi People to them, is the Creator or Caretaker of Earth.

+A wormhole, also known as an Einstein-Rosen Bridge is a hypothetical topological feature of spacetime that would be, fundamentally, a "shortcut" through spacetime. For a simple visual explanation of a wormhole, consider spacetime visualized as a two-dimensional (2D) surface. If this surface is folded along a third dimension, it allows one to picture a wormhole "bridge". (Please note, though, that this is merely a visualization displayed to convey an essentially unvisualisable structure existing in 4 or more dimensions. The parts of the wormhole could be higher-dimensional analogues for the parts of the curved 2D surface; for example, instead of mouths which are circular holes in a 2D plane, a real wormhole's mouths could be spheres in 3D space.) A wormhole is, in theory, much like a tunnel with two ends each in separate points in spacetime.

+The Gleaves-class destroyers were a class of 66 destroyers of the United States Navy built 1938–1942, and designed by Gibbs & Cox.^[1][2] The first ship of the class was the USS Gleaves(DD-423). The U.S. Navy customarily names a class of ships after the first ship of the class; hence the Gleaves class. They were the production destroyer of the US Navy when it entered World War II.

+Gleaves Whitney is the director of Grand Valley State University's Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies.

+Glial cells, sometimes called neuroglia or simply glia (Greek γλία, γλοία "glue"; pronounced in English as either /ˈɡliːə/ or /ˈɡlaɪə/), are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain, and for neurons in other parts of the nervous system such as in the autonomic nervous system.

+Ramanjaneyanagar is a locality belonging to the assembly constituency of Bangalore South (No 176) which is the biggest assembly constituency in Bangalore with 3,79,870 voters.

+Srinivasa Ramanujan FRS ( pronunciation (help·info)) (Tamil: ஸ்ரீனிவாஸ ராமானுஜன்; 22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician and autodidact who, with almost no formal training in pure mathematics, made extraordinary contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions. Living in India with no access to the larger mathematical community, which was centred in Europe at the time, Ramanujan developed his own mathematical research in isolation. When Ramanujan “meditates”, he would see a hand drawing out equations, then he would memorize the equation and right it down. He recorded doing that.

+1729 is the natural number following 1728 and preceding 1730. 1729 is known as the Ramanujan number after a famous Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. Once a British mathematician G. H. Hardy was visiting to the hospital to see the great Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. In Hardy's words:

+Australia entered World War II shortly after the invasion of Poland, declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939. By the end of the war, almost a million Australians had served in the armed forces, whose military units fought primarily in the European theatre, North African campaign, and the South West Pacific theatre.

+Number theory (or arithmetic^{[note 1]}) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers. Number theorists study prime numbers as well as the properties of objects made out of integers (e.g., rational numbers) or defined as generalizations of the integers (e.g., algebraic integers).

+In mathematics, a continued fraction is an expression obtained through an iterative process of representing a number as the sum of its integer part and the reciprocal of another number, then writing this other number as the sum of its integer part and another reciprocal, and so on.

+Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is self-directed learning that is related to but different from informal learning. In a sense, autodidacticism is "learning on your own" or "by yourself", and anautodidact is a self-teacher. Autodidacticism is a contemplative, absorptive procession.

+In analytical mathematics, Euler's identity (also known as Euler's equation), named for the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, is the equality

where

e is Euler's number, the base of natural logarithms,

i is the imaginary unit, which satisfies i² = −1, and

π is pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

+Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is an implementation of Microsoft's event-driven programming language Visual Basic 6 and its associated integrated development environment (IDE).

+An integrated development environment (IDE) or interactive development environment is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers forsoftware development. An IDE normally consists of a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger. Several modern IDEs integrate with Intelli-sense coding features.

+The Veterans Benevolent Association was an organization for LGBT veterans of the United States armed forces. The VBA was founded in New York City in 1945 by four honorably discharged gay veterans.

+The Virginia Bar Association (VBA) is a voluntary organization of lawyers in Virginia, with offices in Richmond, Virginia. It provides services to its members such as assistance in law office management, promotes or opposes selected state legislation, and publishes the quarterly VBA News Journal.

+The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) is "an organizational element of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs".

+VMware Infrastructure 3 (VI) is a suite of computer hardware virtualization products from VMware, Inc. (a division of EMC Corporation).

+A virtual machine (VM) is a software implemented abstraction of the underlying hardware, which is presented to the application layer of the system. Virtual machines may be based on specifications of a hypothetical computer or emulate thecomputer architecture and functions of a real world computer.

+

 

Multiples of bytes
SI decimal prefixes		Binary usage	IEC binary prefixes
Name (Symbol)	Value		Name (Symbol)	Value
kilobyte (kB)	103	210	kibibyte (KiB)	210
megabyte (MB)	106	220	mebibyte (MiB)	220
gigabyte (GB)	109	230	gibibyte (GiB)	230
terabyte (TB)	1012	240	tebibyte (TiB)	240
petabyte (PB)	1015	250	pebibyte (PiB)	250
exabyte (EB)	1018	260	exbibyte (EiB)	260
zettabyte (ZB)	1021	270	zebibyte (ZiB)	270
yottabyte (YB)	1024	280	yobibyte (YiB)	280
See also: Multiples of bits · Orders of magnitude of data
Metric prefixes
Prefix Symbol 1000m 10n Decimal English word[n 1] Since[n 2] yotta Y  10008  1024 1000000000000000000000000 septillion 1991 zetta Z  10007  1021 1000000000000000000000 sextillion 1991 exa E  10006  1018 1000000000000000000 quintillion 1975 peta P  10005  1015 1000000000000000 quadrillion 1975 tera T  10004  1012 1000000000000 trillion 1960 giga G  10003  109 1000000000 billion 1960 mega M  10002  106 1000000 million 1960 kilo k  10001  103 1000 thousand 1795 hecto h  10002/3  102 100 hundred 1795 deca da  10001/3  101 10 ten 1795    10000  100 1 one – deci d  1000−1/3  10−1 0.1 tenth 1795 centi c  1000−2/3  10−2 0.01 hundredth 1795 milli m  1000−1  10−3 0.001 thousandth 1795 micro µ  1000−2  10−6 0.000001 millionth 1960 nano n  1000−3  10−9 0.000000001 billionth 1960 pico p  1000−4  10−12 0.000000000001 trillionth 1960 femto f  1000−5  10−15 0.000000000000001 quadrillionth 1964 atto a  1000−6  10−18 0.000000000000000001 quintillionth 1964 zepto z  1000−7  10−21 0.000000000000000000001 sextillionth 1991 yocto y  1000−8  10−24 0.000000000000000000000001 septillionth 1991 ^ This table uses the short scale. ^ The metric system was introduced in 1795 with six prefixes. The other dates relate to recognition by a resolution of the CGPM.

 

+

 

Base -illion (short scale)	Value	U.S., Canada and modern British (short scale)	Traditional British (long scale)	Traditional European (Peletier) (long scale)	SI Symbol	SI Prefix
1	106	Million	Million	Million	M	mega-
2	109	Billion	Thousand million	Milliard	G	giga-
3	1012	Trillion	Billion	Billion	T	tera-
4	1015	Quadrillion	Thousand billion	Billiard	P	peta-
5	1018	Quintillion	Trillion	Trillion	E	exa-
6	1021	Sextillion	Thousand trillion	Trilliard	Z	zetta-
7	1024	Septillion	Quadrillion	Quadrillion	Y	yotta-
8	1027	Octillion	Thousand quadrillion	Quadrilliard
9	1030	Nonillion	Quintillion	Quintillion
10	1033	Decillion	Thousand quintillion	Quintilliard
11	1036	Undecillion	Sextillion	Sextillion
12	1039	Duodecillion	Thousand sextillion	Sextilliard
13	1042	Tredecillion	Septillion	Septillion
14	1045	Quattuordecillion	Thousand septillion	Septilliard
15	1048	Quindecillion	Octillion	Octillion
16	1051	Sedecillion	Thousand octillion	Octilliard
17	1054	Septendecillion	Nonillion	Nonillion
18	1057	Octodecillion	Thousand nonillion	Nonilliard
19	1060	Novendecillion	Decillion	Decillion
20	1063	Vigintillion	Thousand decillion	Decilliard
21	1066	Unvigintillion	Undecillion	Undecillion
22	1069	Duovigintillion	Thousand undecillion	Undecilliard
23	1072	Tresvigintillion	Duodecillion	Duodecillion
24	1075	Quattuorvigintillion	Thousand duodecillion	Duodecilliard
25	1078	Quinquavigintillion	Tredecillion	Tredecillion
26	1081	Sesvigintillion	Thousand tredecillion	Tredecilliard
27	1084	Septemvigintillion	Quattuordecillion	Quattuordecillion
28	1087	Octovigintillion	Thousand quattuordecillion	Quattuordecilliard
29	1090	Novemvigintillion	Quindecillion	Quindecillion
30	1093	Trigintillion	Thousand quindecillion	Quindecilliard
31	1096	Untrigintillion	Sedecillion	Sedecillion
32	1099	Duotrigintillion	Thousand sedecillion	Sedecilliard
33	10102	Trestrigintillion	Septendecillion	Septendecillion
34	10105	Quattuortrigintillion	Thousand septendecillion	Septendecilliard
35	10108	Quinquatrigintillion	Octodecillion	Octodecillion
36	10111	Sestrigintillion	Thousand octodecillion	Octodecilliard
37	10114	Septentrigintillion	Novendecillion	Novendecillion
38	10117	Octotrigintillion	Thousand novendecillion	Novendecilliard
39	10120	Noventrigintillion	Vigintillion	Vigintillion
40	10123	Quadragintillion	Thousand vigintillion	Vigintilliard
50	10153	Quinquagintillion	Thousand quinquavigintillion	Quinquavigintilliard
60	10183	Sexagintillion	Thousand trigintillion	Trigintilliard
70	10213	Septuagintillion	Thousand quinquatrigintillion	Quinquatrigintilliard
80	10243	Octogintillion	Thousand quadragintillion	Quadragintilliard
90	10273	Nonagintillion	Thousand quinquaquadragintillion	Quinquaquadragintilliard
100	10303	Centillion	Thousand quinquagintillion	Quinquagintilliard
101	10306	Uncentillion	Unquinquagintillion	Unquinquagintillion
102	10309	Duocentillion	Thousand unquinquagintillion	Unquinquagintilliard
103	10312	Trescentillion	Duoquinquagintillion	Duoquinquagintillion
110	10333	Decicentillion	Thousand quinquaquinquagintillion	Quinquaquinquagintilliard
111	10336	Undecicentillion	Sesquinquagintillion	Sesquinquagintillion
120	10363	Viginticentillion	Thousand sexagintillion	Sexagintilliard
121	10366	Unviginticentillion	Unsexagintillion	Unsexagintillion
130	10393	Trigintacentillion	Thousand quinquasexagintillion	Quinquasexagintilliard
140	10423	Quadragintacentillion	Thousand septuagintillion	Septuagintilliard
150	10453	Quinquagintacentillion	Thousand quinquaseptuagintillion	Quinquaseptuagintilliard
160	10483	Sexagintacentillion	Thousand octogintillion	Octogintilliard
170	10513	Septuagintacentillion	Thousand quinquaoctogintillion	Quinquaoctogintilliard
180	10543	Octogintacentillion	Thousand nonagintillion	Nonagintilliard
190	10573	Nonagintacentillion	Thousand quinquanonagintillion	Quinquanonagintilliard
200	10603	Ducentillion	Thousand centillion	Centilliard
300	10903	Trecentillion	Thousand quinquagintacentillion	Quinquagintacentilliard
400	101203	Quadringentillion	Thousand ducentillion	Ducentilliard
500	101503	Quingentillion	Thousand quinquagintaducentillion	Quinquagintaducentilliard
600	101803	Sescentillion	Thousand trecentillion	Trecentilliard
700	102103	Septingentillion	Thousand quinquagintatrecentillion	Quinquagintatrecentilliard
800	102403	Octingentillion	Thousand quadringentillion	Quadringentilliard
900	102703	Nongentillion	Thousand quinquagintaquadringentillion	Quinquagintaquadringentilliard
1000	103003	Millinillion	Thousand quingentillion	Quingentilliard

 

+Graham's number, named after Ronald Graham, is a large number that is an upper bound on the solution to a certain problem in Ramsey theory.

+Da Vinci would put a candle at the bottom of his bed when he mediates.

+Nitric acid (HNO₃), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid. The pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to the accumulation of oxides of nitrogen. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68%. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO₃, it is referred to as fuming nitric acid. Depending on the amount of nitrogen dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as white fuming nitric acid or red fuming nitric acid, at concentrations above 95%. Nitric acid is also commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent.

+Mohenjo-daro (IPA: [muˑənⁱ dʑoˑ d̪əɽoˑ], Urdu: موئن جودڑو‎, Sindhi: موئن جو دڙو, lit. Mound of the Dead; English pronunciation: /moʊˌhɛn.dʒoʊ ˈdɑː.roʊ/), is an archeological site in the province of Sindh,Pakistan. Built around 2600 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and one of the world's earliest major urban settlements, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Crete. Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE, and was not rediscovered until 1922. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.^[1] However, the site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.

+The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) in the northwestern region^[1] of the Indian subcontinent,^[2][3] consisting mainly of what is now Pakistan, and parts of India, Afghanistan and Iran.^[4] Flourishing around the Indus River basin, the civilization^{[n 1]} extended east into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley^[8] and the upper reaches Ganges-Yamuna Doab;^[9][10] it extended west to the Makran coast of Balochistan, north to northeastern Afghanistan and south to Daimabad in Maharashtra. The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, along with its contemporaries, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.

+Mount Kailash (also Mount Kailas; (Tibetan: གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ,Sanskrit: कैलाश् Kangrinboqê or Gang Rinpoche; simplified Chinese: 冈仁波齐峰, Gāngrénbōqí fēng) is a peak in the Kailas Range (Gangdisê Mountains), which are part of the Transhimalaya in Tibet. It lies near the source of some of the longest rivers in Asia: the Indus River, the Sutlej River (a major tributary of the Indus River), the Brahmaputra River, and the Karnali River (a tributary of the River Ganga). It is considered a sacred place in four religions: Bön, Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. 

+Ishi (ca. 1860 – March 25, 1916) was the last member of the Yahi, the last surviving group of the Yana people of the U.S. state of California. Widely acclaimed in his time as the "last wild Indian" in America, Ishi lived most of his life completely outside European American culture. At about 49 years of age, in 1911, he emerged from "the wild" near Oroville, California, leaving his ancestral homeland, present-day Tehama County, near the foothills of Lassen Peak, known to Ishi as Wa ganu p'a.

+In the photoelectric effect, electrons are emitted from solids, liquids or gases when they absorb energy from light. Electrons emitted in this manner may be called photoelectrons.^[1][2] Heinrich Hertz in 1887 ^[2][3] discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905 Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".

+A photoelectric flame photometer is a device used in inorganic chemical analysis to determine the concentration of certain metal ions, among them sodium, potassium, lithium, and calcium. Group 1 and Group 2 metals are quite sensitive to Flame Photometry due to their low excitation energies.

+Photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy, PEPICO for short, is a combination of photoionization mass spectrometry and photoelectron spectroscopy.^[1] Gas phase sample, i.e. isolated molecules are ionized by incident vacuumultraviolet (VUV) radiation. In the ensuing photoionization, a cation and a photoelectron are formed for each sample molecule. The mass of the photoion is determined by time-of-flight mass spectrometry, whereas, in current setups, photoelectrons are typically velocity map imaged onto a position sensitive detector.

+A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator originating from the cyclotron in which the guiding magnetic field (bending the particles into a closed path) is time-dependent, being synchronized to a particle beam of increasing kinetic energy.

+A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator in which charged particles accelerate outwards from the center along a spiral path. The particles are held to a spiral trajectory by a static magnetic field and accelerated by a rapidly varying (radio frequency) electric field.

+Coherent light is light in which all component electromagnetic waves are "in phase" with one another.

+Photoelectrochemical processes usually involve transforming light into other forms of energy.^[1] These processes apply to photochemistry, optically pumped lasers, sensitized solar cells, luminescence, and the effect of reversible change of color upon exposure to light.

+Annalen der Physik (English: Annals of Physics) is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics and has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas ofexperimental, theoretical, applied, and mathematical physics and related areas. The current editor-in-chief is Guido W. Fuchs.

+Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (often cited as just Liebigs Annalen) is one of the oldest and historically most important journals in the field of organic chemistry worldwide. Founded in 1832, it was edited by Justus von Liebig with Friedrich Wöhler until Liebig's death in 1873.

+The supernatural (Medieval Latin: supernātūrālis: supra "above" + naturalis "nature", first used: 1520–30 AD)^[1][2] is that which is not subject to the laws of nature, or more figuratively, that which is said to exist above and beyond nature.

+Neoplatonism (also called Neo-Platonism), is the modern (19th century) term for a school of mystical philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century, based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonists, with its earliest contributor believed to be Plotinus, and his teacher Ammonius Saccas.

+Plotinus (/plɒˈtaɪnəs/; Greek: Πλωτῖνος) (ca. 204/5–270 CE) was a major philosopher of the ancient world. In his system of theory there are the three principles: the One, the Intellect, and the Soul.^[1] His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is of the Platonic tradition.

+Metaphysics is a traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world,^[1] although the term is not easily defined.^[2] Traditionally, metaphysics attempts to answer two basic questions in the broadest possible terms:^[3]

⁺Socrates (pron.: /ˈsɒkrətiːz/; Greek: Σωκράτης, Ancient Greek pronunciation: [sɔːkrátɛːs], Sōkrátēs; c. 469 BC – 399 BC)^[1] was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders ofWestern philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporaryAristophanes. Many would claim that Plato's dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity.

+In mathematics, the nth taxicab number, typically denoted Ta(n) or Taxicab(n), is defined as the smallest number that can be expressed as a sum of two positive algebraic cubes in n distinct ways. The concept was first mentioned in 1657 byBernard Frénicle de Bessy, and was made famous in the early 20th century by a story involving Srinivasa Ramanujan. 

+The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII, pronunciation: /ˈæski/ ass-kee;^[1]) is a character-encoding scheme originally based on the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, though they support many additional characters.

+In theosophy and anthroposophy, the akashic records (from akasha, the Sanskrit word for 'sky' 'space' or 'aether') are a compendium of mystical knowledge supposedly encoded in a non-physical plane of existence. The akashic records – akasha is a Sanskrit word meaning "sky", "space" or "aether" – are described as containing all knowledge of human experience and all experiences as well as the history of the cosmos encoded or written in the very aether or fabric of all existence.

+A thought experiment or Gedankenexperiment (from German) considers some hypothesis, theory,^[1] or principle for the purpose of thinking through its consequences. Given the structure of the experiment, it may or may not be possible to actually perform it, and, in the case that it is possible for it to be performed, there need be no intention of any kind to actually perform the experiment in question. The common goal of a thought experiment is to explore the potential consequences of the principle in question.

+The Copenhagen interpretation is one of the earliest and most commonly taught interpretations of quantum mechanics.^[1] It holds that quantum mechanics does not yield a description of an objective reality but deals only with probabilities of observing, or measuring, various aspects of energy quanta, entities that fit neither the classical idea of particles nor the classical idea of waves.

+The Stargate Project^[1] was the umbrella code name of one of several sub-projects established by the U.S. Federal Government to investigate claims of psychic phenomena with potential military and domestic applications, particularly "remote viewing": the purported ability to psychically "see" events, sites, or information from a great distance.

+The parietal lobe is a part of the brain positioned above (superior to) the occipital lobe and behind (posterior to) the frontal lobe.

+The Cult of the Holy Spirit (Portuguese: Culto do Divino Espírito Santo) is a religious sub-culture, inspired by Christian millenarian mystics, associated with Azorean Catholic identity, consisting of iconography, architecture, and religious practices that have continued in many communities of the archipelago as well as the broader Portuguese diaspora. Beyond the Azores, the Cult of the Holy Spirit is alive in parts of Brazil (where it was established three centuries ago) and pockets of Portuguese settlers in North America

+In physics, the Bekenstein bound is an upper limit on the entropy S, or information I, that can be contained within a given finite region of space which has a finite amount of energy—or conversely, the maximum amount of information required to perfectly describe a given physical system down to the quantum level.^[1] It implies that the information of a physical system, or the information necessary to perfectly describe that system, must be finite if the region of space and the energy is finite. In computer science, this implies that there is a maximum information-processing rate (Bremermann's limit) for a physical system that has a finite size and energy, and that a Turing machine with finite physical dimensions and unbounded memory is not physically possible.

+Bremermann's Limit, named after Hans-Joachim Bremermann, is the maximum computational speed of a self-contained system in the material universe. It is derived from Einstein's mass-energy equivalency and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and is c²/h ≈ 1.36 × 10⁵⁰ bits per second per kilogram. ^[1][2] This value is important when designing cryptographic algorithms, as it can be used to determine the minimum size of encryption keys or hash values required to create an algorithm that could never be cracked by a brute-force search.

+In computational complexity theory, a transcomputational problem is a problem that requires processing of more than 10⁹³ bits of information.^[1] Any number greater than 10⁹³ is called a transcomputational number. The number 10⁹³, called Bremermann's limit, is, according to Hans-Joachim Bremermann, the total number of bits processed by a hypothetical computer the size of the Earth within a time period equal to the estimated age of the Earth.^[1][2] The term transcomputational was coined by Bremermann.

+In theoretical computer science, circuit complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory in which Boolean functions are classified according to the size or depth of Boolean circuits that compute them. One speaks of the circuit complexity of a Boolean circuit. A related notion is the circuit complexity of a recursive language that is decided by a family of circuits (see below).

+AC⁰ is a complexity class used in circuit complexity. It is the smallest class in the AC hierarchy, and consists of all families of circuits of depth O(1) and polynomial size, with unlimited-fanin AND gates and OR gates. (We allow NOT gates only at the inputs).^[1] It thus contains NC⁰, which has only bounded-fanin AND and OR gates.

+In computational complexity theory, PSPACE is the set of all decision problems that can be solved by a Turing machine using a polynomial amount of space.

+When first introduced with Windows 3.1, the Windows registry's primary purpose was to store configuration information for COM-based components. With the introduction of Windows 95 and Windows NT, its use was extended to tidy up the profusion of per-program INI files that had previously been used to store configuration settings for Windows programs.^[1][2] It is not a requirement for a Windows application to use the Windows Registry—for example, .Net Framework applications use XML files for configuration, while portable applications usually keep their configuration data within files in the directory/folder where the application executable resides.

+The INI file format is an informal standard for configuration files for some platforms or software. INI files are simple text files with a basic structure composed of "sections" and "properties (keys)".

+Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993. It was a powerful high-level-language-based, processor-independent, multiprocessing, multiuser operating system with features comparable to Unix.

+IA-32 (Intel Architecture, 32-bit, sometimes called i386^[1] through metonymy) is the title of the third generation of x86 architecture, first implemented in the Intel 80386 microprocessors in 1985. It was the first incarnation of x86 to support 32-bit computing.^[2] As such, "IA-32" may be used as a metonym to refer to all x86 versions that supported 32-bit computing.

+The ARM architecture describes a family of RISC-based computer processors designed and licensed by British company ARM Holdings. It was first developed in the 1980s^[2] by Acorn Computers Ltd to power their desktop machines and subsequently spun off as a separate company, now ARM Holdings. Globally as of 2013 it is the most widely used 32-bit instruction set architecture in terms of quantity produced.

+The Newton platform is a personal digital assistant developed by Apple Inc.. Development of the Newton platform started in 1987 and officially ended on February 27, 1998. Some electronic engineering and the manufacture of Apple's Newton devices was done by Motorola. Most Newton devices were based on the ARM 610 RISC processor and all featured handwriting recognition software. Most Newton devices were developed and marketed by Apple (this includes the whole MessagePad line and the eMate 300), but other companies — Motorola, Sharp, and Digital Ocean — also released devices that ran the Newton OS.

+The eMate 300 was a personal digital assistant designed, manufactured and sold by Apple to the education market as a low-cost laptop running the Newton operating system. The eMate was introduced March 7, 1997 for US$800 and was discontinued along with the Apple Newton product line and its operating system on February 27, 1998.

+Component Object Model (COM) is a binary-interface standard for software components introduced by Microsoft in 1993. It is used to enable interprocess communication and dynamic object creation in a large range of programming languages. COM is the basis for several other Microsoft technologies and frameworks, including OLE, OLE Automation, ActiveX, COM+, DCOM, the Windows shell, DirectX, and Windows Runtime.

+Microsoft DirectX is a collection of application programming interfaces (APIs) for handling tasks related to multimedia, especially game programming and video, on Microsoft platforms. Originally, the names of these APIs all began with Direct, such as Direct3D, DirectDraw, DirectMusic, DirectPlay, DirectSound, and so forth. The name DirectX was coined as shorthand term for all of these APIs (the X standing in for the particular API names) and soon became the name of the collection.

+Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) is a technology developed by Microsoft that allows embedding and linking to documents and other objects. For developers, it brought OLE Control Extension (OCX), a way to develop and use custom user interface elements. On a technical level, an OLE object is any object that implements the IOleObject interface, possibly along with a wide range of other interfaces, depending on the object's needs.

+In IBM PC compatible computers, the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), also known as the system BIOS or ROM BIOS /ˈbaɪ.oʊs/, is a de facto standard defining a firmware interface.^[1] The name originated from the Basic Input Output System used in the CP/M operating system in 1975.^[2][3] The BIOS software is built into the PC, and is the first software run by a PC when powered on. The fundamental purposes of the BIOS are to initialize and test the system hardware components, and to load a bootloader or an operating system from a mass memory device. The BIOS additionally provides abstraction layer for the hardware, i.e. a consistent way for application programs and operating systems to interact with the keyboard, display, and other input/output devices. Variations in the system hardware are hidden by the BIOS from programs that use BIOS services instead of directly accessing the hardware. Modern operating systems ignore the abstraction layer provided by the BIOS and access the hardware components directly. The BIOS of the original IBM PC/XT had no interactive user interface. Error messages were displayed on the screen, or coded series of sounds were generated to signal errors. Options on the PC and XT were set by switches and jumpers on the main board and on peripheral cards. Modern Wintel-compatible computers provide a setup routine, accessed at system power-up by a particular key sequence. The user can configure hardware options using the keyboard and video display. BIOS software is stored on a non-volatile ROM chip on the motherboard. It is specifically designed to work with each particular model of computer, interfacing with various devices that make up the complementary chipset of the system. In modern computer systems, the BIOS contents is stored on an EEPROM chip so that the contents can be rewritten without removing the chip from the motherboard. This allows BIOS software to be easily upgraded to add new features or fix bugs. MS-DOS (PC DOS), which was the dominant PC operating system from 1981 until the late 1990s^{[citation needed]}, relied on BIOS services for disk, keyboard, and text display functions. MS Windows NT, Linux, and other protected mode operating systems in general do not use it after loading.

+CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers^[3]) was a mass-market operating system created for Intel 8080/85 based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. Initially confined to single-tasking on 8-bit processors and no more than 64 kilobytes of memory, later versions of CP/M added multi-user variations, and were migrated to 16-bit processors.

+The S-100 bus or Altair bus, IEEE696-1983 (withdrawn), was an early computer bus designed in 1974 as a part of the Altair 8800, generally considered today to be the first personal computer (or at least the first microcomputer, as it was designed for hobbyists rather than the general public). The S-100 bus was the first industry standard expansion bus for the microcomputer industry. S-100 computers, consisting of processor and peripheral cards, were produced by a number of manufacturers.

+A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system. The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity. It combines the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation. Although popular in the 1970s and 1980s, modern computers use a variety of separate buses adapted to more specific needs.

+In computer architecture, a bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers. This expression covers all related hardware components (wire, optical fiber, etc.) and software, including communication protocol.

+PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), officially abbreviated as PCIe, is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards. PCIe has numerous improvements over the aforementioned bus standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count and smaller physical footprint, better performance-scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism (Advanced Error Reporting (AER) ^[1]), and native hot-plug functionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard support hardware I/O virtualization.

+CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The commands are those of CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format (the same filename extension .CMD is used by Microsoft Windows for unrelated batch files). Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86.

+In DOS, OS/2, and also Microsoft Windows, batch file (BAT) is the name given to a type of script file, a text file containing a series of commands to be executed by the command interpreter.

+Command Prompt (executable name cmd.exe) is the Microsoft-supplied command-line interpreter on OS/2, Windows CE and on Windows NT-based operating systems (including Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, Server 2003, Server 2008, Server 2008 R2 and Server 2012). It is the analog of COMMAND.COM in MS-DOS and Windows 9x systems (where it is called "MS-DOS Prompt"), or of the Unix shells used on Unix-like systems.

+COMMAND.COM is the filename of the default operating system shell for DOS operating systems and the default command line interpreter on Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me. It has an additional role as the first program run after boot, hence being responsible for setting up the system by running the AUTOEXEC.BAT configuration file, and being the ancestor of all processes. COMMAND.COM's successor on OS/2 and Windows NT-based operating systems is cmd.exe (Command Prompt). COMMAND.COM is also available on 32-bit versions of those systems to provide compatibility when running DOS applications within the NT Virtual DOS machine.

+In many computer operating systems, a COM file is a type of executable file; the name is derived from the file name extension .COM. Originally, the term stood for "Command file", a text file containing commands to be issued to the operating system (similar to a DOS batch file), on many of the Digital Equipment Corporation mini and mainframe operating systems going back to the 1970s.

+The domain name com is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Its name is derived from the word commercial,^[1] indicating its original intended purpose for domains registered by commercial organizations. However, eventually the distinction was lost when .com, .org and .net were opened for unrestricted registration.

+The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is presently a department of ICANN, a nonprofit private US corporation, which oversees global IP address allocation, autonomous system number allocation, root zone management in the Domain Name System (DNS), media types, and other Internet Protocol-related symbols and numbers.

⁺A DNS root zone is the top-level DNS zone in a hierarchical namespace using the Domain Name System (DNS) for computers. Most commonly it refers to the root zone of the largest global network, the Internet.

+The tz database, also called the zoneinfo database or IANA Time Zone Database, is a collaborative compilation of information about the world's time zones, primarily intended for use with computer programs and operating systems.^[1] It is sometimes called the Olson database, referring to the founding contributor, Arthur David Olson.^[2] Paul Eggert is currently its editor and maintainer.

+A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet.^[1] The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is com. Responsibility of management of most top-level domains is delegated to specific organizations by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and is in charge of maintaining the DNS root zone.

+Wintel is a portmanteau of Windows and Intel, referring to personal computers using Intel x86 compatible processors running Microsoft Windows.

+A portmanteau (ⁱ/pɔrtˈmæntoʊ/, /ˌpɔrtmænˈtoʊ/; plural portmanteaux or portmanteaus) or portmanteau word is a combination of two (or more) words or morphemes, and their definitions, into one new word.^[1][2] The English is derived from French portemanteau (portmanteau luggage which has two compartments). A portmanteau word fuses both the sounds and the meanings of its components, as in smog, coined by blending smoke and fog,^[1][3] or the term "wurly" to describe hair that is both wavy and curly.^[4] In linguistics, a portmanteau is defined as a single morph which represents two or more morphemes.

+ROM (Rivers of MUD) is a MUD codebase derived from Merc, which is based on DikuMUD^[1] and noted for its organization.^[2] Russ "Alander" Taylor released Rom 2.3 in 1993.

+DikuMUD is a multiplayer text-based role-playing game, which is a type of MUD. It was written in 1990 and 1991 by Sebastian Hammer, Tom Madsen, Katja Nyboe, Michael Seifert, and Hans Henrik Staerfeldt at DIKU (Datalogisk Institut Københavns Universitet)—the department of computer science at the University of Copenhagen in Copenhagen, Denmark.

+In cryptography, a random oracle is an oracle (a theoretical black box) that responds to every unique query with a (truly) random response chosen uniformly from its output domain, except that for any specific query, it responds the same way every time it receives that query.

+The term neural network was traditionally used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons.^[1] The modern usage of the term often refers to artificial neural networks, which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes. Thus the term may refer to either biological neural networks, made up of real biological neurons, or artificial neural networks, for solving artificial intelligence problems.

+The term Von Neumann architecture, also known as the Von Neumann model or the Princeton architecture, derives from a 1945 computer architecture description by the mathematician and early computer scientist John von Neumann and others, First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC^[1]. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter, a memory to store both data and instructions, external mass storage, and input and output mechanisms.^[1][2] The meaning of the term has evolved to mean a stored-program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus.

+ENIAC (/ˈini.æk/ or /ˈɛni.æk/; Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)^[1][2] was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It was Turing-complete, digital, and capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.

⁺Frances Elizabeth "Betty" Holberton (March 7, 1917 – December 8, 2001) was one of the six original programmers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer.

+In computer science, artificial intelligence, and mathematical optimization, a heuristic is a technique designed for solving a problem more quickly when classic methods are too slow, or for finding an approximate solution when classic methods fail to find any exact solution. This is achieved by trading optimality, completeness, accuracy, or precision for speed.

+A ROM cartridge, sometimes referred to simply as a cartridge or cart, is a removable enclosure containing read-only memory devices designed to be connected to a consumer electronics device such as a home computer or games console. ROM cartridges can be used to load software such as video games, or other application programs.

+The Neo Geo (ネオジオ Neo Jio^?) is a cartridge-based arcade system board and home video game console released on January 31, 1990 by Japanese game company SNK Playmore. Being in the fourth generation of video game consoles, it was the first system in the Neo Geo family, which ran throughout the 1990s before being revived in December 2012 with the Neo Geo X handheld/home system.^[1][2][3][4] The original system's hardware featured comparatively colourful 2D graphics.

+Zilog, Inc., previously known as ZiLOG (which stands for "Z (the last word in) integrated logic"),^[1] is an American manufacturer of 8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers, and is most famous for its Intel 8080-compatible Z80 series.

+Rupture of membranes (ROM) or amniorrhexis is a term used during pregnancy to describe a rupture of the amniotic sac.^[1] Normally, it occurs spontaneously at full term either during or at the beginning of labor. Rupture of the membranes is known colloquially as "breaking the water." A premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a rupture of the amnion that occurs prior to the onset of labor.

+RFID on metal (abbreviated to ROM) refers to radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags which perform a specific function when attached to metal objects. The ROM tags overcome some of the problems traditional RFID tags suffer when near metal, such as detuning and reflecting of the RFID signal, which can cause poor tag read range, phantom reads, or no read signal at all.

+The Electronic Product Code (EPC) is designed as a universal identifier that provides a unique identity for every physical object anywhere in the world, for all time. Its structure is defined in the EPCglobal Tag Data Standard [1], which is an open standard freely available for download from the website of EPCglobal, Inc.. The canonical representation of an EPC is a URI, namely the 'pure-identity URI' representation that is intended for use when referring to a specific physical object in communications about EPCs among information systems and business application software. The EPCglobal Tag Data Standard also defines additional representations of an EPC identifier, such as the tag-encoding URI format and a compact binary format suitable for storing an EPC identifier efficiently within RFID tags (for which the low-cost passive RFID tags typically have limited memory capacity available for the EPC/UII memory bank).

+Macedonia (ⁱ/ˌmæsɨˈdoʊniə/ mas-i-DOH-nee-ə; Macedonian: Македонија, transliterated: Makedonija), officially the Republic of Macedonia (Република Македонија, transliterated: Republika Makedonija [rɛˈpublika makɛˈdɔnija] ( listen)), is a country located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.

+EEPROM (also written E²PROM and pronounced "e-e-prom," "double-e prom," "e-squared," or simply "e-prom") stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed, e.g., calibration tables or device configuration.

+The floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS) is a field-effect transistor, whose structure is similar to a conventional MOSFET. The gate of the FGMOS is electrically isolated, creating a floating node in DC, and a number of secondary gates or inputs are deposited above the floating gate (FG) and are electrically isolated from it. These inputs are only capacitively connected to the FG. Since the FG is completely surrounded by highly resistive material, the charge contained in it remains unchanged for long periods of time. Usually Fowler-Nordheim tunneling and hot-carrier injection mechanisms are used to modify the amount of charge stored in the FG.

+In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC or D-to-A) is a device that converts a digital (usually binary) code to an analog signal (current, voltage, or electric charge). An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse operation. Signals are easily stored and transmitted in digital form, but a DAC is needed for the signal to be recognized by human senses or other non-digital systems.

+Overclocking is the process of making a computer or component operate faster than the clock frequency specified by the manufacturer by modifying system parameters (hence the name "overclocking"). Operating voltages may also be changed (increased), which can increase the speed at which operation remains stable. Most overclocking techniques increase power consumption, generating more heat, which must be dispersed if the chip is to remain operational.

+AMD released the third-generation Athlon, code-named "Palomino", on October 9, 2001 as the Athlon XP. The "XP" suffix is interpreted to mean extreme performance and also as an unofficial reference to Microsoft Windows XP.^[16] The Athlon XP was marketed using a PR system, which compared its relative performance to an Athlon utilizing the earlier "Thunderbird" core. Athlon XP launched at speeds between 1.33 GHz (PR1500+) and 1.53 GHz (PR1800+), giving AMD the x86 performance lead with the 1800+ model. Less than a month later, it enhanced that lead with the release of the 1600 MHz 1900+,^[17] and subsequent 1.67 GHz Athlon XP 2000+ in January 2002.

+A pin grid array, often abbreviated PGA, is a type of integrated circuit packaging. In a PGA, the package is square or roughly square, and the pins are arranged in a regular array on the underside of the package. The pins are commonly spaced 2.54 mm (0.1") apart, and may or may not cover the entire underside of the package.

+Through-hole technology, also spelled "thru-hole", refers to the mounting scheme used for electronic components that involves the use of leads on the components that are inserted into holes drilled in printed circuit boards (PCB) and soldered to pads on the opposite side either by manual assembly (hand placement) or by the use of automated insertion mount machines.

+A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. When the board has only copper tracks and features, and no circuit elements such as capacitors, resistors or active devices have been manufactured into the actual substrate of the board, it is more correctly referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board.

+Athlon is the brand name applied to a series of x86-compatible microprocessors designed and manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). The original Athlon (now called Athlon Classic) was the first seventh-generation x86 processor and, in a first, retained the initial performance lead it had over Intel's competing processors for a significant period of time. The original Athlon also had the distinction of being the first desktop processor to reach speeds of one gigahertz (GHz).

+Athlon II is a family of AMD multi-core 45 nm central processing units, which is aimed at the budget to mid-range market and is a complementary product lineup to the Phenom II.

+Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. or AMD is an American multinational (fabless after GlobalFoundries was spun off in 2009) semiconductor company based in Sunnyvale, California, that develops computer processors and related technologies for commercial and consumer markets. Its main products include microprocessors, motherboard chipsets, embedded processors and graphics processors for servers, workstations and personal computers, and embedded systems applications.

+An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints.^[1][2] It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.

+Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer storage device that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.

+Random-access memory (RAM /ræm/) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access device allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order. In contrast, other data storage media such as hard disks, CDs, DVDs and magnetic tape, as well as early primary memory types such as drum memory, read and write data only in a predetermined order, consecutively, because of mechanical design limitations. Therefore the time to access a given data location varies significantly depending on its physical location.

+Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a type of random-access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. The capacitor can be either charged or discharged; these two states are taken to represent the two values of a bit, conventionally called 0 and 1. Since capacitors leak charge, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is refreshed periodically. Because of this refresh requirement, it is a dynamic memory as opposed to SRAM and other static memory.

+The mebibit is a multiple of the bit, a unit of information, prefixed by the standards-based multiplier mebi (symbol Mi), a binary prefix meaning 2²⁰.

⁺In chemistry and physics, the Avogadro constant (symbols: L, N_A) is defined as the number of constituent particles (usually atoms or molecules) in one mole of a given substance. It has dimensions of reciprocal mol and its value is equal to 6.02214129(27)×10²³ mol⁻¹.^[1][2][3] Changes in the SI units are proposed that will change the constant to exactly 6.02214X×10²³ when it is expressed in the unit mol⁻¹ (see New SI definitions, in which an "X" at the end of a number means one or more final digits yet to be agreed upon).

+The JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, formerly known as the Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC), is an independent semiconductor engineering trade organization and standardization body. Associated with the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), a trade association that represents all areas of the electronics industry in the United States, JEDEC has over 300 members, including some of the world's largest computer companies.

+The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA, until 1997 Electronic Industries Association) was a standards and trade organization composed as an alliance of trade associations for electronics manufacturers in the United States. They developed standards to ensure the equipment of different manufacturers was compatible and interchangeable. The EIA ceased operations on February 11, 2011, but the former sectors continue to serve the constituencies of EIA.

+In human anatomy, the eardrum, or tympanic membrane, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear in humans and other tetrapods. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear, and then to the oval window in the fluid-filled cochlea. Hence, it ultimately converts and amplifies vibration in air to vibration in fluid. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles.

+Steel Wheels is the 19th British and 21st American studio album by The Rolling Stones, released in 1989.

+Zytel is a trademark owned by DuPont and used for a number of different high strength, abrasion and impact resistant thermoplastic polyamide formulations of the family more commonly known as nylon, often with varying degrees of fiberglass, from 13% to 60%, added in for additional stiffness.^[1] Some of the grades are homopolymer nylon66, other copolymers with nylon6 repeat units, and further grades involving rubber toughening are available. Many grades are based on polyphthalamide (PPA), another common polyamide.

+A Thermoplastic, also known as a thermosoftening plastic,^[1][2] is a polymer that becomes pliable or moldable above a specific temperature, and returns to a solid state upon cooling. Most thermoplastics have a high molecular weight, whose chains associate through intermolecular forces; this property allows thermoplastics to be remolded because the intermolecular interactions spontaneously reform upon cooling. In this way, thermoplastics differ from thermosetting polymers, which form irreversible chemical bonds during the curing process; thermoset bonds break down upon melting and do not reform upon cooling.

+Żytelkowo [ʐɨtɛlˈkɔvɔ] (formerly German Siedkow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Białogard, within Białogard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.^[1] It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Białogard and 117 km (73 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

+Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a type of hearing loss in which the root cause lies in the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), the inner ear, or central processing centers of the brain. Sensorineural hearing loss can be mild, moderate, or severe, including total deafness.

+The vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory vestibular nerve)^[1] is the eighth of twelve cranial nerves, and is responsible for transmitting sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain. The vestibulocochlear nerve is derived from the embryonic otic placode.

+The Opte Project is a project started by Barrett Lyon that seeks to make an accurate representation of the extent of the Internet using visual graphics.

+Barrett Gibson Lyon (born March 18, 1978) is an American Internet entrepreneur.

⁺An onomatopoeia (sometimes written as onomatopœia) ( pronunciation (US) (help·info), from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία;^[1] ὄνομα for "name"^[2] and ποιέω for "I make",^[3] adjectival form: "onomatopoeic" or "onomatopoetic") is a word that phonetically imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it describes. Onomatopoeia (as an uncountable noun) refers to the property of such words. Common occurrences of onomatopoeias include animal noises such as "oink", "meow", "roar" or "chirp".

+An emoticon (/ɨˈmoʊtɨkɒn/) is a metacommunicative pictorial representation of a facial expression which in the absence of body language and prosody serves to draw a receiver's attention to the tenor or temper of a sender's nominal verbal communication, changing and improving its interpretation. It expresses - usually by means of punctuation marks - a person's feelings or mood and can include numbers and letters, as well. In the most recent years, as the epidemic of social media and texting is at an all time high, emoticons have played a significant role in communication through technology. These emoticons offer another range of "tone" and feeling through texting that portrays specific emotions through facial gestures while in the midst of cyber communication.

+Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a protocol for live interactive Internet text messaging (chat) or synchronous conferencing.^[1] It is mainly designed for group communication in discussion forums, called channels,^[2] but also allows one-to-one communication via private message^[3] as well as chat and data transfer,^[4] including file sharing.

⁺Synchronous conferencing is the formal term used in computing, in particular in computer-mediated communication, collaboration and learning, to describe technologies informally known as online chat. It is sometimes extended to include audio/video conferencing or instant messaging systems that provide a text-based multi-user chat function. The word synchronous is used to qualify the conferencing as real-time, as distinct from a system such as e-mail, where messages are left and answered later.

+SILC (Secure Internet Live Conferencing protocol) is a protocol that provides secure synchronous conferencing services (very much like IRC) over the Internet.

+Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is a communications protocol for message-oriented middleware based on XML (Extensible Markup Language).^[1] The protocol was originally named Jabber,^[2] and was developed by the Jabber open-source community in 1999 for near real-time, instant messaging (IM), presence information, and contact list maintenance. Designed to be extensible, the protocol has also been used for publish-subscribe systems, signalling for VoIP, video, file transfer, gaming, Internet of Things applications such as the smart grid, and social networking services.

+Leet (or "1337"), also known as eleet or leetspeak, is an alternative alphabet for the English language that is used primarily on the Internet. It uses various combinations of ASCII characters to replace Latinate letters. For example, leet spellings of the word leet include 1337 and l33t; eleet may be spelled 31337 or 3l33t.

+In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encoding by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, according to a regular system; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by performing an inverse substitution.

+Padonki (Russian: падонки) is a counter-culture within the Russian-speaking Internet most famous for using a distinctive slang, known as padonkaffsky jargon or, alternatively, as Olbanian. The singular of padonki is padonok (Russian: падонок), an intentional misspelling of podonok (Russian: подонок), which means riff-raff, scoundrel, or scum.

+Runet (portmanteau of ru (Russia's top-level domain) and net (common abbreviation of internet)) is a widely used^{[citation needed]} term that pertains to Internet domains and websites, and has several terminological uses. The term "Runet" has been used by media, journalists and politicians.

+Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is defined as any communicative transaction that occurs through the use of two or more electronic devices.^[1] While the term has traditionally referred to those communications that occur via computer-mediated formats (e.g., instant messaging, email, chat rooms), it has also been applied to other forms of text-based interaction such as text messaging.^[2] Research on CMC focuses largely on the social effects of different computer-supported communication technologies. Many recent studies involve Internet-based social networking supported by social software.

+Padonkaffsky jargon (Russian: йазык падонкафф, jazyk padonkaff) or Olbanian (олбанский, olbanskiy) is a cant language developed by padonki of Runet. It started as an Internet slang language originally used in the Russian Internet community. It is comparable to the English language Leet. Padonkaffsky jargon became so popular, that President of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev jokingly suggested Olbanian should be taught in schools.

+Flaming, also known as bashing, is hostile and insulting interaction between Internet users, often involving the use of profanity.

+An Anglicism is a word borrowed from English into another language. "Anglicism" also, and more properly, describes English syntax, grammar, meaning, and structure used in another language with varying degrees of corruption. It can also refer to non-English words pronounced with English phonetics by English-speakers.

+The term Netizen is a portmanteau of the English words Internet and citizen. It is defined as an entity or person actively involved in online communities and a user of the Internet, especially an avid one.^[1][2] The term can also imply an interest in improving the Internet, especially in regard to open access and free speech.^[3] Netizens are also commonly referred to as cybercitizens, which has the same meaning.

+Kopi luwak (Indonesian pronunciation: [ˈkopi ˈlu.aʔ]), or civet coffee, refers to the beans of coffee berries once they have been eaten and excreted by the Asian Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus).^[1] The name is also used for marketing brewed coffee made from those beans.

+William E. Hart (1843 – October 21, 1874) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 & 1865. Hart was instrumental in the capture of Confederate cavalry raider Colonel Harry Gilmor on February 4, 1865.

+Russell Earl "Bucky" Dent (born Russell Earl O'Dey; November 25, 1951),^[1] is a former American Major League Baseball player and manager. He earned two World Series rings as the starting shortstop for the New York Yankees in 1977 and 1978, and was voted the World Series MVP in 1978. Dent is most famous for his home run in a tie-breaker game against the Boston Red Sox at the end of the 1978 season.

+Steven Quincy Urkel, generally known as Steve Urkel or simply Urkel, is a fictional character on the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters, portrayed by Jaleel White.^[1] Originally slated to have been a one-time only character on the show, he soon became its most popular character and main protagonist.

+Guy Stuart Ritchie (born 10 September 1968) is an English screenwriter, film director and producer, best known for directing Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, Snatch, Swept Away, Revolver, RocknRolla, Sherlock Holmes and Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows.

+Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD) is the United States' system for intercepting incoming warheads in space. It is a major component of the American missile defense strategy to counter ballistic missiles, including intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). GMD is administered by the U.S. Missile Defense Agency (MDA), while the operational control and execution is provided by the U.S. Army, and support functions are provided by the U.S. Air Force. Previously known as National Missile Defense (NMD), the name was changed in 2002 to differentiate it from other U.S. missile defense programs, such as space-based and sea-based intercept programs, or defense targeting the boost phase and reentry flight phases.^[1] The program is projected to cost $40 billion by 2017.

+In enzymology, a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.47) is an mannosyltransferase enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

GDP-mannose GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + H₂O

Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, GDP-mannose, and two products, GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose and H₂O.

+In computing, a hash table (also hash map) is a data structure used to implement an associative array, a structure that can map keys to values. A hash table uses a hash function to compute an index into an array of buckets or slots, from which the correct value can be found.

+In computer science, an associative array, map, symbol table, or dictionary is an abstract data type composed of a collection of key, value pairs, such that each possible key appears at most once in the collection.

+In computer science, an abstract data type (ADT) is a mathematical model for a certain class of data structures that have similar behavior; or for certain data types of one or more programming languages that have similar semantics. An abstract data type is defined indirectly, only by the operations that may be performed on it and by mathematical constraints on the effects (and possibly cost) of those operations

+Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that represents concepts as "objects" that have data fields (attributes that describe the object) and associated procedures known as methods. Objects, which are usually instances of classes, are used to interact with one another to design applications and computer programs.^[1][2] Objective-C, Smalltalk, Java and C# are examples of object-oriented programming languages.

+Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. It is the main programming language used by Apple for the OS X and iOS operating systems and their respective APIs, Cocoa and Cocoa Touch.

+Clang /ˈklæŋ/^[2] is a compiler front end for the C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ programming languages. It uses LLVM as its back end and has been part of its releases since LLVM 2.6.

+Brad Cox is a computer scientist and Ph.D. of mathematical biology known mostly for his work in software engineering (specifically software reuse), software componentry, and the Objective-C programming language.

+Code reuse, also called software reuse, is the use of existing software, or software knowledge, to build new software.

+The 12-bit PDP-8 was the first successful commercial minicomputer, produced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the 1960s. DEC introduced it on 22 March 1965, and sold more than 50,000 systems, the most of any computer up to that date.^[1] It was the first widely sold computer in the DEC PDP series of computers (the PDP-5 was not originally intended to be a general-purpose computer). The chief engineer who designed the initial version of the PDP-8 was Edson de Castro, who later founded Data General.

+The Intersil 6100 family consisted of a 12-bit microprocessor (the 6100) and a range of peripheral support and memory ICs developed in the mid-1970s. The microprocessor recognised the PDP-8 instruction set. As such it was sometimes referred to as the CMOS-PDP8. Since it was also produced by Harris Corporation, it was also known as the Harris HM-6100. The Intersil 6100 was introduced in the second quarter of 1975,^[1][2] and the Harris version in 1976.^[2] By virtue of its CMOS technology and associated benefits, the 6100 was being incorporated into some military designs until the early 1980s.

+DECmate was the name of a series of PDP-8-compatible computers produced by the Digital Equipment Corporation in the late 1970s and early 1980s. All of the models used an Intersil 6100 (later known as the Harris 6100) or Harris 6120 (an improved Intersil 6100) microprocessor which emulated the 12-bit DEC PDP-8 CPU. They were text-only and used the OS/78 or OS/278 operating systems, which were extensions of OS/8 for the PDP-8. Aimed for the word processing market, they typically ran the WPS-8 word-processing program.

+The SC Germania List is a German rugby union club from the district List of Hanover, currently playing in the Rugby-Bundesliga. Apart from rugby, the club also offers other sports like tennis, gymnastics and handball.

⁺Columbo is an American detective mystery television film series, starring Peter Falk as Columbo, a homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department.^[2][3] The character and television show were created by William Link and Richard Levinson. The show popularized the inverted detective story format. Almost every episode began by showing the commission of the crime and its perpetrator. The series has no "whodunit" element. The plot mainly revolves around how the perpetrator, whose identity is already known to the audience, will finally be caught and exposed.

+A whodunit or whodunnit (for "Who [has] done it?") is a complex, plot-driven variety of the detective story in which the audience is given the opportunity to engage in the same process of deduction as the protagonist throughout the investigation of a crime. The reader or viewer is provided with the clues from which the identity of the perpetrator may be deduced before the story provides the revelation itself at its climax. The investigation is usually conducted by an eccentric amateur or semi-professional detective.

+Angus is historically a county (known officially as Forfarshire from the 18th century until 1928, when it reverted to its ancient name). It is a registration county and a lieutenancy area. In 1975 its administrative functions were transferred to the council district of the Tayside Region.

+Circinus is a small and faint constellation in the southern sky, first defined in 1756 by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. Its name is Latin for compass, referring to the drafting tool used for drawing circles (it should not be confused with Pyxis, a constellation that represents a mariner's compass). Its brightest star is Alpha Circini, with an apparent magnitude of 3.19. Slightly variable, it is the brightest rapidly oscillating Ap star in the night sky. Theta and AX Circini are the most prominent variable stars in the constellation. Two sun-like stars have planetary systems: HD 134060 has two small planets, and HD 129445 has a Jupiter-like planet. Supernova SN 185 appeared in Circinus in 185 AD and was recorded by Chinese observers. Two novae were observed more recently, in the 20th century.

+Circumstantial speech (also referred to as circumstantiality) is a communication disorder in which the focus of a conversation drifts, but often comes back to the point.^[1] In circumstantiality, unnecessary details and irrelevant remarks cause a delay in getting to the point.

⁺Tangential speech is a communication disorder in which the train of thought of the speaker wanders and shows a lack of focus, never returning to the initial topic of the conversation.^[1] It is less severe than Logorrhea and may be associated with the middle stage in dementia.^[1] It is, however, more severe than circumstantial speech in which the speaker wanders, but eventually returns to the topic.

+Ruth Gordon Jones (October 30, 1896 – August 28, 1985), better known as Ruth Gordon, was an American actress and writer.^[1] She is perhaps best known for film roles she had while already in her 70s and 80s: Minnie Castevet, Rosemary's overly solicitous neighbor in Rosemary's Baby, the eccentric Maude in Harold and Maude, and Ma Boggs, the mother of Orville Boggs, in the Clint Eastwood film Every Which Way but Loose. In addition to her acting career, Gordon wrote numerous plays, film scripts and books, most notably co-writing the screenplay for the 1949 film Adam's Rib. Gordon won an Academy Award, an Emmy and two Golden Globe awards for her acting, as well as receiving three Academy Award nominations for her writing.

+George "Buddy" Guy (born July 30, 1936^[1]) is an American blues guitarist and singer. Critically acclaimed, he is a pioneer of the Chicago blues sound and has served as an influence to some of the most notable musicians of his generation, including Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, Jimi Hendrix and Stevie Ray Vaughan. In the 1960s Guy was a member of Muddy Waters' band and was a house guitarist at Chess Records. He can be heard on Howlin' Wolf's "Killing Floor" and Koko Taylor's "Wang Dang Doodle" as well as on his own Chess sides and the series of records he made with harmonica player Junior Wells.

+The zygomatic major is a muscle of the human body. It is a muscle of facial expression which draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly (smile). Like all muscles of facial expression, the zygomatic major is innervated by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve), more specifically, the buccal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.

+The flux capacitor, which consists of a rectangular shaped compartment with three flashing Geissler style-tubes (arranged in a "Y" configuration), is described by Doc as "what makes time travel possible." The device is the core component of the time machine.

⁺Pon farr /ˌpɒn ˈfɑr/ is a phenomenon in the fictional Star Trek universe. A part of the reproductive cycle of Vulcans, pon farr features in the canonical TV series as well as in fan fiction.

+Punctuated equilibrium (also called punctuated equilibria) is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that most species will exhibit little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history, remaining in an extended state called stasis. When significant evolutionary change occurs, the theory proposes that it is generally restricted to rare and rapid (on a geologic time scale) events of branching speciation called cladogenesis. Cladogenesis is the process by which a species splits into two distinct species, rather than one species gradually transforming into another.

+Ernst Walter Mayr (July 5, 1904 – February 3, 2005)^[1][2] was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists. He was also a renowned taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, and historian of science.^[3] His work contributed to the conceptual revolution that led to the modern evolutionary synthesis of Mendelian genetics, systematics, and Darwinian evolution, and to the development of the biological species concept.

+Punctuated equilibrium in social theory is a method of understanding change in complex social systems. The method studies the evolution of policy change,^[1] including the evolution of conflicts.^[2] The theory suggests that most social systems exist in an extended period of stasis, which are later punctuated by sudden shifts in radical change. The theory was largely inspired from the biological theory of punctuated equilibrium developed by paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould.

+An Enigma machine was any of a family of related electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used for the encryption and decryption of secret messages. Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I.^[1] The early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries — most notably by Nazi Germany before and during World War II.^[2] Several different Enigma models were produced, but the German military models are the ones most commonly discussed.

+Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (/ˈtjʊərɪŋ/ TEWR-ing; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954), was a British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, giving a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.^[2][3][4] Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.

⁺Rudimentary Peni are a British anarcho-punk/deathrock band formed in 1980.

+Cutaneous meningioma (also known as "Heterotopic meningeal tissue,"^[1] and "Rudimentary meningocele"^[1]) is a developmental defect, and results from the presence of meningocytes outside the calvarium.

⁺The orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another body deviates from a perfect circle. A value of 0 is a circular orbit, values between 0 and 1 form an elliptical orbit, 1 is a parabolic escape orbit, and greater than 1 is a hyperbola. The term derives its name from the parameters of conic sections, as every Kepler orbit is a conic section. It is normally used for the isolated two-body problem, but extensions exist for objects following a rosette orbit through the galaxy.

+In mathematics, the eccentricity, denoted e or , is a parameter associated with every conic section. It can be thought of as a measure of how much the conic section deviates from being circular.

+In popular usage, eccentricity (also called quirkiness or kookiness) refers to unusual or odd behavior on the part of an individual. This behavior would typically be perceived as unusual or unnecessary, without being demonstrably maladaptive. Eccentricity is contrasted with "normal" behavior, the nearly universal means by which individuals in society solve given problems and pursue certain priorities in everyday life. People who consistently display benignly eccentric behavior are labeled as "eccentrics".

+Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter (RAMDAC) is a combination of three fast DACs with a small SRAM used in computer graphics display adapters to store the color palette and to generate the analog signals (usually a voltage amplitude) to drive a color monitor. The logical color number from the display memory is fed into the address inputs of the SRAM to select a palette entry to appear on the data output of the SRAM. This entry is composed of three separate values corresponding to the three components (red, green, and blue) of the desired physical color. Each component value is fed to a separate DAC, whose analog output goes to the monitor, and ultimately to one of its three electron guns (or equivalent in non-CRT displays).

+In computer graphics, a palette is either a given, finite set of colors for the management of digital images (that is, a color palette), or a small on-screen graphical element for choosing from a limited set of choices, not necessarily colors (such as a tools palette).

+An electron gun (also called electron emitter) is an electrical component in some vacuum tubes that produces a narrow, collimated electron beam that has a precise kinetic energy. The largest use is in cathode ray tubes (CRTs), used in older television sets, computer displays, and oscilloscopes. They are also used in microwave linear beam vacuum tubes such as klystrons, inductive output tubes, travelling wave tubes, and gyrotrons, as well as in scientific instruments such as electron microscopes and particle accelerators.

+A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube, invented in 1937 by American electrical engineers Russel and Sigurd Varian, which is used as an amplifier for high frequencies, from UHF radio frequencies up into the microwave range. Low-power klystrons are used as local oscillators in superheterodyne radar receivers, while high-power klystrons are used as output tubes in UHF television transmitters, microwave relay, satellite communication, and radar transmitters, and to generate the drive power for modern particle accelerators.

+The inductive output tube (IOT) or klystrode is a variety of high frequency transmitting linear-beam vacuum tube, similar to a klystron, which evolved in the 1980s to meet increasing efficiency requirements for high-power RF amplifiers.^[1] The primary commercial use of IOTs is in UHF television transmitters,^[2] where they have mostly replaced klystrons because of their higher efficiencies (35% to 40%) and smaller size. IOTs are also used in particle accelerators. They are capable of producing power output up to about 30 kW continuous and 7 MW pulsed and gains of 20 - 23 dB at frequencies up to about a gigahertz.

⁺A Gyrotron is a high powered vacuum tube which generates millimeter-wave electromagnetic waves by bunching electrons with cyclotron motion in a strong magnetic field. Output frequencies range from about 20 to 250 GHz, covering wavelengths from microwave to the edge of the terahertz gap. Typical output powers range from tens of kilowatts to 1-2 megawatts. Gyrotrons can be designed for pulsed or continuous operation.

+Electron cyclotron resonance is a phenomenon observed in plasma physics, condensed matter physics, and accelerator physics. An electron in a static and uniform magnetic field will move in a circle due to the Lorentz force. The circular motion may be superimposed with a uniform axial motion, resulting in a helix, or with a uniform motion perpendicular to the field, e.g., in the presence of an electrical or gravitational field, resulting in a cycloid.

+In physics, angular frequency ω (also referred to by the terms angular speed, radial frequency, circular frequency, orbital frequency, radian frequency, and pulsatance) is a scalar measure of rotation rate. Angular frequency (or angular speed) is the magnitude of the vector quantity angular velocity. The term angular frequency vector is sometimes used as a synonym for the vector quantity angular velocity.

+Omega (capital: Ω, lowercase: ω; Greek Ωμέγα) is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system, it has a value of 800. The word literally means "great O" (ō mega, mega meaning 'great'), as opposed to omicron, which means "little O" (o mikron, micron meaning "little").^[1] This name is Byzantine; in Classical Greek, the letter was called ō (ὦ), whereas the omicron was called ou (οὖ).

+The cavity magnetron is a high-powered vacuum tube that generates microwaves using the interaction of a stream of electrons with a magnetic field. The first form of magnetron tube, the split-anode magnetron, was invented by Albert Hull in 1920, but it wasn't capable of high frequencies and was little used. The modern 'resonant' cavity magnetron tube was invented by John Randall and Harry Boot in 1940 at the University of Birmingham, England.

⁺A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator in which charged particles accelerate outwards from the center along a spiral path. The particles are held to a spiral trajectory by a static magnetic field and accelerated by a rapidly varying (radio frequency) electric field.

+Fusion power is the power generated by nuclear fusion processes. In fusion reactions, two light atomic nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus (in contrast with fission power). In doing so they release a comparatively large amount of energy arising from the binding energy due to the strong nuclear force which is manifested as an increase in temperature of the reactants. Fusion power is a primary area of research in plasma physics.

+A tokamak is a device using a magnetic field to confine a plasma in the shape of a torus. Achieving a stable plasma equilibrium requires magnetic field lines that move around the torus in a helical shape. Such a helical field can be generated by adding a toroidal field (traveling around the torus in circles) and a poloidal field (traveling in circles orthogonal to the toroidal field). In a tokamak, the toroidal field is produced by electromagnets that surround the torus, and the poloidal field is the result of a toroidal electric current that flows inside the plasma. This current is induced inside the plasma with a second set of electromagnets.

+In physics, terahertz radiation, also called submillimeter radiation, terahertz waves, terahertz light, T-rays, T-waves, T-light, T-lux, or THz, consists of electromagnetic waves at frequencies from 0.3 to 3 terahertz (THz). The term applies to electromagnetic radiation with frequencies between the high-frequency edge of the millimeter wave band, 300 gigahertz (3×10¹¹ Hz), and the low frequency edge of the far-infrared light band, 3000 GHz (3×10¹² Hz). Corresponding wavelengths of radiation in this band range from 1 mm to 0.1 mm (or 100 μm).

+Far infrared (FIR) is a region in the infrared spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Far infrared is often defined as any radiation with a wavelength of 15 micrometers (µm) to 1 mm (corresponding to a range of about 20 THz to 300 GHz), which places far infrared radiation within the CIE IR-B and IR-C bands.^[1] Different sources use different boundaries for the far infrared spectrum; for example, astronomers sometimes define far infrared as wavelengths between 25 µm and 350 µm.

+The International Commission on Illumination (usually abbreviated CIE for its French name, Commission internationale de l'éclairage) is the international authority on light, illumination, colour, and colour spaces. It was established in 1913 as a successor to the Commission Internationale de Photométrie and is today based in Vienna, Austria.

+In the study of color perception, the CIE 1931 RGB and CIE 1931 XYZ color spaces are the first mathematically defined color spaces. It was created by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1931.

⁺Collimated light is light whose rays are parallel, and therefore will spread slowly as it propagates. The word is related to "collinear" and implies light that does not disperse with distance (ideally), or that will disperse minimally (in reality). A perfectly collimated beam with no divergence cannot be created due to diffraction, but light can be approximately collimated by a number of processes, for instance by means of a collimator. Collimated light is sometimes said to be focused at infinity. Thus as the distance from a point source increases, the spherical wavefronts become flatter and closer to plane waves, which are perfectly collimated.

+In the physics of wave propagation, a plane wave (also spelled planewave) is a constant-frequency wave whose wavefronts (surfaces of constant phase) are infinite parallel planes of constant peak-to-peak amplitude normal to the phase velocity vector.

+Polydactyly or polydactylism (from Greek πολύς (polys) "many" + δάκτυλος (daktylos) "finger"), also known as hyperdactyly, is a congenital physical anomaly in humans, dogs, and cats having supernumerary fingers or toes.^[1] Polydactyly is the opposite of oligodactyly (fewer fingers or toes).

+The sine wave or sinusoid is a mathematical curve that describes a smooth repetitive oscillation. It is named after the function sine, of which it is the graph. It occurs often in pure and applied mathematics, as well as physics, engineering, signal processing and many other fields.

+Transition-minimized differential signaling (TMDS) is a technology for transmitting high-speed serial data and is used by the DVI^[1] and HDMI video interfaces, as well as other digital communication interfaces.

+In telecommunications, 8b/10b is a line code that maps 8-bit symbols to 10-bit symbols to achieve DC-balance and bounded disparity, and yet provide enough state changes to allow reasonable clock recovery. This means that the difference between the count of 1s and 0s in a string of at least 20 bits is no more than 2, and that there are not more than five 1s or 0s in a row. This helps to reduce the demand for the lower bandwidth limit of the channel necessary to transfer the signal.

+Kornelis Antonie (Kees) Schouhamer Immink (born 18 December 1946 in Rotterdam) is a Dutch scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur, who pioneered and advanced the era of digital audio, video, and data recording, including popular digital media such as Compact Disc, DVD and Blu-ray Disc.^[1] He has been a prolific and influential engineer, who holds more than 1100 US and international patents.^[2] The impact of his work on consumer electronics is so large that it is virtually impossible to enjoy digital audio or video that does not reflect his work.^[3] His contributions to coding systems jump started the digital video and audio revolution, by enabling reliable data storage at information densities previously thought unattainable.^[

⁺PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), officially abbreviated as PCIe, is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards. PCIe has numerous improvements over the aforementioned bus standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count and smaller physical footprint, better performance-scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism (Advanced Error Reporting (AER) ^[1]), and native hot-plug functionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard support hardware I/O virtualization.

+Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. or AMD is an American multinational (fabless after GlobalFoundries was spun off in 2009) semiconductor company based in Sunnyvale, California, that develops computer processors and related technologies for commercial and consumer markets. Its main products include microprocessors, motherboard chipsets, embedded processors and graphics processors for servers, workstations and personal computers, and embedded systems applications.

+AMD Catalyst (formerly named ATI Catalyst) is a device driver and utility software package for ATI line of video cards. It runs on Microsoft Windows and Linux, on 32- and 64-bit x86 processors.

+Windows 9x is a generic term referring to a series of Microsoft Windows computer operating systems produced from 1995 to 2000, which were based on the Windows 95 kernel and its underlying foundation of MS-DOS,^[1] both of which were updated in subsequent versions. This includes all versions of Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me.

⁺Sandy Bridge is the codename for a microarchitecture developed by Intel beginning in 2005 for central processing units in computers to replace the Nehalem microarchitecture. Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor in 2009, and released first products based on the architecture in January 2011 under the Core brand.

⁺"Tick-Tock" is a model adopted by chip manufacturer Intel Corporation since 2007 to follow every microarchitectural change with a die shrink of the process technology. Every "tick" is a shrinking of process technology of the previous microarchitecture and every "tock" is a new microarchitecture.^[1] Every year, there is expected to be one tick or tock.

+Sandy Bridge-E^[1] is the codename of an eight-core Intel processor based on the Sandy Bridge microarchitecture. It follows the six-core Gulftown/Westmere-EP processor that used the older LGA 1366 package, which is replaced with LGA 2011 starting with Sandy Bridge-EP. The CPUID extended model number is 45 (2Dh) and four product codes are used, 80619 for the UP Core i7 models and the higher numbers for the various Xeon E5 DP server models. Two versions of the die exist, with four or eight cores, respectively. Out of those, some cores may be disabled, which is used for products that are sold with two or six cores visible to the user.

+The Xeon /ˈziːɒn/ is a brand of multiprocessing- or multi-socket-capable x86 microprocessors from Intel Corporation targeted at the non-consumer workstation, server, and embedded system markets.

+Tama Drums (stylized as TAMA) is a brand of drums and hardware manufactured and marketed by the Japanese musical instrument company, Hoshino Gakki. Tama's research and development of products, along with production of its professional drums, is done in Seto, Japan,^[1] while its hardware and more affordable drums are manufactured in Guangzhou, China.^[2] Hoshino has several offices around the world for marketing and wholesale distribution. Drums destined for the U.S. market are assembled and stocked at Hoshino (U.S.A.) in Bensalem, Pennsylvania. The U.S. subsidiary also contributes to Tama's market research and development.

+Ibanez (アイバニーズ Aibanīzu^?) is a Japanese guitar brand owned by Hoshino Gakki. Based in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, Hoshino Gakki were one of the first Japanese musical instrument companies to gain a significant foothold in import guitar sales in the United States and Europe, as well as the first brand of guitars to mass-produce the seven-string guitar and eight-string guitar.

+Acer Aspire One is a diverse line of netbooks released in July 2008 by Acer Inc.

⁺The Colombo crime family is the youngest of the "Five Families" that dominates organized crime activities in New York City, United States, within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the Mafia (or Cosa Nostra).

+The Gambino crime family is one of the "Five Families" that dominates organized crime activities in New York City, United States, within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the Mafia (or Cosa Nostra). The group is named after Carlo Gambino, boss of the family at the time of the McClellan hearings in 1963, when the structure of organized crime first gained public attention. The group's operations extend from New York and the eastern seaboard to California. Its illicit activities include labor and construction racketeering, gambling, loansharking, extortion, money laundering, prostitution,^[3] fraud, hijacking, pier thefts, and fencing.

+Albert Anastasia (pronounced ah-nah-STAH-zee-ah) (born Umberto Anastasio, September 26, 1902 – October 25, 1957) was one of the most ruthless and feared Cosa Nostra mobsters in U. S. history. A founder of the American Mafia, Anastasia ran Murder, Inc. during the prewar era and was boss of the modern Gambino crime family during most of the 1950s.

+The Bonanno crime family is one of the "Five Families" that dominates organized crime activities in New York City, United States, within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the Mafia (or Cosa Nostra).

+The Five Families are the five original Italian American Mafia crime families of New York City which have dominated organized crime in the United States since 1931. The families are: Lucchese, Bonanno, Gambino, Genovese, and Colombo.

+The Lucchese crime family (pronounced [lukˈkeːse]) is one of the "Five Families" that dominates organized crime activities in New York City, United States, within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the Mafia (or Cosa Nostra).

+The Genovese crime family is one of the "Five Families" that dominate organized crime activities in New York City as part of the Mafia (or Cosa Nostra). The Genovese crime family has been nicknamed the "Ivy League" and "Rolls Royce" of organized crime. They are rivaled in size only by the Gambino crime family and are unmatched in terms of power. They have generally maintained a varying degree of influence over many of the smaller mob families outside of New York, including ties with the Patriarca, Buffalo and Philadelphia crime families.

+Vincent Louis Gigante (/dʒɨˈɡæntiː/; March 29, 1928 – December 19, 2005), also known as "Chin," was a New York Italian-American mobster in the American Mafia who was boss of the Genovese crime family from 1981 to 2005. Gigante started out as a professional boxer who fought 25 bouts between 1944 and 1947. He then started working as a Mafia enforcer for what was then the Luciano crime family. Cousin of Jennifer Caruso from Legend Securities, Gigante was one of five brothers: himself, Mario, Pasquale and Ralph, all became mobsters in the Genovese family. Only one brother, Louis, stayed out of the crime family, instead becoming a priest.^[1] Gigante was the shooter in the failed assassination of Frank Costello in 1957. After sharing a prison cell with Boss Vito Genovese following his conviction for heroin trafficking, Gigante became a caporegime, overseeing his own crew of Genovese soldiers and associates that operated out of Greenwich Village.

+Joseph Anthony Califano, Jr. (born May 15, 1931) is a former United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and founder and former chairman of The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASAColumbia), an evidence-based research organization. He is one of two living former Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare (the other is his predecessor, Forrest David Mathews).

+Joseph Anthony "Joe" Colombo, Sr. (June 16, 1923 – May 22, 1978) was the boss of the Colombo crime family, one of the "Five Families" of the Cosa Nostra in New York.

+Vincenzo "Vinny" Aloi (born September 22, 1933) is a New York City mobster involved in stock fraud who briefly served as the acting boss of the Colombo crime family.

+Forty years ago mob boss Joe Colombo was shot during a June 28, 1971 rally for the Italian American Civil Rights League at Columbus Circle, and many theories abound on the motivation for the hit all of which are exhaustively considered by J. R. de Szigethy for Rick Porrello's American Mafia website.  Colombo was shot by Jerome Johnson, a black mobster wannabe, and among the theories explored by de Szigethye is that he was recruited for the job by Gambino gay bar operator and child pornographer Mike Umbers.  Indeed, both Carlo Gambino and Mike Umbers were among the cast of characters questioned by the NYPD after the hit.  However, the investigation was little more than perfunctory, and the Colombo murder is officially considered by law enforcement as nothing more than the act of a lone madman.  Of course, Johnson isn't spilling any secrets:  he was shot and killed at the assassination scene by a man who remains unidentified to this day.

+Omertà^[1] (/ɵˈmɛərtə/; Italian pronunciation: [omerˈta]) is a popular cultural attitude and code of honour that places heavy importance on a deep-rooted "code of silence", non-cooperation with authorities, and non-interference in the illegal (and legal) actions of others. It originated and remains very common in Corsica and Southern Italy where Mafia-type criminal organizations such as the Cosa Nostra, 'Ndrangheta, Sacra Corona Unita, and Camorra are strong. It also exists to a lesser extent in certain Italian-American neighborhoods where the Italian-American Mafia has influence and other Italian ethnic enclaves in countries such as Germany, Canada, and Australia, where Italian organized crime exists.

+In particle physics and physical cosmology, the Planck scale (named after Max Planck) is an energy scale around 1.22 × 10¹⁹ GeV (which corresponds by the mass–energy equivalence to the Planck mass 2.17645 × 10⁻⁸ kg) at which quantum effects of gravity become strong. At this scale, present descriptions and theories of sub-atomic particle interactions in terms of quantum field theory break down and become inadequate, due to the impact of the apparent non-renormalizability of gravity within current theories.

+Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is a theory that attempts to describe the quantum properties of gravity. It is also a theory of quantum space and quantum time, because, as discovered with general relativity, the geometry of spacetime is a manifestation of gravity. LQG is an attempt to merge and adapt standard quantum mechanics and standard general relativity. The main output of the theory is a physical picture of space where space is granular. The granularity is a direct consequence of the quantization. It has the same nature of the granularity of the photons in the quantum theory of electromagnetism or the discrete levels of the energy of the atoms. But here, it is space itself which is discrete.

+In physics, a spin foam is a topological structure made out of two-dimensional faces that represents one of the configurations that must be summed to obtain a Feynman's path integral (functional integration) description of quantum gravity. It is closely related to loop quantum gravity.

+Noncommutative geometry (NCG) is a branch of mathematics concerned with a geometric approach to noncommutative algebras, and with the construction of spaces which are locally presented by noncommutative algebras of functions (possibly in some generalized sense). A noncommutative algebra is an associative algebra in which the multiplication is not commutative, that is, for which xy does not always equal yx; or more generally an algebraic structure in which one of the principal binary operations is not commutative; one also allows additional structures, e.g. topology or norm to be possibly carried by the noncommutative algebra of functions. The leading direction in noncommutative geometry has been laid by French mathematician Alain Connes since his involvement from about 1979.

+The causal sets programme is an approach to quantum gravity. Its founding principle is that spacetime is fundamentally discrete and that the spacetime events are related by a partial order. This partial order has the physical meaning of the causality relations between spacetime events.

+In mathematics, a bijection (or bijective function or one-to-one correspondence) is a function giving an exact pairing of the elements of two sets. Every element of one set is paired with exactly one element of the other set, and every element of the other set is paired with exactly one element of the first set. There are no unpaired elements. In formal mathematical terms, a bijective function f: X → Y is a one to one and onto mapping of a set X to a set Y.

+Homography is a concept in the mathematical science of geometry. A homography is an invertible transformation from a projective space (for example, the real projective plane) to itself that maps straight lines to straight lines. Synonyms are collineation, projective transformation (sometimes linear projective transformation), and projectivity,^[1] though "collineation" is also used more generally.

+In abstract algebra, an isomorphism^[1] is a bijective homomorphism.^[2] Two mathematical structures are said to be isomorphic if there is an one-to-one mapping of mathematical elements between them.

+In the mathematical field of topology, a homeomorphism or topological isomorphism or bicontinuous function is a continuous function between topological spaces that has a continuous inverse function. Homeomorphisms are the isomorphisms in the category of topological spaces—that is, they are the mappings that preserve all the topological properties of a given space. Two spaces with a homeomorphism between them are called homeomorphic, and from a topological viewpoint they are the same. The word homeomorphism comes from the Greek words ὅμοιος (homoios) = similar and μορφή (morphē) = shape, form.

+In mathematics, a diffeomorphism is an isomorphism in the category of smooth manifolds. It is an invertible function that maps one differentiable manifold to another, such that both the function and its inverse are smooth.

+In mathematics, a permutation group is a group G whose elements are permutations of a given set M, and whose group operation is the composition of permutations in G (which are thought of as bijective functions from the set M to itself); the relationship is often written as (G,M). Note that the group of all permutations of a set is the symmetric group; the term permutation group is usually restricted to mean a subgroup of the symmetric group. The symmetric group of n elements is denoted by S_n; if M is any finite or infinite set, then the group of all permutations of M is often written as Sym(M).

+In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle known as complementary variables, such as position x and momentum p, can be known simultaneously. For instance, the more precisely the position of some particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be known, and vice versa.^[1] The original heuristic argument that such a limit should exist was given by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, after whom it is sometimes named the Heisenberg principle.

+Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl, ForMemRS^[3] (German: [vaɪl]; 9 November 1885 – 8 December 1955) was a German mathematician, theoretical physicist and philosopher. Although much of his working life was spent in Zürich, Switzerland and then Princeton, he is associated with the University of Göttingen tradition of mathematics, represented by David Hilbert and Hermann Minkowski. His research has had major significance for theoretical physics as well as purely mathematical disciplines including number theory. He was one of the most influential mathematicians of the twentieth century, and an important member of the Institute for Advanced Study during its early years.

+Retrocausality (also called retro-causation, retro-chronal causation, backward causation, and similar terms) is any of several hypothetical phenomena or processes that reverse causality, allowing an effect to occur before its cause. Retrocausality is primarily a thought experiment in philosophy of science based on elements of physics, addressing the question: Can the future affect the present, and can the present affect the past?^[1] Philosophical considerations of time travel often address the same issues as retrocausality, as do treatments of the subject in fiction, although the two terms are not universally synonymous.^[2] While some discussion of retrocausality is confined to fringe science or pseudoscience, a few physical theories with mainstream legitimacy have sometimes been interpreted as leading to retrocausality. This has been problematic in physics because the distinction between cause and effect is not made at the most fundamental level within the field of physics.

+John Milton Schealer (July 5, 1920 – February 11, 2008) was an American author of an elementary school astronomy textbook as well as numerous science fiction books for children.

+The Castillo de San Marcos is the oldest masonry fort in the continental United States (Castillo San Felipe del Morro in San Juan, Puerto Rico is older). Located on the shore of Matanzas Bay in the city of St. Augustine, Florida, construction began in 1672, 107 years after the city's founding by Spanish Admiral and conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, when Florida was part of the Spanish Empire.

+The decline effect may occur when scientific claims receive decreasing support over time. The term was first described by parapsychologist Joseph Banks Rhine in the 1930s to describe the disappearing of extrasensory perception (ESP) of psychic experiments conducted by Rhine over the course of study or time. The term was once again used in a 2010 article by Jonah Lehrer published in The New Yorker.

+Extrasensory perception (ESP) involves reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind. The term was adopted by Duke University psychologist J. B. Rhine to denote psychic abilities such as telepathy, clairaudience, and clairvoyance, and their trans-temporal operation as precognition or retrocognition. ESP is also sometimes referred to as a sixth sense. The term implies acquisition of information by means external to the basic limiting assumptions of science, such as that organisms can only receive information from the past to the present.

+Charles Milles Manson (born November 12, 1934) is an American criminal and musician who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in California in the late 1960s.^{[1][2]:163–4, 313[3]} He was found guilty of conspiracy to commit the murders of Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca carried out by members of the group at his instruction. He was convicted of the murders through the joint-responsibility rule, which makes each member of a conspiracy guilty of crimes his fellow conspirators commit in furtherance of the conspiracy's objective.

⁺Lynn Nolan Ryan, Jr. (born on January 31, 1947), nicknamed "The Ryan Express", is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He is currently principal owner and CEO of the Texas Rangers.

+John Edward McGee, Jr. (born October 19, 1969), known professionally as John Edward, is an American television personality and professional psychic medium. He is best known for his TV shows Crossing Over with John Edward and John Edward Cross Country.

+Marilyn vos Savant (/ˌvɒs səˈvɑːnt/; born August 11, 1946) is an American magazine columnist, author, lecturer, and playwright who rose to fame through her listing in the Guinness Book of World Records under "Highest IQ". Since 1986 she has written "Ask Marilyn", a Sunday column in Parade magazine in which she solves puzzles and answers questions from readers on a variety of subjects.

+William James Sidis (/ˈsaɪ dɪs/; April 1, 1898 – July 17, 1944) was an American child prodigy with exceptional mathematical and linguistic abilities. During his life, his ratio IQ was estimated to be between 250 and 300, making it one of the highest ever recorded; however, the testing was different from standard IQ tests.^[1] He entered Harvard at age 11 and, as an adult, was claimed to be conversant in over forty languages and dialects. It was later acknowledged, however, that some of the claims made were exaggerations, with a researcher stating "I have been researching the veracity of primary sources of various subjects for about twenty-eight years, and never before have I found a topic so satiated with lies, myths, half-truths, exaggerations, and other forms of misinformation as is in the history behind William Sidis".^[2] Sidis became famous first for his precocity and later for his eccentricity and withdrawal from public life. Eventually, he avoided mathematics altogether, writing on other subjects under a number of pseudonyms.

+An intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a score derived from one of several standardized tests designed to assess intelligence. The abbreviation "IQ" comes from the German term Intelligenz-Quotient, originally coined by psychologist William Stern. When current IQ tests are developed, the median raw score of the norming sample is defined as IQ 100 and scores each standard deviation (SD) up or down are defined as 15 IQ points greater or less, although this was not always so historically.^[1] By this definition, approximately 95 percent of the population scores an IQ between 70 and 130, which is within two standard deviations of the median.

+The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day. When intelligence quotient (IQ) tests are initially standardized using a sample of test-takers, by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and their standard deviation is set to 15 or 16 IQ points. When IQ tests are revised, they are again standardized using a new sample of test-takers, usually born more recently than the first. Again, the average result is set to 100. However, when the new test subjects take the older tests, in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100.

+Dumfries (ⁱ/dʌmˈfriːs/ dum-FREESS; possibly from Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Phris) is a market town and former royal burgh within the Dumfries and Galloway council area of Scotland. It is near the mouth of the River Nith into the Solway Firth. Dumfries was a civil parish and became the county town of the former county of Dumfriesshire.^[2] Dumfries is nicknamed Queen of the South.^[3] People from Dumfries are known colloquially as Doonhamers.

+Cthulhu^[1] is a fictional cosmic entity who first appeared in the short story "The Call of Cthulhu", published in the pulp magazine Weird Tales in 1928. The character was created by writer H. P. Lovecraft.

+Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)^[4] is an American privately held organization dealing primarily in professional wrestling, with major revenue sources also coming from live events, product licensing, and direct product sales. Founded by its former President, Jeff Jarrett, and former CEO, Jerry Jarrett in 2002, it is currently the second largest professional wrestling promotion in America (after WWE), reaching over 1 million viewers in the U.S. and broadcasting its shows to more than 120 countries.

⁺TransAsia Airways (TNA, T: 復興航空, S:复兴航空, P: Fùxīng Hángkōng) is an airline based in Datong District, Taipei, Taiwan.^[1][2][3] It mainly serves the domestic market but also has limited scheduled and charter international services to China, East Asia, and Southeast Asia destinations.

+Oxytocin (Oxt) /ˌɒksɨˈtoʊsɪn/ is a mammalian neurohypophysial hormone that acts primarily as a neuromodulator in the brain.

+The Tamil National Alliance (Tamil: தமிழ்த் தேசியக் கூட்டமைப்பு ISO 15919: tamiḻt tēciyakkūṭṭamaippu) is a minority Sri Lankan Tamil political alliance in Sri Lanka. It was formed as an amalgamation of moderate Tamil parties as well as number of former rebel groups. It has participated in elections since 2001.

+Cortisol, known more formally as hydrocortisone (INN, USAN, BAN), is a steroid hormone, more specifically a glucocorticoid, produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.^[1] It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; and aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism.^[2] It also decreases bone formation. Various synthetic forms of cortisol are used to treat a variety of diseases.

+Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is often produced in response to biological stress (along with its precursor corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus). Its principal effects are increased production and release of corticosteroids. Primary adrenal insufficiency, also called Addison's disease, occurs when adrenal gland production of cortisol is chronically deficient, resulting in chronically elevated ACTH levels; when a pituitary tumor is the cause of elevated ACTH (from the anterior pituitary) this is known as Cushing's Disease and the constellation of signs and symptoms of the excess cortisol (hypercortisolism) is known as Cushing's syndrome. A deficiency of ACTH is a cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency. ACTH is also related to the circadian rhythm in many organisms.

+The ACTH test (also called the cosyntropin test, tetracosactide test or Synacthen test) is a medical test usually ordered and interpreted by endocrinologists to assess the functioning of the adrenal glands stress response by measuring the adrenal response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).^[1][2] ACTH is a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) and aldosterone.

⁺Corticotropin-like intermediate [lobe] peptide (CLIP), also known as adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment 18-39 (ACTH(18-39)), is a naturally-occurring, endogenous neuropeptide with a docosapeptide structure and the amino acid sequence Arg-Pro-Val-Lys-Val-Tyr-Pro-Asn-Gly-Ala-Glu-Asp-Glu-Ser-Ala-Glu-Ala-Phe-Pro-Leu-Glu-Phe. CLIP is generated as a proteolyic cleavage product of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),^[1][2] which in turn is a cleavage product of proopiomelanocortin (POMC).^[3] Although it does not appear to play any particularly important roles in the body,^[4] it does have some biological activity,^[5][6] especially of the neurological variety.

+Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency (ACTH deficiency) is a result of a decreased or absent production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland.^[1] It can be associated with TBX19.

+T-box transcription factor TBX19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX19 gene.

+Threose nucleic acid (TNA) is an artificial genetic polymer invented by Albert Eschenmoser. TNA has a backbone structure composed of repeating threose sugars linked together by phosphodiester bonds. Like DNA and RNA, TNA can store genetic information in strings of nucleotide sequences (G, A, C, and T). TNA is not known to occur naturally and is synthesized chemically in the laboratory under controlled conditions.

+Base pairs are the building blocks of the DNA double helix, and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, Watson-Crick base pairs (guanine-cytosine and adenine-thymine) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is independent of its nucleotide sequence. The complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a backup copy of all genetic information encoded within double-stranded DNA. The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information, while base-pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provide the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA, and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into RNA. Many DNA-binding proteins can recognize specific base pairing patterns that identify particular regulatory regions of genes.

+Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. The chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide sugar-ring numerically gives rise to a 5′-end and a 3′-end (usually pronounced "five prime end" and "three prime end"). The relative positions of structures along a strand of nucleic acid, including genes and various protein binding sites, are usually noted as being either upstream (towards the 5′-end) or downstream (towards the 3′-end). (See also upstream and downstream.)

+The Alexander technique teaches people how to stop using unnecessary levels of muscular and mental tension during their everyday activities. It is an educational process rather than a relaxation technique or form of exercise. The Alexander technique has been shown to be helpful for back pain and Parkinson's.^[1] There is insufficient evidence to determine if it has any effect in asthma.^[2] Practictioners say such problems are often caused by people repeatedly mis-using their bodies over a long period of time, for example by standing or sitting with their weight unevenly distributed, holding their heads incorrectly, or walking or running inefficiently. The purpose of the Alexander technique is to help people unlearn bad physical habits and return to a balanced state of rest and poise in which the body is well-aligned.^[3]

⁺Cantonese, or Standard Cantonese (simplified Chinese: 广州话; traditional Chinese: 廣州話), is a language that originated in the vicinity of Canton (i.e., Guangzhou) in southern China, and is often regarded as the prestige dialect of Yue.

+Acinetobacter calcoaceticus is a species of bacteria part of the Human body normal flora.

+Staphylococcus phage G1 is a virus of the family Myoviridae, genus Twortlikevirus.^[

⁺Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a coccus bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus. Its type strain is LMG 22219^T (=ON 86^T=CCUG 49543^T)^[1] It is a potential pathogen for domestic animals.

⁺Staphylococcus (from the Greek: σταφυλή, staphylē, "grape" and κόκκος, kókkos, "granule") is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. Under the microscope, they appear round (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters.

+A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that can be detected and that contain information about the sample's surface topography and composition. The electron beam is generally scanned in a raster scan pattern, and the beam's position is combined with the detected signal to produce an image. SEM can achieve resolution better than 1 nanometer. Specimens can be observed in high vacuum, in low vacuum, and (in environmental SEM) in wet conditions.

+Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS).^[2] It is part of the skin flora of humans,^[3] and its largest populations are usually found at the axillae, perineum, and inguinal areas.^[4] S. haemolyticus also colonizes prosimians, monkeys, and domestic animals.^[4] It is a well-known opportunistic pathogen, and is the second most frequently isolated CoNS (S. epidermidis is the first).^[5] Infections can be localized or systemic, and are often associated with the insertion of medical devices.^[6][7][8] The highly antibiotic resistant phenotype and ability to form biofilms make S. haemolyticus a difficult pathogen to treat.

⁺An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens, particularly opportunistic pathogens—those that take advantage of certain situations—such as bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoan infections that usually do not cause disease in a healthy host, one with a healthy immune system. A compromised immune system, however, presents an "opportunity" for the pathogen to infect.

+The Fantastique is a French term for a literary and cinematic genre that overlaps with science fiction, horror and fantasy.

+The Landkreuzer P 1500 Monster was a German pre-prototype super-heavy artillery designed during World War II, representing the apex of the German extreme tank designs.

+The chupacabra or (Spanish pronunciation: [tʃupaˈkaβɾa], from chupar "to suck" and cabra "goat", literally "goat sucker") is a legendary cryptid rumored to inhabit parts of the Americas, with the first sightings reported in Puerto Rico.^[1] The name comes from the animal's reported habit of attacking and drinking the blood of livestock, especially goats. Physical descriptions of the creature vary. It is purportedly a heavy creature, the size of a small bear, with a row of spines reaching from the neck to the base of the tail. Eyewitness sightings have been claimed as early as 1995 in Puerto Rico, and have since been reported as far north as Maine, and as far south as Chile, and even being spotted outside the Americas in countries like Russia and The Philippines, but many of the reports have been disregarded as uncorroborated or lacking evidence. Sightings in northern Mexico and the southern United States have been verified as canids afflicted by mange.^[2] Biologists and wildlife management officials view the chupacabra as an contemporary legend.^[3]

⁺Vagabond is a yacht specifically designed to sail in icy waters. In 2001, she was the first boat to go through the North-East passage without wintering. In 2002, she came back to France via the North-west Passage, completing the first circumnavigation around the Arctic ocean. Vagabond now serves as a logistic support for scientific expeditions in the Arctic.

+Diplopia, commonly known as double vision, is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced horizontally, vertically, or diagonally (i.e. both vertically and horizontally) in relation to each other.^[1] It is usually the result of impaired function of the extraocular muscles (EOMs), where both eyes are still functional but they cannot converge to target the desired object.^[1] Problems with EOMs may be due to mechanical problems, disorders of the neuromuscular junction, disorders of the cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) that stimulate the muscles, and occasionally disorders involving the supranuclear oculomotor pathways or ingestion of toxins.

Diplopia has a diverse range of ophthalmologic, infectious, autoimmune, neurological, and neoplastic causes.

Damage to the third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerves, which control eye movements.

Cancer

Trauma

Diabetes

Migraine

Multiple sclerosis

Fluoroquinolone antibiotics^[6]

Botulism

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Brain tumor

Sinusitis

Abscess

Wernicke's syndrome

Graves disease

Drunkenness

Orbital myositis

Myasthenia gravis^[7]

Anisometropia

Salicylism

Strabismus

Lyme Disease

⁺Eye care professionals use prism correction as a component of some eyeglass prescriptions. A lens with prism correction displaces the image, which is used to treat muscular imbalance or other conditions (see vergence dysfunction) that cause errors in eye orientation. Prism correction is measured in prism dioptres. A prescription that specifies prism correction will also specify the "base", which is the direction of displacement. Whether a patient needs this type of correction or not is determined by the Polatest (or Pola-Test: a test for the evaluation of binocular vision) elaborated by Dr Haase.

+Dr. John Greenwood (1760–1819) was George Washington's personal dentist and was responsible for designing Washington's famous dentures, which were not wood but carved from hippopotamus tusk. He invented the first known "dental foot engine" in 1790.

⁺Bozo the Clown is a clown character very popular in the United States, peaking in the 1960s as a result of widespread franchising in early television.

+Alan Wendell Livingston (October 15, 1917 – March 13, 2009), born Alan Wendell Levison, was an American businessman best known for his tenures at Capitol Records, first as a writer/producer best known for creating Bozo the Clown for a series of record-album and illustrative read-along children's book sets, then as the executive who signed The Beatles to Capitol in November 1963. In-between, as Vice-President in charge of Programming at NBC, in 1959 he oversaw the development and launch of the network's most successful television series, Bonanza.

+The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (also known as The Wharton School) is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania, a private, Ivy League university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Wharton is the United States' oldest business school and the world’s first business school affiliated with an institution of higher learning. It was established in 1881 through a donation from Joseph Wharton.^[2] The University of Pennsylvania, Wharton's parent institution, is among America's first universities, founded by statesman Benjamin Franklin. The school's faculty is the world’s most published and most cited among business schools.

+The chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the nitrate of ammonia with the chemical formula NH₄NO₃, is a white crystalline solid at room temperature and standard pressure. It is commonly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer, and it has also been used as an oxidizing agent in explosives, including improvised explosive devices. It is the main component of ANFO, a popular explosive, which accounts for 80% explosives used in North America. It is used in instant cold packs, as hydrating the salt is an endothermic process.

+Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector quantity which specifies both magnitude and a specific direction), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds.

+Veno Pilon (22 September 1896 – 23 September 1970) was a Slovene expressionist painter, graphic artist and photographer.

+Venø is a small Danish island located in Limfjorden in the north of Jutland, 3 km north of Struer. It is 7.5 km long and has a maximum width of 1.5 km. With an area of 6.5 km², it has a population of 197 as of 1 January 2010.^[1] Since 1958, there has been a ferry service from Venø Odde, the island's most southerly point, over the narrow sound to Kleppen. Venø's highest point, Forstov Bakke, is 27 meters above sea level and has cliffs to the west. The island is a popular holiday destination with good beaches and camping facilities. Venø By in the centre of the island has Denmark's smallest church as well as a small fishing harbour which is suitable for pleasure boats.

+Lambretta was a line of motor scooters originally manufactured in Milan, Italy by Innocenti. In 1972, the Indian government bought the Milanese factory and the rights to the Lambretta name, creating Scooters India Limited (SIL). Today, the Innocenti brand name rights are owned by Fiat whereas the oldest Lambretta and Lambro trademark registrations worldwide are owned by Lambretta Consortium.^[1] Lambretta scooters were also manufactured under licence by Fenwick in France, NSU in Germany, Serveta in Spain, API in India, Yulon in Taiwan, Pasco in Brazil, Auteco in Colombia and Siambretta in Argentina.

+The Powers Girl, sometimes retitled Hello, Beautiful, is a 1943 musical comedy about women employed by John Robert Powers' modeling agency. Starring George Murphy, Anne Shirley, and Carole Landis, the film was directed by Norman Z. McLeod and based upon the book by John Robert Powers (played by Alan Mowbray in the film).

+William George Fargo (May 20, 1818 – August 3, 1881), pioneer American expressman, was born in Pompey, New York. From the age of thirteen he had to support himself, obtaining little schooling, and for several years he was a clerk in grocery stores in Syracuse.

+Pauline Musters (February 26, 1876 - March 1, 1895) at 23 inches (58 cm) tall, recognized by the Guinness Book of Records as the shortest woman ever recorded.

Born in Ossendrecht, Netherlands on February 26, 1876, she died in New York City at the age of 19 from a combination of pneumonia and meningitis. At the time of her death, she measured exactly 61 cm (24 in) tall.

+Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri^[2] (Arabic: أيمن محمد ربيع الظواهري‎  ʾAyman Muḥammad Rabīʿ aẓ-Ẓawāhirī, born 19 June 1951) is an Egyptian physician,^[3] Islamic theologian and current leader of the militant Islamist organization al-Qaeda.^[4] Ayman al-Zawahiri is a former member of Islamist organizations which have both orchestrated and carried out multiple attacks on the continents of North America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East.

+The social norms approach, or social norms marketing,^[1] is an environmental strategy gaining ground in health campaigns.^[2] While conducting research in the mid-1980s, two researchers, H.W. Perkins and A.D. Berkowitz,^[3] reported that students at a small U.S. college held exaggerated beliefs about the normal frequency and consumption habits of other students with regard to alcohol. These inflated perceptions have been found in many educational institutions, with varying populations and locations.

+Social norms are group-held beliefs about how members should behave in a given context.^{[citation needed]} Sociologists describe norms as informal understandings that govern society’s behaviors,^[1] while psychologists have adopted a more general definition, recognizing smaller group units, like a team or an office, may also endorse norms separate or in addition to cultural or societal expectations.^[2] The psychological definition emphasizes social norms' behavioral component, stating norms have two dimensions: how much behavior is exhibited and how much the group approves of that behavior.

+In substance dependence and recreational drug use, drug injection is a method of introducing a drug into the body with a hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the skin into the body (usually intravenous, but also intramuscular or subcutaneous). This act is often colloquially referred to as "slamming", "shooting [up]", "banging", "pinning", or "jacking-up", often depending on the specific drug subculture in which the term is used (i.e. heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine).

+In pharmacology, bioavailability (BA) is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%.

+Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes.^[1] Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains,^[1] and to have potential significant impacts on human health and the environment.

+Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other organic chemicals in an organism.^[1] Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at which the substance is lost. Thus, the longer the biological half-life of the substance the greater the risk of chronic poisoning, even if environmental levels of the toxin are not very high.^[2] Bioaccumulation, for example in fish, can be predicted by models.^[3] Biotransformation can strongly modify bioaccumulation of chemicals in an organism.

⁺The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army Corps of Engineers. The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District; "Manhattan" gradually superseded the official codename, "Development of Substitute Materials", for the entire project.

+Lieutenant General Leslie Richard Groves, Jr. (17 August 1896 – 13 July 1970) was a United States Army Corps of Engineers officer who oversaw the construction of the Pentagon and directed the Manhattan Project that developed the atomic bomb during World War II. As the son of a United States Army chaplain, Groves lived at a number of Army posts during his childhood. He graduated fourth in his class at the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1918 and was commissioned into the US Army Corps of Engineers. In 1929, he went to Nicaragua as part of an expedition whose purpose was to conduct a survey for the Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Canal. Following the 1931 Nicaragua earthquake, Groves took over responsibility for Managua's water supply system, for which he was awarded the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit. He attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1935 and 1936, and the Army War College in 1938 and 1939, after which he was posted to the War Department General Staff.

+A Wheatfield with Cypresses is any of three similar 1889 paintings by Vincent van Gogh. The National Gallery in London holds a September 1889 version. Another, painted in July of the same year, is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The third is held by a private collection. All were executed at the Saint-Rémy mental asylum near Arles, France; he was a patient there at that time. In a letter to his brother, Theo, Vincent described the painting: "I have a canvas of cypresses with some ears of wheat, some poppies, a blue sky like a piece of Scotch plaid; the former painted with a thick impasto ... and the wheat field in the sun, which represents the extreme heat, very thick too."

+Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch: [ˈvɪnsɛnt ˈʋɪləɱ vɑŋ ˈɣɔχ] ( listen);^{[note 1]} 30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch post-Impressionist painter whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art. After years of painful anxiety and frequent bouts of mental illness,^[1][2] he died aged 37 from a gunshot wound, generally accepted to be self-inflicted (although no gun was ever found).^{[3][note 2]} His work was then known to only a handful of people and appreciated by fewer still.

+The Hague (Dutch: Den Haag pronounced [dɛnˈɦaːx] ( listen); formally 's-Gravenhage pronounced [ˈsxraːvə(n)ˌɦaːɣə] ( listen)) is the capital city of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. With a population just over 500,000 inhabitants (as of 1 November 2012) and more than one million inhabitants including the suburbs, it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam.

+John Balance (first name also spelled Jhon and Jhonn; born Geoffrey (Geff) Laurence Burton, later taking his stepfather's surname of Rushton; 16 February 1962 – 13 November 2004), born in Mansfield, England,^[1] founded the experimental music group Coil, in collaboration with his partner Peter 'Sleazy' Christopherson.^[2][3] He was responsible for vocals, lyrics, chants, synthetics and various esoteric sound-making instruments and devices. Outside of Coil he collaborated with Nurse with Wound, Death in June, Psychic TV, Current 93, Chris & Cosey,^[4] Thighpaulsandra and produced several Nine Inch Nails remixes.

⁺John Balliol (Norman French: Johan de Bailliol, Middle Scots: Jhon Ballioun;^[1][2] c. 1249 – 25 November 1314), known as Toom Tabard (Scots for "empty coat"), was King of Scots from 1292 to 1296.

+John Baillie McIntosh (June 6, 1829 – June 29, 1888), although born in Florida, served as a Union Army brigadier general in the American Civil War. His brother, James M. McIntosh, served as a Confederate general until he was killed in the Battle of Pea Ridge.

+The Battle of Pea Ridge (also known as Elkhorn Tavern) was a land battle of the American Civil War, fought on March 6–8, 1862, at Pea Ridge in northwest Arkansas, near Garfield. Union forces led by Brig. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis moved south from central Missouri, driving Confederate forces into northwestern Arkansas. Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn reorganized the Confederate army and launched a counter-offensive, hoping that a victory would enable the Confederates to recapture northern Arkansas and Missouri. In a two–day battle, Curtis held off the Confederate attack on the first day and drove Van Dorn's force off the field on the second day. The outcome of the battle essentially cemented Union control of Missouri and northern Arkansas. The battle was one of the few during the war in which a Confederate army outnumbered its Union opponent.

+James McQueen McIntosh (1828 – March 7, 1862) was a career American soldier who served as a brigadier general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. Noted as an aggressive and popular leader of cavalry, he was killed in action at the Battle of Pea Ridge.

+Prudential Financial, Inc., also known by its primary subsidiary The Prudential Insurance Company of America, is a Fortune Global 500 and Fortune 500 company whose subsidiaries provide insurance, investment management, and other financial products and services to both retail and institutional customers throughout the United States and in over 30 other countries. Principal products and services provided include life insurance, annuities, mutual funds, pension- and retirement-related investments, administration and asset management, securities brokerage services, and commercial and residential real estate in many states of the U.S. It provides these products and services to individual and institutional customers through distribution networks in the financial services industry.

+In the UK, a Pupil Referral Unit (PRU) (Pupil Re-integration Unit in some LEAs) is a centre for children who are not able to attend a mainstream or special school. Each local education authority has a duty to make arrangements for the provision of education in or out of school for all children of compulsory school age. If children may not receive suitable education for any period for reasons such as illness or exclusion from school, these arrangements can be made through Pupil Referral Units - which are a mixture of public units and privately managed companies.

+No. 87 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force air intelligence squadron. The Squadron saw action during World War II as a photo reconnaissance squadron.

+No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit (or 1 PRU) was a flying unit of the Royal Air Force, first formed in 1940.

+The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft and was the only British fighter in continuous production throughout the war.

⁺The 1951 Stanley Cup Final NHL championship series was contested by the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Montreal Canadiens. The Maple Leafs would win the series 4–1, with all five games going into overtime. It was the Toronto franchise's ninth Stanley Cup win and the last in a series of six wins starting in 1942. It was the first appearance in a string of ten consecutive appearances by the Canadiens.

+Roger Barkley (September 11, 1936 Odebolt, Iowa, USA – December 21, 1997, Duarte, California) was an American radio personality, based in Los Angeles, California, best remembered for his work with Al Lohman as part of The Lohman and Barkley Show on KFI.

+KFI is an AM radio station in Los Angeles, California. It received its license to operate on March 31, 1922 and began operating on April 16, 1922 as one of the United States' first high-powered, "clear-channel" stations. KFI is the dominant class A 50,000 watt station in North America which broadcasts on 640 AM. Currently, it operates as a talk radio station, airing a mixture of syndicated and locally originated news and talk programming.

+A clear-channel station is an AM band radio station in North America that has the highest protection from interference from other stations, particularly concerning night-time skywave propagation. Usually known as class A stations since 1982, they are occasionally still referred to by their former classifications of class I-A, class I-B, or class I-N. The term "clear channel" is used most often in the context of North America and the Caribbean, where the concept originated.

+James Barkley is an artist, illustrator, and professor^{[clarification needed]} from Pleasantville, New York.^[1] He has received a wide range of commissions across many areas; including children's books, book covers, classic books, advertising, television, newspapers, and magazines, and he has created portraits of many famous personalities and political figures.

⁺Brad Barkley is an American fiction writer, young adult novelist and a professor at Frostburg State University in Maryland.

+Frostburg State University (FSU) is a four-year university located on a 260-acre (1.1 km²) campus in Frostburg, Maryland, in Western Maryland, and is part of the University System of Maryland. FSU is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.

+Young-adult fiction or young adult literature (often abbreviated as YA),^[1] also juvenile fiction, is fiction written, published, or marketed to adolescents and young adults, although recent studies show that 55% of young-adult fiction is purchased by readers over 18 years of age.^[2] The Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA) of the American Library Association (ALA) defines a young adult as someone between the ages of twelve and eighteen. Authors and readers of young adult (YA) novels often define the genre as literature as traditionally written for ages ranging from twelve years up to the age of eighteen, while some publishers may market young adult literature to as low as age ten or as high as age twenty-five.

⁺The Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA), established in 1957, is a division of the American Library Association. YALSA is a national association of librarians, library workers and advocates whose mission is to expand and strengthen library services for teens, aged 12–18. Through its member-driven advocacy, research, and professional development initiatives, YALSA builds the capacity of libraries and librarians to engage, serve and empower teens. YALSA administers several awards and sponsors a biennial Young Adult Literature Symposium, Teen Read Week, the third week of each October, and Teen Tech Week, the second week of each March.

+Margaret Alexander Edwards (October 1902 – April 1988) was an educator and librarian who was at the forefront of the movement for young adult services in the 20th century.

⁺The Alex Awards annually recognize "ten books written for adults that have special appeal to young adults, ages 12 through 18".^[1] Essentially the award is a listing by the American Library Association parallel to its annual Best Books for Young Adults, a longer list of recommended books that have been promoted in the YA category. YALSA also names several other "Top Tens" annually.

⁺The William C. Morris YA Debut Award is an annual award given to a work of young adult literature by a debut author. It is administered by the Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA), a division of the American Library Association (ALA). It was named for twentieth-century American publisher William C. Morris, whom YALSA calls an innovator and "an advocate for marketing books for children and young adults".^[1] The award is funded by the William C. Morris Endowment, established in 2000 and activated in 2003 with a bequest of $400,000 from the Morris's estate.^[2] Morris gave the money to the ALA to fund programs, publications, events, or awards in promotion of children’s literature.^[

⁺William C. Morris is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It forms part of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area and is located in the Hurlingham Partido.

+The Odyssey Award for Excellence in Audiobook Production is an annual award conferred by the American Library Association upon the publisher of "the best audiobook produced for children and/or young adults, available in English in the United States".^[1][2] It is jointly administered by two ALA divisions (Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) and Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA)) and sponsored by Booklist magazine.

+The Michael L. Printz Award is an American Library Association literary award that annually recognizes the "best book written for teens, based entirely on its literary merit".^[1] It is sponsored by Booklist magazine, administered by the ALA's young-adult division YALSA, and is named for the Topeka, Kansas school librarian Mike Printz, a long-time active member of the Young Adult Library Services Association.

+The YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction is an award by the Young Adult Library Services Association of the American Library Association that annually "honors the best nonfiction book published for young adults (ages 12-18)".^[1] It was first given in 2010.^[2] The award is announced at ALA's Midwinter Meeting.

⁺The Oakland Estuary is the strait separating the cities of Oakland and Alameda, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. On its western end it connects to San Francisco Bay, while its eastern end connects to San Leandro Bay.

+Buddy L (or Buddy "L" or Buddy-L) is an American toy brand and company founded in 1920 as the Buddy L Toy Company in East Moline, Illinois, by Fred Lundahl.

+George Eastman (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) was an American innovator and entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and popularized the use of roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream.

+Roy Rogers, born Leonard Franklin Slye (November 5, 1911 – July 6, 1998), was an American singer and cowboy actor, one of the most heavily marketed and merchandised stars of his era, as well as being the namesake of the Roy Rogers Restaurants franchised chain. He and his wife Dale Evans, his golden palomino, Trigger, and his German Shepherd dog, Bullet, were featured in more than 100 movies and The Roy Rogers Show. The show ran on radio for nine years before moving to television from 1951 through 1957.

+The Yarara Parachute Knife is a specially made dagger issued to Argentine Paratroopers with a handguard that functions as a knuckleduster.^[1] Current issue models come with an emergency blade in the crossguard.

+Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder, in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.^[1] The disorder may be hereditary or caused by other factors such as birth-related or other physical trauma, infection, poisoning (e.g., lead poisoning) or reaction to pharmaceutical drugs, particularly neuroleptics.^[1] Treatment is difficult and has been limited to minimizing the symptoms of the disorder, since there is no cure available.

+Trijicon (pronounced Trîj-î-(kòn)) is an American company, based in Wixom, Michigan, that manufactures and distributes optical sighting devices for firearms, including pistols, rifles, and shotguns.Trijicon specialize in self-luminous optics and night sights, mainly using the slightly radioactive isotope tritium, light-gathering fiber optics, and batteries.

⁺Ambidexterity is the state of being equally adept in the use of both left and right appendages (such as the hands). It is one of the most famous varieties of cross-dominance. People that are naturally ambidextrous are uncommon, with only one out of one hundred people being naturally ambidextrous.^[1] The degree of versatility with each hand is generally the qualitative factor in determining a person's ambidexterity.

+Here Comes Honey Boo Boo is an American reality television series on TLC that features seven-year-old child beauty pageant participant Alana "Honey Boo Boo" Thompson, along with her mother June Shannon, father Mike Thompson, and three older sisters. The show is mostly filmed in and around the family's hometown in rural McIntyre, Georgia, United States.

+Standard-definition television (SDTV) is a television system that uses a resolution that is not considered to be either high-definition television (HDTV 720p, 1080i, and 1080p) or enhanced-definition television (EDTV 480p). The two common SDTV signal types are 576i, with 576 interlaced lines of resolution, derived from the European-developed PAL and SECAM systems; and 480i based on the American National Television System Committee NTSC system.

+SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire,^[1] French for "Sequential Color with Memory"), is an analog color television system first used in France. A team led by Henri de France working at Compagnie Française de Télévision (later bought by Thomson, now Technicolor) invented SECAM. It is, historically, the first European color television standard.

+Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (Russian: Великая Княжна Анастасия Николаевна Романова, Velikaya Knyazhna Anastasiya Nikolayevna Romanova) (June 18 [O.S. June 5] 1901 – July 17, 1918) was the youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II, the last sovereign of Imperial Russia, and his wife, Tsarina Alexandra Fyodorovna.

+The Pakistan Academy of Letters (PAL) is a national academy with its main focus on Pakistani literature and related fields.^[1][2] It is the largest and the most prestigious learned society of its kind in Pakistan, with activities throughout the nation. . It was established in July 1976 by a group of renowned Pakistani writers, poets, essayists, playwrights, and translators, inspired by the Académie Française.

+Parents Action League (PAL) is a citizens organization started in 2010 to oppose changes in the Anoka-Hennepin (Minnesota) School District 11 policy which limited discussions of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues in district classrooms.^[3][4] PAL's roots go back as far as 1994, when one of its most-vocal members, Barb Anderson, successfully influenced the school district's board to exclude homosexuality from its sex-ed curriculum.

+ObjectPAL is short for Object-Oriented Paradox Application Language, which is the programming language used by the Borland Paradox database application (now owned by Corel).

+NTSC, named for the National Television System Committee,^[1] is the analog television system that is used in most of North America, parts of South America (except Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and French Guiana), Myanmar, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, and some Pacific island nations and territories (see map).

+Anamorphic widescreen, when applied to DVD manufacture, is a video process that horizontally squeezes a widescreen image so that it can be stored in a standard 4:3 aspect ratio DVD image frame. Compatible playback equipment can then re-expand the horizontal dimension to show the original widescreen image.

+ITU-R Recommendation BT.601, more commonly known by the abbreviations Rec. 601 or BT.601 (or its former name, CCIR 601,) is a standard published in 1982 by International Telecommunication Union - Radiocommunications sector (formerly CCIR) for encoding interlaced analog video signals in digital video form. It includes methods of encoding 525-line 60 Hz and 625-line 50 Hz signals, both with 720 luminance samples and 360 chrominance samples per line. The color encoding system is known as YCbCr 4:2:2. For a pair of pixels, the data are stored in the order Y1:Cb:Y2:Cr, with the chrominance samples co-sited with the first luminance sample.

+The ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) is one of the three sectors (divisions or units) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is responsible for radio communication.

+Chroma subsampling is the practice of encoding images by implementing less resolution for chroma information than for luma information, taking advantage of the human visual system's lower acuity for color differences than for luminance.

+In color reproduction, including computer graphics and photography, the CRT gamut, or color gamut /ˈɡæmət/, is a certain complete subset of colors. The most common usage refers to the subset of colors which can be accurately represented in a given circumstance, such as within a given color space or by a certain output device. Another sense, less frequently used but not less correct, refers to the complete set of colors found within an image at a given time.

+The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns (a source of electrons or electron emitter) and a fluorescent screen used to view images.^[1] It has a means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam(s) onto the screen to create the images. The images may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer monitor), radar targets or others. CRTs have also been used as memory devices, in which case the visible light emitted from the fluoresecent material (if any) is not intended to have significant meaning to a visual observer (though the visible pattern on the tube face may cryptically represent the stored data).

+An electron gun (also called electron emitter) is an electrical component that produces an electron beam that has a precise kinetic energy and is most often used in television sets and computer displays that use cathode ray tube (CRT) technology, as well as in other instruments, such as electron microscopes and particle accelerators.

+A photocathode is a negatively charged electrode in a light detection device such as a photomultiplier or phototube that is coated with a photosensitive compound. When this is struck by a quantum of light (photon), the absorbed energy causes electron emission due to the photoelectric effect.

+Dioptrics is the study of the refraction of light, especially by lenses. Telescopes that create their image with an objective that is a convex lens (refractors) are said to be "dioptric" telescopes.

+In optics, an image-forming optical system is a system capable of being used for imaging. The diameter of the aperture of the main objective is a common criteria for comparison among optical systems, such as large telescopes.

+A catadioptric optical system is one where refraction and reflection are combined in an optical system, usually via lenses (dioptrics) and curved mirrors (catoptrics). Catadioptric combinations are used in focusing systems such as search lights, headlamps, early lighthouse focusing systems, optical telescopes, microscopes, and telephoto lenses. Other optical systems that use lenses and mirrors are also referred to as "catadioptric" such as surveillance catadioptric sensors.

+Marathon Petroleum Corporation is a U.S. based oil refining, marketing, and pipeline transport company. The company was formed as a subsidiary on September 1, 2005, from the former Marathon Ashland Petroleum, LLC, and is based in Findlay, Ohio.

+The Catlettsburg Refinery is the 31st largest American oil refinery. It is located in extreme northeastern Kentucky, at the intersection of Interstate 64 and U.S. Route 23 just outside the town of Catlettsburg, Kentucky and near the cities of Ashland, Kentucky and Huntington, West Virginia. The facility was built in 1922 and purchased in 1924 by the Ashland Refining Company. The refinery now occupies a 650-acre (260 ha) plus site, producing more than 240,000 barrels per day (38,000 m³/d), and employing more than 800 employees.

+The national Scout jamboree is a gathering, or jamboree of thousands of members of the Boy Scouts of America, usually held every four years and organized by the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America. Referred to as "the Jamboree", "Jambo", or NSJ, Scouts from all over the nation and world have the opportunity to attend. They are considered to be one of several unique experiences that the Boy Scouts of America offers. The first jamboree was scheduled to be held in 1935 in Washington, D.C. to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Scouting, but was delayed two years. The 1937 jamboree in the Nation's Capital attracted 25,000 Scouts, who camped around the Washington Monument and Tidal Basin.

⁺In Scouting, a jamboree is a large gathering of Scouts who rally at a national or international level.

+The 20th World Scout Jamboree took place in the naval base in Sattahip, Thailand. It was the second World Jamboree to be held in Southeast Asia after the Philippines hosted the event in 1959.

+Walter William Head (December 18, 1877 – May 3, 1954) was an American banker and insurance executive. He was president and founder of the General American Life Insurance Company, now a part of MetLife, and president of the American Bankers Association. Head also served as national president of the Boy Scouts of America for nearly twenty years, from 1926 to 1946.

+The American Bankers Association (ABA) is a professional association founded in 1875. It represents US banks of all sizes and charters. In general, the ABA is a tool for lobbying for policy and political presence inside Washington D.C..

+MetLife, Inc. is the holding corporation for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, or MetLife, for short, and its affiliates. MetLife is among the largest global providers of insurance, annuities, and employee benefit programs, with 90 million customers in over 60 countries.^[2][3] The firm was founded on March 24, 1868.

⁺The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, also known as the Metropolitan Life Tower or Met Life Tower, and currently being converted into the New York Edition Hotel, is a landmark skyscraper located on Madison Avenue near the intersection with East 23rd Street, across from Madison Square Park in Manhattan, New York City. Designed by the architectural firm of Napoleon LeBrun & Sons and built by the Hedden Construction Company, the tower is modeled after the Campanile in Venice, Italy.^[7] It was constructed in 1909 and served as world headquarters of the company until 2005.

+Walter R. East was the Akron Zips men's basketball head coach in 1909, when he guided the team to a 6-7 record.^[1] He was also involved in minor league baseball, managing several teams from the Ohio-Pennsylvania League. He also played for teams in the Southern Association, Eastern League, Missouri Valley League, Ohio State League and the Ohio-Pennsylvania League.

+The National Mall is an open-area national park in downtown Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. The National Park Service (NPS) administers the National Mall, which is part of its National Mall and Memorial Parks unit.^[2] The term National Mall commonly includes areas that are officially part of West Potomac Park and Constitution Gardens to the west, and often is taken to refer to the entire area between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol, with the Washington Monument providing a division slightly west of the center.^[3] The National Mall receives approximately 24 million visitors each year.

⁺A product of The Age of Enlightenment, Flora Danica is a comprehensive atlas of botany, containing folio-sized pictures of all the wild plants native to Denmark, in the period from 1761-1883.

+Johannes Japetus Smith Steenstrup (1813–1897) was a Danish zoologist, biologist, and professor.

+The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (RSAS) or Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien ("KVA") is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. The Academy is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization which acts to promote the sciences, primarily the natural sciences and mathematics.

+Carl Wilhelm Cederhielm, Freiherr and Chamberlain (kammarherre), born 1705, died 1769. His father was the royal adviser (riksråd) Josias Cederhielm and his mother was Anna Åkerhielm.

+Creative consultant is a credit that has - particularly in the past - been given to screenwriters who have "doctored" a movie screenplay. It is often given by producers in lieu of official credit. Those given this credit in the television field work closely with an executive producer and head writer/showrunner. They are involved in the writing process (proposing and editing story outlines/scripts). Sometimes they are given the credit of executive consultant, story consultant or script consultant.

+Thomas Frank "Tom" Mankiewicz (June 1, 1942 – July 31, 2010) was an American screenwriter/director/producer of motion pictures and television, perhaps best known for his work on the James Bond films and his contributions to Superman: The Movie and the television series, Hart to Hart.

+Phillips Exeter Academy (also known as Exeter, Phillips Exeter, or PEA) is an American private college preparatory school for boarding and day students between the 9th and 12th grade. It is a large co-educational school, with over 1,000 students. It was founded in 1781 by John Phillips, a wealthy American merchant and early patron of schools.

+The Harkness table is a large, oval table used in a style of teaching, The Harkness Method, wherein students sit at the table with their teachers, is in use at many American boarding schools and colleges. It encourages classes to be held in a discursive manner. Developed at Phillips Exeter Academy,^[1] the method's name comes from the oil magnate and philanthropist Edward Harkness, a graduate of St. Paul's School (Concord, NH) who presented the school with a monetary gift in 1930.

+JetBlue Airways Flight 292 was a scheduled flight from Bob Hope Airport (BUR) in Burbank, California to John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in New York City. On September 21, 2005, flight 292 executed an emergency landing at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) after the nose wheels jammed in an abnormal position. No one was injured.

+Burbank is a city in Los Angeles County in Southern California, United States, 12 miles (19 km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles. The population at the 2010 census was 103,340.

+Don Ed Hardy is an American artist raised in Southern California. Hardy is best known for his tattoo work and his eponymous apparel and accessories brand Ed Hardy.

+David Robert Jones (born 8 January 1947), known by his stage name David Bowie (/ˈboʊ.i/ BOH-ee),^[1] is an English musician, actor, record producer, and arranger. Bowie has been a major figure in the world of popular music for over four decades, and is renowned as an innovator, particularly for his work in the 1970s. He is known for his distinctive voice as well as the intellectual depth and eclecticism of his work.

+"The Blue Light" is a Brothers Grimm fairy tale. Many of the features from Hans Christian Andersen's later work "The Tinder Box" and from the story of Aladdin and his magic lamp originate with this version.

It is Aarne-Thompson type 562, The Spirit in the Blue Light.^[1] Other tales of this type include "The Three Dogs" and "The Tinderbox".

+Wayne's World is a 1992 American comedy film directed by Penelope Spheeris and starring Mike Myers in his film debut as Wayne Campbell and Dana Carvey as Garth Algar, hosts of the Aurora, Illinois-based Public-access television cable TV show Wayne's World. The film was adapted from a sketch of the same name on NBC's Saturday Night Live.

⁺Saturday Night Live (abbreviated as SNL) is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11, 1975, under the original title NBC's Saturday Night. The show's comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest, who usually delivers an opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast, and features performances by a musical guest.

+Wayne's World is an action video game based on the film Wayne's World and released in 1993 by THQ. Different versions of the game were released; the NES and Game Boy games were developed by Radical Entertainment and feature both protagonists Wayne and Garth as playable characters. The Super NES and Sega Mega Drive/Genesis games were developed by Gray Matter and feature only Wayne as a playable character.

+The George Foster Peabody Awards (Peabody Awards) program recognizes distinguished and meritorious public service by radio and television stations, networks, producing organizations and individuals. Reflecting excellence in quality rather than popularity or commercial success, the Peabody is awarded to about 25-35 winners annually from more than 1,000 entries.^[1][2] Because submissions are accepted from a wide variety of sources and styles, deliberations seek "Excellence On Its Own Terms."

+The Writers Guild of America Award for outstanding achievements in film, television, and radio has been presented annually by the Writers Guild of America, East and Writers Guild of America, West since 1949. In 2004, the show was broadcast on television for the first time.

+The NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame is a yearly honor from the National Association of Broadcasters. One inductee from radio and one from television are named at the yearly NAB conference.

⁺Herbert Karl Johannes Seifert (May 27, 1907, Bernstadt – October 1, 1996, Heidelberg) was a German mathematician known for his work in topology.

+Horst Schubert (11 June 1919 in Chemnitz) is a German mathematician. Schubert studied mathematics and physics at the Universities of Frankfurt am Main, Zürich and Heidelberg, where in 1948 he received his PhD under Herbert Seifert with thesis Die eindeutige Zerlegbarkeit eines Knotens in Primknoten.^[1][2] From 1948 to 1956 Schubert was an assistant in Heidelberg, where he received in 1952 his habilitation qualification.

+In knot theory, a prime knot is a knot that is, in a certain sense, indecomposable. Specifically, it is a non-trivial knot which cannot be written as the knot sum of two non-trivial knots. Knots that are not prime are said to be composite. It can be a nontrivial problem to determine whether a given knot is prime or not.

+The American Legion is a social and mutual-aid veterans' organization including members of the United States armed forces. The organization was founded in 1919 by veterans returning from Europe after World War I, and was later chartered as an official American patriotic society under Title 36 of the United States Code. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, and also has offices in Washington, DC. The group has nearly 3 million members in over 14,000 Posts worldwide.

+In knot theory, a torus knot is a special kind of knot that lies on the surface of an unknotted torus in R³. Similarly, a torus link is a link which lies on the surface of a torus in the same way. Each torus knot is specified by a pair of coprime integers p and q. A torus link arises if p and q are not coprime (in which case the number of components is gcd(p, q). A torus knot is trivial if and only if either p or q is equal to 1 or −1. The simplest nontrivial example is the (2,3)-torus knot, also known as the trefoil knot.

+In geometry, a torus (pl. tori) is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in three-dimensional space about an axis coplanar with the circle. If the axis of revolution does not touch the circle, the surface has a ring shape and is called a ring torus or simply torus if the ring shape is implicit.

+In topology, a branch of mathematics, the trefoil knot is the simplest example of a nontrivial knot. The trefoil can be obtained by joining together the two loose ends of a common overhand knot, resulting in a knotted loop. As the simplest knot, the trefoil is fundamental to the study of mathematical knot theory, which has diverse applications in topology, geometry, physics, and chemistry.

+George Shillibeer (11 August 1797 to 21 August 1866) was an English coachbuilder. Shillibeer was born in St Marylebone, London the son of Abraham and Elizabeth Shillibeer. Christened in St Marys Church, Marylebone on 22 October 1797, Shillibeer worked for the coach company Hatchetts in Long Acre, the coach-building district of the capital.

+A coachbuilder is a manufacturer of bodies for automobiles and a manufacturer of complete horse-drawn vehicles.

⁺The coachbuilding company Hebmüller And Sons was founded in 1889 by Joseph Hebmüller, it was established in the town of Wuppertal in Germany.^[

⁺Humber is a dormant British automobile marque which can date its beginnings to Thomas Humber's bicycle company founded in 1868. Following their involvement in Humber through Hillman in 1928 the Rootes brothers^[1] acquired a controlling interest and joined the Humber board in 1932 making Humber part of their Rootes Group. The range focused on luxury models, such as the Humber Super Snipe.

+Thomas Humber (1841 or 1842^[1]–1910) was a British cycle manufacturer who founded the Humber bicycle company in 1869 in Beeston, Nottinghamshire. By 1896 the company, under new management, ventured into Humber motor cars and became the first maker of series production cars in England.

⁺The Newington Academy for Girls, also known as Newington College for Girls, was a Quaker school established in 1824 in Stoke Newington, then north of London. In a time when girls' educational opportunities were limited, it offered a wide range of subjects "on a plan in degree differing from any hitherto adopted", according to the prospectus. It was also innovative in commissioning the world's first school bus. One of its founders was William Allen, a scientist and businessman active with the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade.

+The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, (or The Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade), was a British abolitionist group, formed on 22 May 1787, when twelve men gathered together at a printing shop in London, England.

+Collins Industries is a Hutchinson, Kansas company that specializes in manufacturing of Type A school buses, and also manufactures ambulances and other special-purpose vehicles. The company was founded in 1971 and as of 1998 it was made up of four subsidiaries: Collins Bus Corporation, Wheeled Coach Industries, Inc.; World Trans, Inc. and Capacity of Texas, Inc.^[1] Collins purchased manufacturer Mid Bus in 1998, and the assets of Canada-based manufacturer Corbeil Bus Corporation in 2007. Since October 2006 Collins has been an 80-percent owned subsidiary of BNS Holding Inc.^[2] The company has about 900 employees, in three manufacturing facilities.

+E-One or Emergency One Incorporated is an emergency services manufacturer and marketer based in Ocala, Florida.

+Girardin Minibus Inc. based in Drummondville, Quebec, Canada manufactures buses exclusively for the smaller Type A market; these buses are based on chassis provided from Ford or General Motors. Girardin is also a Canadian distributor of Blue Bird school and commercial buses.

+The Blue Bird Corporation, originally known as the Blue Bird Body Company, is an American manufacturer of school and activity buses.^[3] Established in 1927, the company has also manufactured transit buses, motorhomes, and specialty vehicles such as mobile libraries and mobile police command centers. Blue Bird's corporate headquarters and main manufacturing facility are in Fort Valley, Georgia. It is a subsidiary of the Traxis Group B.V., part of Cerberus Capital Management. Blue Bird's logo is a silhouette profile of the brand's namesake bird.

+Trans Tech Bus, a division of Transportation Collaborative Inc., is an American manufacturer of conventional and environmentally friendly electric Type-A school buses. Established in 2007 from the defunct U.S. Bus Corporation, the company produces Type-A & Type-AII School Buses and various models of Commercial Buses, all built on cutaway vehicle chassis. TransTech Bus headquarters and production are located in a 70,000-square-foot (6,500 m²) facility located in Warwick, New York, United States.

+Simon & Garfunkel were an American music duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They formed the group Tom & Jerry in 1957 and had their first success with the minor hit "Hey, Schoolgirl". As Simon & Garfunkel, the duo rose to fame in 1965, largely on the strength of the hit single "The Sound of Silence". Their music was featured in the landmark film The Graduate (1967), propelling them further into the public consciousness.

+Sandstone (sometimes known as arenite) is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains.

+Red Rock was a popular brand of ginger ale and cola that has since been revived for retail sale in recent years. The Red Rock Company was among the oldest producers of carbonated beverages in the United States.

+Red Rock Cider was an alcoholic beverage produced by Taunton Cider and sold in the UK, during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Unusually, it is remembered most fondly for its advertisements, which had the strapline "It's not red, and there's no rocks in it".

+Taunton /ˈtɔːntən/ is the county town of Somerset, England. The town, including its suburbs, had an estimated population of 61,400 in 2001.

⁺Ale is a type of beer brewed from malted barley using a warm-fermentation with a strain of brewers' yeast.^[1][2] The yeast will ferment the beer quickly, giving it a sweet, full bodied and fruity taste. Most ales contain hops, which help preserve the beer and impart a bitter herbal flavour that balances the sweetness of the malt.

+Arthur T. Benjamin (born March 19, 1961) is an American mathematician who specializes in combinatorics. Since 1989 he has been a Professor of Mathematics at Harvey Mudd College.

+TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) is a global set of conferences owned by the private non-profit Sapling Foundation, under the slogan "ideas worth spreading".

+The Magic Castle, located at 7001 Franklin Avenue in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles, California, is a nightclub for magicians and magic enthusiasts, as well as the clubhouse for the Academy of Magical Arts. It bills itself as "the most unusual private club in the world."

+A mathemagician is a mathematician who is also a magician. The name "mathemagician" was probably first applied to Martin Gardner, but has since been used to describe many mathematician/magicians, including Arthur T. Benjamin,^[1] Persi Diaconis,^[2] and Raymond Smullyan. Diaconis has suggested that the reason so many mathematicians are magicians is that "inventing a magic trick and inventing a theorem are very similar activities."

+Max Maven (born Philip Goldstein 1950 in Ithaca, New York) is an American magician and mentalist. He often appears on television magic shows to perform "interactive" mind reading tricks that work for the television audience.

+The Society of American Magicians (S.A.M.) is the oldest fraternal magic organization in the world. Its purpose is "to advance, elevate, and preserve magic as a performing art, to promote harmonious fellowship throughout the world of magic, and to maintain and improve ethical standards in the field of magic."^[1] To promote these endeavors the S.A.M. presents awards and fellowships in recognition of outstanding achievement in the Art of Magic.

+The mnemonic dominic system is a mnemonic system used to remember sequences of digits similar to the mnemonic major system. It was invented and used in competition by several-time memory world champion Dominic O'Brien.

+Patricia Campbell "Patty" Hearst (born February 20, 1954), now known as Patricia Campbell Hearst Shaw, is an American newspaper heiress, socialite, actress, kidnap victim, and convicted bank robber. Her kidnapping case is held by many as an example of Stockholm syndrome.

+Stockholm syndrome, or capture–bonding, is a psychological phenomenon in which hostages express empathy and sympathy and have positive feelings toward their captors, sometimes to the point of defending them. These feelings are generally considered irrational in light of the danger or risk endured by the victims, who essentially mistake a lack of abuse from their captors for an act of kindness.^[1][2] The FBI's Hostage Barricade Database System shows that roughly 27% of victims show evidence of Stockholm syndrome.

⁺Battered person syndrome is a physical and psychological condition of a person who has suffered (usually persistent) emotional, physical, or sexual abuse from another person.^[1] It is classified as ICD-9 code 995.81 "Battered person syndrome" not elsewhere classified (NEC).

+Sirhan Bishara Sirhan (Arabic: سرحان بشارة سرحان‎, Sirḥān Bishārah Sirḥān; born March 19, 1944) is a Palestinian with Jordanian citizenship who was convicted for the assassination of United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy. He is currently serving a life sentence at Pleasant Valley State Prison in Coalinga, California.

⁺Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK, was an American politician, who served as a United States Senator for New York from 1965 until his assassination in 1968. He was previously the 64th U.S. Attorney General from 1961 to 1964, serving under his older brother, President John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy and his successor, President Lyndon B. Johnson. An icon of modern American liberalism and member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy was a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1968 election.

+Capital punishment or the death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The judicial decree that someone be punished in this manner is a death sentence, while the actual process of killing the person is an execution. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. The term capital originates from the Latin capitalis, literally "regarding the head" (referring to execution by beheading).

+Thomas B. Silver (1947^[1] – December 26, 2001) was an author and scholar who was president of the Claremont Institute. His first book, Coolidge and the Historians, was considered to be a favorite of President Reagan.^[2] He had a bachelor's degree in political science from Kalamazoo College and a doctorate in government from Claremont Graduate School.

+Universal Eclectic Wicca (UEW) is one of a number of distinctly American Wiccan traditions which developed following the introduction of Gardnerian and Alexandrian Wicca to the United States in the early 1960s. Its corporate body is the Church of Universal Eclectic Wicca (CUEW) which is incorporated and based in Great Falls, Virginia.

+Hardcore Superstar is a hard rock band from Gothenburg, Sweden. The band was formed in 1997 and continue on today. Hardcore Superstar have had several #1 hit singles, and Grammy wins in Sweden.

+Buddy L (or Buddy "L" or Buddy-L) is an American toy brand and company founded in 1920 as the Buddy L Toy Company in East Moline, Illinois, by Fred Lundahl.

+George Eastman (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) was an American innovator and entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and popularized the use of roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream.

+Roy Rogers, born Leonard Franklin Slye (November 5, 1911 – July 6, 1998), was an American singer and cowboy actor, one of the most heavily marketed and merchandised stars of his era, as well as being the namesake of the Roy Rogers Restaurants franchised chain. He and his wife Dale Evans, his golden palomino, Trigger, and his German Shepherd dog, Bullet, were featured in more than 100 movies and The Roy Rogers Show. The show ran on radio for nine years before moving to television from 1951 through 1957.

+The Yarara Parachute Knife is a specially made dagger issued to Argentine Paratroopers with a handguard that functions as a knuckleduster.^[1] Current issue models come with an emergency blade in the crossguard.

+Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author. Born in Louisville, Kentucky to a middle class family, Thompson had a turbulent youth after the death of his father left the family in poverty. He was unable to formally finish high school as he was incarcerated for 60 days after abetting a robbery. He subsequently joined the United States Air Force before moving into journalism. He traveled frequently, including stints in Puerto Rico and Brazil, before settling in Aspen, Colorado in the early 1960s.

+Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream is a novel by Hunter S. Thompson, illustrated by Ralph Steadman. The book is a roman à clef, rooted inautobiographical incidents. The story follows its protagonist, Raoul Duke, and his attorney, Dr. Gonzo, as they descend on Las Vegas to chase the American Dream through a drug-induced haze, all the while ruminating on the failure of the 1960s countercultural movement. 

+In algebra and geometry, a group action is a description of symmetries of objects using groups. The essential elements of the object are described by a set, and the symmetries of the object are described by the symmetry group of this set, which consists of bijective transformations of the set. In this case, the group is also called a permutation group (especially if the set is finite or not a vector space) ortransformation group (especially if the set is a vector space and the group acts like linear transformations of the set).

+In sociology, a group action is a situation in which a large number of agents take action simultaneously in order to achieve a common goal; their actions are usually coordinated.

+The Action Group (AG) was a Nigerian political party established in Ibadan on March 21, 1951 by Chief Obafemi Awolowo. The party was founded to serve as the platform for realizing his preliminary objective of mobilising Western Nigerians to forestall the NCNC control of the Western region and the subsequent aim of cooperating with other nationalist parties to win independence for Nigeria. It benefitted immensely from the relationships developed in the Egbe Omo Oduduwa formed in Awolowo's days in London as a student.

+In mathematics, a permutation group is a group G whose elements are permutations of a given set M, and whose group operation is the composition of permutations in G (which are thought of as bijective functions from the set M to itself); the relationship is often written as (G,M). Note that the group of all permutations of a set is the symmetric group; the term permutation group is usually restricted to mean asubgroup of the symmetric group. The symmetric group of n elements is denoted by S_n; if M is any finite or infinite set, then the group of all permutations of M is often written as Sym(M).

+Gadigarevula is a village in Gadivemula mandala, Nandyal taluka, in the Kurnool district of India.

+Yekkeh Tut-e Pain (Persian: يكه توت پائين‎, also Romanized as Yekkeh Tūt-e Pā’īn; also known as Yekkeh Tūt-e Soflá)^[1] is a village in Maraveh Tappeh Rural District, in the Central District of Maraveh Tappeh County, Golestan Province, Iran.

+Eric Eason is an American film director and screenwriter.

+Jores Okore (born 11 August 1992) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Aston Villa in the Premier League and the Danish national team.

+Ranmore Common is a village and an area of wooded common land on the North Downs, to the northwest of Dorking in the English county of Surrey. It is located within the civil parish of Wotton and is also within the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It is also a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

+Isabella of Ibelin (1241–1324), queen of Cyprus, was the daughter of Guy d'Ibelin, marshal and constable of Cyprus, and of Philippa Berlais.

+Margaret of Lusignan (1276–1296) was Queen consort of Armenia as the first wife of King Thoros III. She was Queen from 1293 until her death, three years later. She had two sons, Leo, who ruled for four years as king, and Bohemond, whose fate is unknown.

+Baldwin IV of Flanders (980 – May 30, 1035) known as the Bearded, was Count of Flanders.

+Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (1161 – 16 March 1185^[1]), called the Leper or the Leprous, the son of Amalric I of Jerusalem and his first wife, Agnes of Courtenay, was king of Jerusalem from 1174 to 1185. His full sister was Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem and his nephew through this sister was the child-king Baldwin V (who succeeded him). He had a half sister through his father's second marriage to Maria Comnena - Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem.

+Empress Myeongseong (19 October 1851 – 8 October 1895), also known as Queen Min, was the first official wife of King Gojong, the twenty-sixth king of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. In 1902 she received the posthumous name Hyoja Wonseong Jeonghwa Hapcheon Honggong Seongdeok Myeongseong Taehwanghu (Korean Hangul: 효자원성정화합천홍공성덕명성태황후, Hanja: 孝慈元聖正化合天洪功誠德明成太皇后),^[1] often abbreviated as Myeongseong Hwanghu (Hangul: 명성황후, Hanja: 明成皇后), meaning Empress Myeongseong.

+Empress Myeongseong (Hangul: 명성황후; Hanja: 明成皇后) is a 2001 TV Series produced by Korean TV channel KBS.

+Yoo Dong-geun (Hangul: 유동근; born June 18, 1956) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading roles in the historical television dramas Tears of the Dragon, Empress Myseongseong, andYeon Gaesomun.

+Pope Leo I, (Latin: Leo PP. I; c. 400 – 10 November 461), also known as Saint Leo the Great, was the head of the Catholic Church from 29 September 440 to his death in 461.

+Francisco Herrera the Younger ("el Mozo"; 1622 - 25 August 1685) was a Spanish painter and architect.

+The term bodega in Spanish can mean "pantry", "tavern", or "wine cellar". The derivative term bodegón is an augmentative that refers to a large bodega, usually in a derogatory fashion. In Spanish art, abodegón is a still life painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. It also refers to low-life or every day objects, which can be painted with flowers, fruits, or other objects to display the painter's mastery.

+Jan Wnęk (1828 – July 10, 1869) was a Polish carver of religious statues who is claimed to have constructed and flown a glider (aircraft) in the 1860s, predating the flights of Otto Lilienthal. There is a speculative 'reconstruction' of Wneks glider in the Kraków Museum of Ethnography.

+Otto Lilienthal (23 May 1848 – 10 August 1896) was a German pioneer of aviation who became known as the Glider King. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. He followed an experimental approach established previously by Sir George Cayley. Newspapers and magazines published photographs of Lilienthal gliding, favorably influencing public and scientific opinion about the possibility of flying machines becoming practical. For his contributions to the field of aviation at such a crucial time he is often referred to as "The Father of Flight."

+The Derwitzer Glider was a glider that was developed by Otto Lilienthal, so named because it was tested near Derwitz in Brandenburg. When flown in 1891, it became his first design able to carry a person, and after Sir George Cayley's glider, the second such aircraft in the world. He made flights of up to 25 metres (80 feet) in it.

+Kraków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkrakuf] ( listen)) also Cracow, or Krakow (US English /ˈkrækaʊ/, British English /ˈkrækɒv/) is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on theVistula River (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century.^[1] Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs.

+The Vistula (/ˈvɪstʃələ/; Polish: Wisła [ˈvʲiswa], German: Weichsel) is the longest river in Poland, at 1,047 km (651 miles) in length. The watershed area of the Vistula is 194,424 km²(75,068 sq mi), of which 168,699 km² (65,135 sq mi) lies within Poland (splitting the country in half).

+The Dahomey Amazons or Mino were a Fon all-female military regiment of the Kingdom of Dahomey which lasted until the end of the 19th century. They were so named by Western observers and historians due to their similarity to the semi-mythical Amazons of ancient Anatolia and the Black Sea.

+Dahomey was an African kingdom in the present-day Republic of Benin which lasted from 1600 until 1900. Dahomey developed on the Abomey Plateau in the early 1600s and became a regional power in the 1700s by conquering key cities on the Atlantic coast. For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Dahomey was a key regional state, eventually ending tributary status to the Oyo empire and being a major location for the Atlantic slave trade, possibly supplying up to 20% of the slaves to Europe and the Americas.

+Anatolia (from Greek Ἀνατολή, Anatolḗ — "east" or "(sun)rise"), also known as Asia Minor (from Greek: Μικρὰ Ἀσία Mīkrá Asía "small Asia"; in modern Turkish: Anadolu), Asian Turkey,Anatolian peninsula, Anatolian plateau, and Turkey, denotes the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey.^[1] The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorusand Dardanelles straits, and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland.

+The Fon people, or Fon nu, are a major West African ethnic and linguistic group in the country of Benin, and southwest Nigeria, made up of more than 3,500,000 people. The Fon language is the main language spoken in Southern Benin, and is a member of the Gbe language group. The Fon are said to originate from Tado, a village in south east Togo, near the border with Benin.

+The Mino dialect (美濃弁 Mino-ben^?) is a Japanese dialect spoken in the southern area, made up of the former area known as Mino Province, of Gifu Prefecture, Japan. It is also referred to as the Tōnō dialect (東濃弁 Tōnō-ben) by residents of the Tōnō region of the prefecture, which is the eastern part of the former province. It is sometimes also referred to as the Gifu dialect (岐阜弁 Gifu-ben), but that can sometimes include Hida dialect, which is in the northern part of Gifu Prefecture.

+Tōnō (東濃^?) is the southeastern portion of Gifu Prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan.^[1] The Tōnō region received its name as a combination of the kanji for "east" (東) and "Mino" (美濃). The borders of this region are not officially set, but it generally consists of the following cities: Tajimi, Toki, Mizunami, Ena and Nakatsugawa.^[1] Occasionally, Kani, usually part of the Chūnō region, is also included as being part of Tōnō.

+Mino Province (美濃国 Mino no kuni^?), one of the old provinces of Japan, encompassed part of modern-day Gifu Prefecture.^[1] It was sometimes called Nōshū (濃州^?). Mino Province borderedEchizen, Hida, Ise, Mikawa, Ōmi, Owari, and Shinano Provinces.

+Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis.^[1][2] Leprosy takes its name from the Latin wordLepra, while the term "Hansen's Disease" is named after the physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen. It is primarily a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract; skin lesions are the primary external sign.

+Rifampicin (INN) /rɪˈfæmpəsɪn/ or rifampin (USAN) is a bactericidal antibiotic drug of the rifamycin group.^[1] It is a semisynthetic compound derived from Amycolatopsis rifamycinica(formerly known as Amycolatopsis mediterranei and Streptomyces mediterranei).^[2] Rifampicin may be abbreviated R, RMP, RA, RF, or RIF (US).

+Westernization or Westernisation (see spelling differences), also occidentalization or occidentalisation (from the Occident, meaning the Western world; see "occident" in the dictionary), is a process wherebysocieties come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and values.^[1] Westernization has been a pervasive and accelerating influence across the world in the last few centuries, with some thinkers assuming westernization to be the equivalent of modernization,^[2] a way of thought that is often debated.

+Fleet Admiral Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito (東伏見宮依仁親王 Higashifushimi-no-miya Yorihito-Shinnō^?, September 19, 1867 – June 27, 1922) was the second (and last) head of theHigashifushimi-no-miya, an ōke cadet branch of the Japanese imperial family.

+The Komatsu House (Komatsu-no-miya) or Higashifushimi (東伏見) ōke (princely house) was the sixth oldest branch of the Imperial House of Japan, created from branches of the Fushimi-no-miya house, presently extinct. It was founded by Imperial Prince Yoshiaki, the seventh son of Prince Fushimi-no-miya Kuniye, in 1872. Prince Yoshiaki was given the title of komatsu-no-miya and changed his first name to Akihito. Since he died without an heir, the Komatsu-no-miya reverted to Higashifushimi-no-miya (東伏見宮家) in 1903.

+The ōke (王家 literally Princely Houses^?), were branches of the Japanese Imperial Family created from branches of the Fushimi-no-miya house. All but one of the ōke were formed by the descendants of Prince Fushimi Kuniye. The ōke were stripped of their membership in the Imperial Family by the American Occupation Authorities in October 1947, as part of the abolition of collateral imperial houses.

+John Coalter Bates (August 26, 1842 – February 4, 1919) was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from January to April 1906. Along with Arthur MacArthur, Jr., Bates was one of the lastAmerican Civil War veterans still on active duty in the United States military at the time of his retirement.

+Attila (/ˈætɨlə/ or /əˈtɪlə/; ?–453), frequently referred to as Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire, which stretched from the Ural Riverto the Rhine River and from the Danube River to the Baltic Sea.

+Attila are an American deathcore band from Atlanta, Georgia, who were formed in 2005. Frontman Chris Fronzak started the band in high school; he and Sean Heenan (Drummer) are the only original members.^[3] They have released four full-length albums.^[4][5] Their most successful album Outlawed was produced by Joey Sturgis, released on August 16, 2011 and debuted on Billboard 200 at 87 position.

+Deathcore is a music fusion genre that combines sounds and characteristics of death metal with sounds and characteristics of metalcore, hardcore punk or both.

+The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe who in 429 under king Genseric entered Africa and by 439 established a kingdom which included the Roman Africa province, besides the islands of Sicily,Corsica, Sardinia, Malta and the Balearics. In 455, they sacked the city of Rome.

+Germanicus Julius Caesar (24 May 15 BC – 10 October AD 19), commonly known as Germanicus, was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and a prominent general of the early Roman Empire. He was born in Rome, Italia, and was named either Nero Claudius Drusus after his father or Tiberius Claudius Nero after his uncle. He received the agnomen Germanicus in 9 BC, when it was posthumously awarded to his father in honour of his victories in Germania.

+Nicolas Poussin (French: [nikɔlɑ pusɛ̃]; 15 June 1594 – 19 November 1665) was the leading painter of the classical French Baroque style, although he spent most of his working life in Rome. His work is characterized by clarity, logic, and order, and favors line over color. Until the 20th century he remained a major inspiration for such classically oriented artists as Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and Paul Cézanne.

+Armand Jean du Plessis, cardinal-duc de Richelieu et de Fronsac (French pronunciation: ​[ʁiʃəljø]; 9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642) was a French clergyman, noble and statesman.

+John Archibald Dortmunder is a fictional character created by Donald E. Westlake, and who is the protagonist of 14 novels and 11 short stories published between 1970 and 2009. He first appeared in the novel The Hot Rock, published in 1970.

+Edna Annie Proulx (/ˈpruː/; born August 22, 1935) is an American journalist and author. She has written most frequently as Annie Proulx but has also used the names E. Annie Proulx and E.A. Proulx.

+The History of the Kingdom of Dahomey spans 300 years from around 1600 until 1900 with the rise of the Kingdom of Dahomey as a major power on the Atlantic coast of modern-day Benin until French conquest. The kingdom became a major regional power in the 1720s when it conquered the coastal kingdoms of Allada and Whydah. With control over these key coastal cities, Dahomey became a major center in the Atlantic Slave Trade until 1852 when the British imposed a naval blockade to stop the trade. War with the French began in 1892 and the French took over the Kingdom of Dahomey in 1894. The throne was vacated by the French in 1900, but the royal families and key administrative positions of the administration continued to have a large impact in the politics of the French administration and the post-independenceRepublic of Dahomey, renamed Benin in 1975. Historiography of the kingdom has had a significant impact on work far beyond African history and the history of the kingdom forms the backdrop for a number of novels and plays.

+Justin Ahomadegbé-Tomêtin (January 16, 1917 in Abomey – March 8, 2002 in Cotonou) was a Beninese politician most active when his country was known as Dahomey. He arose on a political scene where one's power was dictated by what region in Dahomey they lived. He served as president of the National Assembly of Dahomey from April 1959 to November 1960 and as prime minister of Benin from 1964 to 1965.

+Mary Anning (21 May 1799 – 9 March 1847) was a British fossil collector, dealer, and paleontologist who became known around the world for a number of important finds she made in the Jurassic marine fossil beds at Lyme Regis in Dorset, where she lived.^[2] Her work contributed to fundamental changes that occurred during her lifetime in scientific thinking about prehistoric life and the history of the Earth.

+ir Everard Home, 1st Baronet FRS (b. Kingston upon Hull, 6 May 1756; d. 31 August 1832 in London) was a British surgeon.

+Paleontology or palaeontology (/ˌpeɪlɪɒnˈtɒlədʒi/, /ˌpeɪlɪənˈtɒlədʒi/ or /ˌpælɪɒnˈtɒlədʒi/, /ˌpælɪənˈtɒlədʒi/) is the scientific study of prehistoric life.

+Lyme Regis /ˌlaɪmˈriːdʒɪs/ is a coastal town in West Dorset, England, situated 25 miles west of Dorchester and 25 miles (40 km) east of Exeter. The town lies in Lyme Bay, on the English Channelcoast at the Dorset–Devon border. It is nicknamed "The Pearl of Dorset." The town is noted for the fossils found in the cliffs and beaches, which are part of the Heritage Coast—known commercially as the Jurassic Coast—a World Heritage Site. The harbour wall, "The Cobb", features in Jane Austen's novel Persuasion, and in the film and novel, The French Lieutenant's Woman, by local writer John Fowles.

+A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a place (such as a forest, mountain, lake, island, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that is listed by the UNESCO as of special cultural or physical significance.^[1] The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 states parties^[2] which are elected by their General Assembly.

+The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (French: Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Éducation, la Science et la Culture; UNESCO; /juːˈnɛskoʊ/) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).

+The World Heritage Committee establishes the sites to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is responsible for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention, defines the use of the World Heritage Fund and allocates financial assistance upon requests from States Parties. It is composed of 21 state parties^[1] are countries that signed and ratified the World Heritage Convention.^[2] As of March 2012, there are a total of 190 State Parties. which are elected by the General Assembly of States Parties for a four-year term.^[

⁺Dorset /ˈdɔrsɨt/ (or archaically, Dorsetshire), is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the non-metropolitan county, which is governed by Dorset County Council, and the unitary authorities of Poole and Bournemouth. Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres (1,024 sq mi), Dorset borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshireto the north-east, and Hampshire to the east.

+The Local Government Act 1972 (c. 70) is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom that reformed local government in England and Wales on 1 April 1974.

+Ichthyosaurs (Greek for "fish lizard" - "ιχθυς" or "ichthys" meaning "fish" and "σαυρος" or "sauros" meaning "lizard") were giant marine reptiles that resembled dolphins in a textbook example ofconvergent evolution.

+Convergent evolution describes the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.

+A clade (from Ancient Greek κλάδος, klados, "branch") or monophylum (see monophyletic) is a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants, a single "branch" on the "tree of life".^[1] The ancestor may be an individual, a breeding pair, a population or even a species (extinct or extant). Many familiar groups, the rodents and the insects for example, are clades; others, like the lizards and the monkeys, are not.

+A cladogram is a diagram used in cladistics which shows relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants or how much they have changed; many evolutionary trees can be inferred from a single cladogram.

+Computational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithms, methods and programs to phylogenetic analyses. The goal is to assemble a phylogenetic tree representing a hypothesis about the evolutionary ancestry of a set ofgenes, species, or other taxa. For example, these techniques have been used to explore the family tree of hominid species^[1] and the relationships between specific genes shared by many types of organisms.^[2] Traditional phylogenetics relies onmorphological data obtained by measuring and quantifying the phenotypic properties of representative organisms, while the more recent field of molecular phylogenetics uses nucleotide sequences encoding genes or amino acid sequences encodingproteins as the basis for classification. 

+Cladistics (from Greek κλάδος, klados, i.e. "branch"^[1]) is an approach to biological classification in which items are grouped together based on whether or not they have one or more shared unique characteristics that come from the group's last common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors. Therefore, members of the same group are thought to share a common history and are considered to be more closely related.

+Sir Richard Owen, FRS KCB (20 July 1804 – 18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and paleontologist. Despite being a controversial figure, Owen is generally considered to have been an outstanding naturalist with a remarkable gift for interpreting fossils.

+Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a ubiquitous family of large biological molecules that perform multiple vital roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.

+Pterosaurs (/ˈtɛrɵsɔr/, from the Greek πτερόσαυρος, pterosauros, meaning "winged lizard") were flying reptiles of the clade or order Pterosauria.

+Plesiosauria (/ˌpliːsi.ɵˈsɔriə/; Greek: plesios meaning 'near to' and sauros meaning 'lizard') is an order of Mesozoic marine reptiles (sauropsida). Plesiosaurs first appeared in the Early Jurassic (and possiblyRhaetian, latest Triassic) Period^[1] and became especially common during the Jurassic Period, thriving until the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period. They had a worldwide distribution.

+The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event,^[a] formerly known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction,^[b] was a mass extinction of some three-quarters of plant and animal species onEarth—including all non-avian dinosaurs—that occurred over a geologically short period of time 66 million years (Ma) ago.^[2][3][4] It marked the end of the Cretaceous period and with it, the entire MesozoicEra, opening the Cenozoic Era which continues today.

+2008 TC₃ (Catalina Sky Survey temporary designation 8TA9D69) was an 80 tonnes 4.1 meters (13 ft) diameter asteroid^[1] that entered Earth's atmosphere on October 7, 2008^[2] and exploded at an estimated 37 kilometers (23 mi) above the Nubian Desert in Sudan. Some 600 meteorites, weighing a total of 10.5 kilograms (23 lb), were recovered; many of these belonged to a rare type known as ureilites, which contain, among other minerals, nanodiamonds.

+Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNRs, are a nanocrystalline form of diamond, also known as "nanodiamond" or hyperdiamond. Nanodiamond was convincingly demonstrated to be produced by compression of graphite in 2003 and in the same work found to be much harder than bulk diamond,^[1] which makes it the hardest known material.

+The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength,^[1] named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square meter.

+Low-molecular-weight kininogen is a form of kininogen, which has been identified in mice,^[1] guinea pigs,^[2] and whales.

+The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary (formerly known as the K–T boundary) is a geological signature, usually a thin band, dated to 66.0 Ma (million years ago).^[1] K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous period, and Pg is the abbreviation for the Paleogene period.

+The bulk modulus ( or ) of a substance measures the substance's resistance to uniform compression. It is defined as the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of thevolume. Its base unit is the pascal.

+Blaise Pascal (French: [blɛz paskal]; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure andvacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method.

+The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Le Système international d'unités) is the modern form of the metric system. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built around seven base units, 22 named and an indeterminate number of unnamed coherent derived units, and a set of prefixes that act as decimal-based multipliers. 

+Metrication is the conversion to the metric system of weights and measures.^[2] This has involved a long process of independent and systematic conversions of countries from various local systems ofweights and measures. Metrication began in France in the 1790s and spread widely during the following two centuries, to be the internationally dominating measurement system and legal standard. The process is sometimes called metrification.

+Burma (ⁱ/ˈbɜrmə/ bur-mə), officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,^[6] commonly shortened to Myanmar (ⁱ/ˈmjɑːnˌmɑr/ myahn-mar,^[7] /ˈmaɪænmɑr/ or /ˈmjænmɑr/),^[8][9][10] is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by China, Thailand, India, Laos and Bangladesh. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Its population of over 60 million makes it the world's 24th most populous country^[1] and, at 676,578 km² (261,227 sq mi), it is the world's 40th largest country and the second largest in Southeast Asia.

+Nadroparin is a form of low molecular weight heparin sold by GSK under the trade name Fraxiparine.

+In medicine, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is a class of medication used as an anticoagulant in diseases that feature thrombosis, as well as for prophylaxis in situations that lead to a high risk of thrombosis.^[1] Thrombosis, or thrombotic disease, is the formation of a clot within a blood vessel which interferes with the blood supply to tissues and causes problems such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism when it is located in the veins, or heart attacks and strokes when located in the arteries.

+Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism). PE most commonly results from deep vein thrombosis (a blood clot in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis) that breaks off and migrates to the lung, a process termed venous thromboembolism (VTE). A small proportion of cases are due to the embolization of air, fat, or talc in drugs of intravenous drug abusers or amniotic fluid.

+A bezoar /ˈbiːzɔər/ is a mass found trapped in the gastrointestinal system (usually the stomach),^[2] though it can occur in other locations.^[3][4] A pseudobezoar is an indigestible object introduced intentionally into the digestive system.

+The human gastrointestinal tract is the stomach and intestine,^[1] sometimes including all the structures from the mouth to the anus.^[2] (The "digestive system" is a broader term that includes other structures, including the accessory organs of digestion).

+A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural κεφαλόποδα (kephalópoda); "head-feet"). These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles (muscular hydrostats) modified from the primitive molluscan foot. Fishermen sometimes call them inkfish, referring to their common ability to squirt ink. The study of cephalopods is a branch of malacology known as teuthology.

+A muscular hydrostat is a biological structure found in animals. It is used to manipulate items (including food) or to move its host about and consists mainly of muscles with no skeletal support. It performs its hydraulicmovement without fluid in a separate compartment, as in a hydrostatic skeleton.

+Jackson's chameleon or Jackson's three-horned chameleon, (Trioceros jacksonii), is an African chameleon belonging to the chameleon family (Chamaeleonidae).

+Charles John Huffam Dickens (/ˈtʃɑrlz ˈdɪkɪnz/; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's most memorable fictional characters and is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period.^[1] During his life, his works enjoyed unprecedented fame, and by the twentieth century his literary genius was broadly acknowledged by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories continue to be widely popular.

+The Victorian era of British history was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a long period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities and national self-confidence for Britain.^{[citation needed]} Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities and political concerns to the passage of the Reform Act 1832. 

+Peterborough East was a railway station in Peterborough, England. It was opened on 2 June 1845 and closed to passenger traffic on 6 June 1966.^[1] Located on Station Road just off Town Bridge, only the engine sheds and one platform remain. The station had services running west to Northampton and Rugby, as well as to the east to March, Wisbech, and Norwich.

+Marinelli bend is a form of contortion, in which the performer holds body weight only through teeth. It is a head-seat with the legs extended, performed while supported only by a mouth grip at the top of a short post.

+Contortion (sometimes contortionism) is an unusual form of physical display which involves the dramatic bending and flexing of the human body. Contortion is often part of acrobatics and circus acts. In general, "contortionists" have unusual natural flexibility, which is then enhanced through acrobatic training, or they put themselves through intense, vigorous and painful training to gain this flexibility.

+Galatasaray Spor Kulübü (Turkish pronunciation: [ɡaɫatasaˈɾaj ˈspoɾ kulyˈby], Galatasaray Sports Club) is a Turkish sports club based on the European side in Istanbul, most notable for its association in football and basketball sections, also known as Galatasaray S.K.. It also fields teams in Athletics, Basketball, Wheelchair basketball, Volleyball, Water polo, Swimming, Rowing, Sailing, Judo, Bridge,Equestrian, Handball, Tennis and Superleague Formula Motorsports. Galatasaray Sports Club is one of the most important members of the Galatasaray Community together with Galatasaray Universityand Galatasaray High School.

+GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) is a British multinational pharmaceutical, biologics, vaccines and consumer healthcare company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is the world's fourth-largest pharmaceutical company measured by 2009 prescription drug sales (after Pfizer, Novartis, and Sanofi).^[3] It was established in 2000 by the merger of Glaxo Wellcome plc (formed from the acquisition of Wellcome plc by Glaxo plc) and SmithKline Beecham plc (formed from the merger of Beecham plc and SmithKline Beckman Corporation, which was formed by combining the Smith Kline French and Beckman companies).

+Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek κρυπτός, "hidden, secret"; and γράφειν, graphein, "writing", or -λογία, -logia, "study", respectively)^[1] is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties (called adversaries).^[2] More generally, it is about constructing and analyzing protocols that overcome the influence of adversaries^[3] and which are related to various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation

+The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, protects against abuse of government authority in a legal procedure. Its guarantees stem from English common law which traces back to Magna Carta in 1215. For instance, grand juries and the phrase due process (also found in the 14th Amendment) both trace their origin to Magna Carta.

+Magna Carta (Latin for Great Charter),^[1] also called Magna Carta Libertatum or The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, is an Angevin charter originally issued in Latin in the year 1215.

+An exemplified copy (or exemplification) is an official attested copy or transcript of a public instrument, made under the seal and original pen-in-hand signature^[1] of a court or public functionary^[2] and in the name of the sovereign,^[3] e.g., "The People of the State of New York".

+The Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement for Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents, the Apostille convention, or the Apostille treaty is an international treaty drafted by the Hague Conference on Private International Law.

+International Business Machines Corporation, or IBM, is a multinational technology and consulting corporation, with headquarters in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and markets computer hardware and software, and offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology.

+Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that mediates the addition of phosphate molecules onto serine and threonine amino acid residues. First discovered in 1980 as a regulatory kinase for its namesake, Glycogen synthase,^[2] GSK-3 has since been identified as a kinase for over forty different proteins in a variety of different pathways.^[3] In mammals GSK-3 is encoded by two known genes, GSK-3 alpha (GSK3A) and GSK-3 beta (GSK3B).

+Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known in medical literature as Alzheimer disease, is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to death. It was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him.^[1] Most often, AD is diagnosed in people over 65 years of age,^[2] although the less-prevalent early-onset Alzheimer's can occur much earlier. In 2006, there were 26.6 million sufferers worldwide. 

+The Computing Tabulating Recording Company (CTR)^[1] was incorporated by Charles R. Flint on June 16, 1911, as the merger of four companies.^[2] CTR was the forerunner of IBM. It was initially located in Endicott, New York a few miles west of Binghamton.

+Starting at the end of the nineteenth century, well before the advent of electronic computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical devices called unit record^[1] equipment, electric accounting machines (EAM) or tabulating machines. Unit record machines came to be as ubiquitous in industry and government in the first two-thirds of the twentieth century as computers became in the last third. They allowed large volume, sophisticated, data-processing tasks to be accomplished before electronic computers were invented and while they were still in their infancy.

+Early-onset Alzheimer's disease, also called early-onset Alzheimer's, or early-onset AD, is the term used for cases of Alzheimer's disease diagnosed before the age of 65. It is an uncommon form of Alzheimer's, accounting for only 5-10% of all Alzheimer's cases.

+Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) or Early onset Familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) is an uncommon form of Alzheimer's disease that usually strikes earlier in life, defined as before the age of 65 (usually between 50 and 65 years of age, but can be as early as 15) and is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, identified by genetics and other characteristics such as the age of onset. It accounts for approximately half the cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease.

+Gurdwara Sahib Klang is a Sikh gurdwara located in the town of Klang in Selangor, Malaysia. It was constructed between November 1993 and late 1995. The total cost of the building was nearly RM 2,000,000 and out of which RM 100,000 was donated by the Prime Minister's Department. Donations were received from the Sikh Sangat from all over Malaysia to complete this project.

+Darbar Sahib refers to the main hall within a Sikh gurdwara. This hall is where the holy text, current and perpetual Guru of the Sikhs, the Guru Granth Sahib is placed on a takhat or throne in a prominent central position.

+Rabban Bar Sauma (c. 1220–1294) (ܪܒܢ ܒܪ ܨܘܡܐ; IPA: [Rɑbbɑn bɑrsˤɑuma]), also known as Rabban Ṣawma or Rabban Çauma,^[1] (Chinese: 拉賓掃務瑪), was aTurkic/Mongol monk turned diplomat of the Nestorian Christian faith.

+The classical Mongolian script (in Mongolian script Mongγol bičig; in Mongolian Cyrillic: Монгол бичиг, Mongol bichig), also known as Uyghurjin Mongol bichig, was the first writing system created specifically for the Mongolian language, and was the most successful until the introduction of Cyrillic in 1946. 

+Marco Polo (ⁱ/ˈmɑrkoʊ ˈpoʊloʊ/; Italian pronunciation: [ˈmarko ˈpɔːlo]; c.1254 – January 8–9, 1324)^[1] was an Italian merchant traveler from the Republic of Venice^[2][3] whose travels are recorded in Livres des merveilles du monde, a book which did much to introduce Europeans to Central Asia and China.

+Yahballaha III (1245–1317),^[1] known in earlier years as Rabban Marcos or Markos, was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1281 to 1317. As a young man, he engaged in a remarkable journey, which began as an ascetic monk's pilgrimage from China to Jerusalem, led him to the Patriarch position in Baghdad, and brought him to recommend his former teacher and traveling companion, the monk Rabban Bar Sauma, to become the first Asian ambassador to Europe.

+The Patriarch of the Church of the East (or Patriarch of the East)^[1] is the patriarch, or leader and head bishop (sometimes referred to as Catholicos or universal leader) of the Church of the East. The position dates to the early centuries of Christianity in Persia, and the church has been known by a variety of names, including Nestorian Church, the Persian Church, the Sassanid Church, or East Syrian.^[2] In the 16th and 17th century the Church experienced a series of splits, resulting in a series of competing patriarchs and lineages. Today, the two principal churches that emerged from these splits, the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church, each have their own patriarch, the Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East and the Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans, respectively.

+Elisha Kent Kane (February 28, 1820 – February 16, 1857) was an American explorer, and a medical officer in the United States Navy during the first half of the 19th century. He was a member of two Arctic expeditions to rescue the explorer Sir John Franklin. He was present at the discovery of Franklin's first winter camp, but he did not find out what had happened to the fatal expedition.

+Rear-Admiral Sir John Franklin KCH FRGS RN (16 April 1786 – 11 June 1847) was a British Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer. Franklin also served as governor of Tasmania for several years. He disappeared on his last expedition, attempting to chart and navigate a section of the Northwest Passage in the Canadian Arctic. The icebound ships were abandoned and the entire crew perished fromstarvation, hypothermia, tuberculosis, lead poisoning and scurvy.

+Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB (short for tubercle bacillus) is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis.^[1]Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body.

+Scurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of collagen in humans. 

+In medicine (gastroenterology), esophagogastroduodenoscopy or panendoscopy is a diagnostic endoscopic procedure that visualizes the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract up to the duodenum. 

+Smith Sound is an uninhabited Arctic sea passage between Greenland and Canada's northernmost island, Ellesmere Island. It links Baffin Bay with Kane Basin and forms part of the Nares Strait.

+Sir Edward Augustus Inglefield (27 March 1820 – 4 September 1894) was a Royal Naval officer who led one of the searches for the missing Arctic explorer John Franklin during the 1850s. In doing so, his expedition charted previously unexplored areas along the northern Canadian coastline, including Baffin Bay, Smith Sound and Lancaster Sound. He was also the inventor of the marine hydraulic steering gear and the anchor design that bears his name. The warship HMS Inglefield is named after him.

+The Honourable John Maler Collier OBE RP ROI (27 January 1850 – 11 April 1934) was a leading English artist, and an author.^[1] He painted in the Pre-Raphaelite style, and was one of the most prominent portrait painters of his generation. Both his marriages were to daughters of Thomas Henry Huxley. He studied painting at the Munich Academy where he enrolled on 14 April 1875 (Register: 3145) at the age of 25.

+Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist (comparative anatomist), known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

+Agnosticism is the view that the truth values of certain claims—especially claims about the existence or non-existence of any deity, as well as other religious and metaphysical claims—are unknown and (so far as can be judged) unknowable.^[1][2][3] Agnosticism can be defined in various ways, and is sometimes used to indicate doubt or a skeptical approach to questions. In some senses, agnosticism is a stance about the difference between belief and knowledge, rather than about any specific claim or belief.

+Cleisthenes (/ˈklaɪsθəˌniz/; Greek: Κλεισθένης, also Clisthenes or Kleisthenes) was a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508/7 BC.^[1] For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the father of Athenian democracy."^[2] He was the maternal grandson of the tyrant Cleisthenes of Sicyon, as the younger son of the latter's daughter Agariste and her husband Megacles. Also, he was credited with increasing the power of the Athenian citizens’ assembly and for reducing the power of the nobility over Athenian politics. 

+Nicolas Steno (1 January 1638 – 25 November 1686^[7][8] [NS: 11 January 1638 – 5 December 1686]^[7]) was a Danish Catholic bishop and scientist and a pioneer in both anatomy and geology. Steno was trained in the classical texts on science; however, by 1659 he seriously questioned accepted knowledge of the natural world.^[9] Importantly he questioned explanations for tear production, the idea that fossils grew in the ground and explanations of rock formation. His investigations and his subsequent conclusions on fossils and rock formation have led scholars to consider him one of the founders of modern stratigraphy and modern geology.

+Veneration (Latin veneratio, Greek δουλεία, douleia), or veneration of saints, is the act of honoring a saint, a person who has been identified as having a high degree of sanctity or holiness.^[1] Angels are shown similar veneration in many religions. Philologically, "to venerate" derives from the Latin verb, venerare, meaning to regard with reverence and respect. Veneration of saints is practiced, formally or informally, by adherents of some branches of all major religions, including Christianity, Judaism,^[2] Hinduism,^[3] Islam,^[4] and Buddhism.

+In geology and related fields, a stratum (plural: strata) is a layer of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers. The "stratum" is the fundamental unit in a stratigraphic column and forms the basis of the study of stratigraphy.

+Stratigraphy is a branch of geology which studies rock layers and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks. Stratigraphy includes two related subfields: lithologic stratigraphy or lithostratigraphy, and biologic stratigraphy or biostratigraphy.

+The Counter-Reformation (also the Catholic Revival^[1] or Catholic Reformation) was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), which is sometimes considered a response to the Protestant Reformation. 

+Suleiman I /ˌsʊlɪˈmɑːn/; known as “the Magnificent” in the West and “Kanuni” (the Lawgiver) in the East, (6 November 1494 – 7 September 1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning Emperor, Sultan of theOttoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566.

+The Growth of the Ottoman Empire (29 May 1453 – 11 November 1606) is the period followed after the Rise of the Ottoman Empire in which the Ottoman state reached the Pax Ottomana. In this period, the Ottoman Empire expanded southwestwards into North Africa and battled with the re-emergent Persian Shi'ia Safavid Empire to the east. The growth period was followed by the Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire.

+Uzun Hasan or Hassan (1423 – January 6, 1478) (Azerbaijani: اوزون حسن , Uzun Həsən; Turkish: Uzun Hasan, where uzun means "tall"; Persian: اوزون حسن‎), Sultan of the Aq Qoyunlu dynasty, or White Sheep Turkmen. Hassan was ruler of (western) Iran which included also parts of present-day Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Armenia between 1453 and 1478.

+The Ağ Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans (Azerbaijani: Ağqoyunlular, Turkish: Akkoyunlular, Persian: آق قویونلو), was a Sunni^[3] Oghuz Turkic tribal federationthat ruled parts of present-day Eastern Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, and Iran from 1378 to 1501.

+Sultan (Arabic: سلطان‎ Sulṭān, pronounced [ˈsulˈtˤɑːn]) is a noble title with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership" and "dictatorship", derived from the masdar سلطة sulṭah, meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e., the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), without claiming the overall caliphate, or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate.

+Mehmed II or Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (30 March 1432 – 3 May 1481) (Ottoman Turkish: محمد ثانى, Meḥmed-i s̠ānī; Turkish: II. Mehmet; also known as el-Fātiḥ, الفاتح, "the Conqueror" in Ottoman Turkish; in modern Turkish, Fatih Sultan Mehmet; also called Mahomet II^[1][2] in early modern Europe) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire twice, first for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire, transforming the Ottoman state into an empire.

+Rhodes (Greek: Ρόδος, Ródos, [ˈroðos]) is an island in Greece, located in the eastern Aegean Sea. It is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of both land area and population, with a population of 115,490 (2011 census),^[1] and also the island group's historical capital. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of theSouth Aegean region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Rhodes.

+Yasir Suleiman CBE is the Sultan Qaboos Bin Said Professor of Modern Arabic Studies at the University of Cambridge.^[1][2] He is a Palestinian Arab living in diaspora.

+James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the English and Scottish crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of England and Scotland were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.

+Daniël Mijtens (c. 1590 – 1647/48), known in England as Daniel Mytens the Elder, was a Dutch portrait painter who spent the central years of his career working in England.

+Daniël Mijtens the Younger (1644, The Hague – 1688, The Hague), was a Dutch Golden Age painter and the son of Daniel Mytens the Elder.

+The Bentvueghels (Dutch for "Birds of a Feather") were a society of mostly Dutch and Flemish artists active in Rome from about 1620 to 1720. They are also known as the Schildersbent("painters' clique").

+The East India Company (EIC), originally chartered as the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies, and more properly called the Honourable East India Company, was an English and later (from 1707)^[1] British joint-stock company^[2] formed for pursuing trade with the East Indies but which ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent, North-west frontier province and Balochistan.

+The East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, passed in 1873, that formally dissolved the British East India Company.

+John III Sobieski (Polish: Jan III Sobieski, Lithuanian: Jonas Sobieskis; 17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from 1674 until his death King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Sobieski's 22-year-reign was marked by a period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed after the turmoil of the Deluge and Khmelnytsky Uprising.^[1] Popular among his subjects, he was an able military commander, most famous for the victory over the Turks in the 1683 Battle of Vienna.

+Lechia is the historical and/or alternative name of Poland,^[1] stemming from the word Lech (which is also a common first name). 

+The Ottoman Turkish language or Ottoman language (لسان عثمانى‎ Lisân-ı Osmânî ) is the variety of the Turkish language that was used in the Ottoman Empire. It borrows extensively from Arabic andPersian, and was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Consequently, Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and rural Turks, who continued to use kaba Türkçe("raw Turkish"), which used far fewer foreign loanwords and which is the basis of the modern Turkish language.

+he Battle of Vienna (German: Schlacht am Kahlenberg, Polish: Bitwa pod Wiedniem or Odsiecz Wiedeńska, Turkish: İkinci Viyana Kuşatması) took place on 11 and 12 September^[10] 1683 after Vienna had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. It was a battle of the Holy Roman Empire in league with the Polish Commonwealth (Holy League) versus the Ottoman Empire and chiefdoms of the Ottoman Empire, and took place at the Kahlenberg mountain near Vienna. 

+The Siege of Vienna in 1529 was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, to capture the city of Vienna, Austria. The siege signaled the pinnacle of the Ottoman Empire's power, the maximum extent of Ottoman expansion in central Europe, and was the result of a long-lasting rivalry with European powers.^{[citation needed]} Thereafter, 150 years of bitter military tension and reciprocal attacks ensued, culminating in the Battle of Vienna of 1683, which marked the start of the 15-year long Great Turkish War.

+Emperor Meiji (明治天皇 Meiji-tennō^?, 3 November 1852 – 30 July 1912), or Meiji the Great (明治大帝 Meiji-taitei^?), was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 3 February 1867 until his death. He presided over a time of rapid change in Japan, as the nation quickly changed from a feudal state to a capitalist and imperial world power, characterised by Japan's industrial revolution.

+The daimyo (大名 daimyō^?,  Pronunciation (help·info)) (dah-ee-myoh) were the powerful territorial lords^[1] in pre-modern Japan who ruled most of the country from their vast, hereditary land holdings. In the term, "dai" (大^?) literally means "large", and "myō" stands for myōden (名田^?), meaning private land.

+The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Tokugawa bakufu (徳川幕府^?) and the Edo bakufu (江戸幕府^?), was a feudal Japanese military government which existed between 1600 and 1868.^[1] The heads of government were the shoguns,^[2] and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan.^[3] The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle; and the years of shogunate became known as the Edo period.^[4] This time is also called the Tokugawa period^[1] or pre-modern (Kinsei).^[

⁺Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.); widely known in English by his Latinized name Gustavus Adolphus, or as Gustavus Adolphus the Great (Swedish: Gustav Adolf den store, Latin: Gustavus Adolphus Magnus, a formal posthumous distinction passed by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634); was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632 and is credited as the founder ofSweden as a Great Power (Swedish: Stormaktstiden). He led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe.

+Augustus (Latin: Imperator Caesar Divi F. Augustus,^{[note 1]} 23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14 AD) was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.

+Pax Romana (Latin for "Roman peace") was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Since it was established by Caesar Augustus it is sometimes called Pax Augusta. Its span was about 207 years (27 BC to 180 AD).

+Cyrus II of Persia (Old Persian: ^[5] Kūruš; New Persian: کوروش بزرگ c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC^[6]), commonly known as Cyrus the Great,^[7] also known as Cyrus the Elder, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire.^[8] Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East,^[8] expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia and the Caucasus.

+The Syr Darya^{[pronunciation?]} (Persian: سيردريا‎; Tajik: Сирдарё; Kazakh: Сырдария ; Arabic: سيحون‎; Uzbek: Sirdaryo), also transliterated Syrdarya or Sirdaryo, is a river in Central Asia, sometimes known as the Jaxartes or Yaxartes^{[pronunciation?]} from its Ancient Greek name Ἰαξάρτης. The Greek name is derived from Old Persian, Yakhsha Arta ("Great Pearly"), a reference to the color of the river's water. In medieval Arabic writings, the river is uniformly known as Sayhoun (سيحون) - and is considered one of the four rivers whose common source lies in Paradise (the other three being Amu Darya/Jayhoun, the Nile, and the Euphrates).

+Frederick II (German: Friedrich II.; 24 January 1712 – 17 August 1786) was King in Prussia (1740–1786) of the Hohenzollern dynasty.^[1] He is best known for his brilliance in military campaigning and organization of Prussian armies. He became known as Frederick the Great (Friedrich der Große) and was nicknamed Der Alte Fritz ("Old Fritz"). He was a grandson of George I of Great Britain, and also a nephew of George II.

+West Prussia (German: Westpreußen; Polish: Prusy Zachodnie) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773–1824 and 1878–1919/20 which was created out of the earlier Polish fiefdom of Royal Prussia. In February 1920, Germany (after it had been defeated in 1918) handed over West Prussia's central parts to become the so-called Polish Corridor (i.e. Pomeranian Voivodeship) and the Free City of Danzig, while the parts remaining with the German Weimar Republic became the new Posen-West Prussia or were joined to the Province of East Prussia as Regierungsbezirk West Prussia.

+Silesia (/saɪˈliːʒə/ or /saɪˈliːʃə/; Polish: Śląsk [ɕlɔ̃sk]; German:  Schlesien (help·info); Silesian German: Schläsing; Czech: Slezsko; Silesian: Ślůnsk [ɕlonsk]; Latin: Silesia) is a region of Central Europelocated mostly in Poland, with smaller parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

+The Silesian Piasts were the eldest line of the Piast dynasty beginning with Władysław II the Exile, son of Bolesław III Wrymouth, Duke of Poland. According to Bolesław's testament, Władysław II the Exile was granted theSilesian province as his hereditary realm and also the Seniorate Province because he was the oldest among the Piasts.

+Władysław II the Exile (Polish: Władysław II Wygnaniec) (1105 – 30 May 1159) was a High Duke of Poland and Duke of Silesia from 1138 until his expulsion in 1146. He is the progenitor of the Silesian Piasts.

+Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she used the additional title of Empress of India.

+Louis XIV (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (le Roi-Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France andNavarre from 1654 until his death.^[1] His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of monarchs of major countries in European history.

+Hyacinthe Rigaud (18 July 1659 – 29 December 1743) was a French baroque painter of Catalan origin whose career was based in Paris.

+IODA (Independent Online Distribution Alliance) – now The Orchard^[1] – is a global sales, marketing and distribution company exploiting independent artists, labels, filmmakers and other content providers on hundreds of digital and mobile outlets around the world.

+Customer relationship management (CRM) is a model for managing a company’s interactions with current and future customers. It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize sales, marketing, customer service, andtechnical support.

+A cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie, is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored in a user's web browser while a user is browsing a website. When the user browses the same website in the future, the data stored in the cookie is sent back to the website by the browser to notify the website of the user's previous activity.^[1] Cookies were designed to be a reliable mechanism for websites to remember the state of the website or activity the user had taken in the past.

+Keyhole Markup Language (KML) is an XML notation for expressing geographic annotation and visualization within Internet-based, two-dimensional maps and three-dimensional Earth browsers. KML was developed for use with Google Earth, which was originally named Keyhole Earth Viewer.

+GPX, or GPS eXchange Format is an XML schema designed as a common GPS data format for software applications.

+A subpoena /səˈpiːnə/ is a writ by a government agency, most often a court, that has authority to compel testimony by a witness or production of evidence under a penalty for failure.

+Generally speaking, an application programming interface (API) specifies how some software components should interact with each other.

+C++ (pronounced "see plus plus") is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises bothhigh-level and low-level language features.^[3] Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs, C++ was originally named C with Classes, adding object oriented features, such as classes, and other enhancements to the C programming language. The language was renamed C++ in 1983,^[4] as a pun involving the increment operator.

+Entropy is a measure of the number of specific ways in which a system may be arranged, often taken to be a measure of disorder. The entropy of an isolated system never decreases, because isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic equilibrium, which is the state of maximum entropy.

+DAF-16 is the sole ortholog of the FOXO family of transcription factors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.^[1] DAF-16 is notable for being the primary transcription factor required for the profound lifespan extension observed upon mutation of theinsulin-like receptor daf-2.

+Wax bullets are bullets made of wax, often paraffin wax or some mixture of waxes and other substances that produce the desired consistency. Wax bullets are typically used in a primed cartridge case, with no gunpowder. The primer provides all the necessary power to propel the wax bullet at low velocities. Wax bullets have been in use for over a century, providing a projectile for use in training, indoor shooting, and shooting competitions where a high velocity metal bullet would be needlessly hazardous.

+Immortality is the ability to live forever, or eternal life.^[2] Biological forms have inherent limitations which medical interventions or engineering may or may not be able to overcome. Natural selection has developed potential biological immortality in at least one species, the jellyfish Turritopsis nutricula.

+Vitrification (from Latin vitreum, "glass" via French vitrifier) is the transformation of a substance into a glass.^[1] Usually, it is achieved by rapidly cooling a liquid through the glass transition. Certain chemical reactions also result in glasses. An important application is the vitrification of an antifreeze-like liquid in cryopreservation.

+A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain.

+Connectomics is a high-throughput application of neural imaging and histological techniques in order to increase the speed, efficiency, and resolution of maps of the multitude of neural connections in a nervous system. The principal focus of such a project is the brain, although any neural connections could theoretically be mapped by connectomics, including, for example, neuromuscular junctions. The map produced by such a project is called a connectome.

+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), or magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize internal structures of the body in detail. MRI makes use of the property of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to image nuclei of atoms inside the body. 

+In neuroscience, tractography is a 3D modeling technique used to visually represent neural tracts using data collected by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).^[1] It uses special techniques of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computer-based image analysis. The results are presented in two- and three-dimensional images.

+Olethreutes is a large genus of tortrix moths (family Tortricidae). It is the type genus of its tribe (Olethreutini) and subfamily (Olethreutinae).

+John Horton Conway (born 26 December 1937) is a British mathematician active in the theory of finite groups, knot theory, number theory, combinatorial game theory and coding theory. He has also contributed to many branches of recreational mathematics, notably the invention of the cellular automaton called the Game of Life.

+The Conway Baronetcy, of Bodrythan in the County of Flint, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 25 July 1660 for Henry Conway, subsequently Member of Parliament for Flintshire. He was a descendant of John Conway, whose brother Edward was the ancestor of the Earls of Conway. The second Baronet represented both Flintshire and Flint in Parliament. The title became extinct on his death in 1721.

+The Clock of the Long Now, also called the 10,000-year clock, is a proposed mechanical clock designed to keep time for 10,000 years. The project to build it is part of the Long Now Foundation.

+Broderick Steven "Steve" Harvey (born January 17, 1957)^[2] is an American actor, comedian, entertainer, television/radio personality and best-selling author who hosts The Steve Harvey Morning Show,Steve Harvey, and Family Feud. He is the author of Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man, which was published in March 2009, and the book Straight Talk, No Chaser: How to Find and Keep a Man.

+Wolf Isaac Blitzer (born March 22, 1948) is an American journalist and television news anchor who has been a CNN reporter since 1990. He is the senior anchor of all CNN programs currently in production. Blitzer is currently the host of The Situation Room, CNN Newsroom and CNN's lead political anchor.^[2] He was the host of the Sunday talk show Late Edition until it was discontinued on January 11, 2009. Blitzer previously hosted Wolf Blitzer Reports, which was replaced by The Situation Room.

+KDT Nacional was a Peruvian football club, playing in the city of Callao, Lima, Peru.

+Knights of the Dinner Table (KoDT) is a comic book/strip created by Jolly R. Blackburn^[1][2] and published by Kenzer & Company. It primarily focuses on a group of role playing gamers and their actions at the gaming table, which often result in unfortunate, but humorous consequences in the game. The name is a parody of King Arthur's round table reinforced by the truism that roleplaying aficionados often end up sitting round their host's dinner table as it is the only one large enough to accommodate the party (4 to 8 people typically).

+Frank "the Prime Minister" Costello (born Francesco Castiglia; January 26, 1891 - February 18, 1973) was an Italian gangster and crime boss. Costello rose to the top of America's underworld, controlled a vast gambling empire across the United States and enjoyed political influence.

+Li'l Abner is a satirical American comic strip that appeared in many newspapers in the United States, Canada and Europe, featuring a fictional clan of hillbillies in the impoverished mountain village of Dogpatch, Arkansas. Written and drawn by Al Capp (1909–1979), the strip ran for 43 years, from August 13, 1934 through November 13, 1977. It was distributed by United Feature Syndicate. Comic strips typically dealt with northern urban experiences before Capp introduced the first strip based in the South. Although Capp was from Connecticut, he spent 43 years teaching the world about Dogpatch, reaching 60 million readers in over 900 American newspapers and 100 foreign papers in 28 countries. Inge says Capp, "had a profound influence on the way the world viewed the American South."

+Dick Tracy is a comic strip featuring Dick Tracy (originally Plainclothes Tracy^[1]), a hard-hitting, fast-shooting and intelligent police detective. Created by Chester Gould, the strip made its debut on October 4, 1931, in the Detroit Mirror.^[2] It was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977.

+The Katzenjammer Kids is an American comic strip created by the German immigrant Rudolph Dirks and drawn by Harold H. Knerr for 37 years (1912 to 1949).^[1] It debuted December 12, 1897 in the American Humorist, the Sunday supplement of William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. Dirks was the first cartoonist to express dialogue in comic characters through the use of speech balloons.

+Rudolph Dirks (February 26, 1877, Heide, Schleswig-Holstein Province – April 20, 1968, New York City) was one of the earliest and most noted comic strip artists, well-known for The Katzenjammer Kids(later known as The Captain and the Kids).

+A militia /mɨˈlɪʃə/,^[1] generally refers to an army or other fighting force that is composed of non-professional fighters; citizens of a nation or subjects of a state or government that can be called upon to enter a combat situation, as opposed to a professional force of regular soldiers or, historically, members of the fighting nobility. 

+Nizlopi /nɪzˈlɒpi/ were a two-piece band, from 1993–2010, with Luke Concannon on vocals, guitar,^[1] and bodhrán, and John Parker on double bass, human beatbox,^[1] and providing backing vocals. They were based in Leamington Spa, England.^[2] Prior to attending The Trinity Catholic School, Luke and John attended Chandlers Ridge Primary School.^{[citation needed]} The band is named after a Hungarian girl who Luke had a crush on at school.^[3] The band members have confirmed that they split on 10 February 2010.

+"JCB" (or "JCB Song") is the second single from Nizlopi's first album Half These Songs Are About You.

+In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Rhovanion or Wilderland was a large region of northern Middle-earth. It extended to the east as far as the inland Sea of Rhûn; north to the Grey Mountains and Iron Hills, home of the Dwarves; west to the range of the Hithaeglir, or Misty Mountains; and south to the line marked by the Limlight river, Anduin, Emyn Muil, Dagorlad, and the Ered Lithui.

+The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the Battle of Quebec, (Bataille des Plaines d'Abraham or Première bataille de Québec in French) was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War (referred to as the French and Indian War in the United States). The battle, which began on 13 September 1759, was fought between the British Army and Navy, and the French Army, on a plateau just outside the walls of Quebec City, on land that was originally owned by a farmer named Abraham Martin, hence the name of the battle.

+Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Gozon, Marquis de Saint-Veran (February 28, 1712 [O.S. February 17, 1712] – September 14, 1759) was a French soldier best known as the commander of the forces in North America during the Seven Years' War (whose North American theatre is called the French and Indian War in the United States).

+Elf was a rock band founded in 1967^[1] by singer and bassist Ronnie James Dio,^[2] keyboardist Doug Thaler,^[1] drummer Gary Driscoll,^[2] and guitarists Nick Pantas^[1] and David Feinstein^[2] (Dio's cousin).^[1] The band was originally called The Electric Elves,^[2] but was shortened to The Elves in 1968 and finally Elf in 1972.^[1] Elf disbanded in 1975 after recording three albums and after most of the lineup had been absorbed into Ritchie Blackmore's new group, Rainbow.^[

⁺Elf-ban Kakyūsei (エルフ版　下級生 Erufuban Kakyūsei^?) is an anime. It is unrelated to a different series of the same title, Kakyūsei, also produced by Pink Pineapple in 1995. It was based on a game originally created by Masato Hiruta more popularly known as Elf, and had a TV series produced after success of the OVA. The 14th episode of the TV series was never aired on television. The TV series produced further sequels and spin offs that were considerably more explicit than their earlier versions.

+Original video animation (オリジナル・ビデオ・アニメーション Orijinaru bideo animēshon^?), abbreviated as OVA (オーブイエー / オーヴィーエー / オヴァ ōbuiē, ōvīē or ova^?) media (and sometimes as OAV, original animated video, by English-speakers, though it was mistaken for "Original Adult Video"), are animated films and series made specially for release in home-video formats. The term originated in relation to Japanese animation (anime).^{[citation needed]} Most producers of OVAs release them direct-to-video, without prior showings on television or in theatres; however, there may be very rare occasions where, for example, the first part of an OVA series is broadcast for promotional purposes. OVA titles were originally made available on VHS, later becoming more popular on LaserDisc and eventuallyDVD.^[1] Starting in summer 2008 the term OAD (original animation DVD)^[2][3] began to refer to DVD releases published bundled with their source material manga.

+Leg before wicket (lbw) is one of the ways in which a batsman can be dismissed in the sport of cricket. The basis of the law is that, following an appeal by the fielding side, the umpire may rule a batsman out lbw if the ball would have struck the wicket but was intercepted by any part of the batsman's body except the hand holding his bat. The umpire's decision will depend on a number of criteria, including where the ball pitched, whether the ball hit in line with the wickets and whether the batsman was offering a shot.

+The Badminton Library, called in full The Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes, was a sporting and publishing project conceived and founded by Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort (1824–1899). Between 1885 and 1902 it developed into a series of sporting books which aimed to cover comprehensively all major sports and pastimes. The books were published in London by Longmans, Green & Co.^[1] and in Boston by Little, Brown & Co.

+Captain Henry Charles FitzRoy Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort KG, PC, DL (1 February 1824 – 30 April 1899), styled Earl of Glamorgan until 1835 and Marquess of Worcester from 1835 to 1853,^[1]was a British peer, soldier and Conservative politician. He served as Master of the Horse between 1858 and 1859 and again between 1866 and 1868.

+In the United Kingdom, a Deputy Lieutenant is a military commission and one of several deputies to the Lord Lieutenant of a lieutenancy area; an English ceremonial county, Welsh preserved county, Scottish lieutenancy area, or Northern Irishcounty borough or county.

+he Most Noble Order of the Garter, founded in 1348, is the highest order of chivalry existing in England and is dedicated to the image and arms of St. George as England's patron saint. It is bestowed on recipients from British and other Commonwealth realms. After peerages (and after the Victoria Cross and George Cross), it is the pinnacle of the honours system in the United Kingdom. Membership in the order is limited to the Sovereign, the Prince of Wales, and no more than twenty-four members, or Companions. The order also includes supernumerary knights and ladies (e.g., members of the British Royal Family and foreign monarchs).

+Prince of Wales (Welsh: Tywysog Cymru) is a title traditionally granted to the heir apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the 15 other independent Commonwealth realms (and formerly of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, before that the Kingdom of Great Britain and before that the Kingdom of England). The current Prince of Wales is Prince Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II.

+The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of the armed forces of various Commonwealth countries, and previous British Empire territories.^[3] After peerages, it is the pinnacle of the British honours system. It is worn before all other orders, decorations and medals. It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command.

+Buckingham Palace is the official London residence and principal workplace of the British monarch.^[1] Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focus for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.

+The George Cross (GC) is the equal highest award of the United Kingdom honours system,^[2] being second in the order of wear (but equal precedence) to the Victoria Cross.^[3] The GC is the highest gallantry award for civilians, as well as for members of the armed forces in actions for which purely military honours would not normally be granted.

+Supernumerary is an adjective which means "exceeding the usual number". When used as a noun, "supernumerary" means a temporary employee, additional society member, or extra manpower,^[1][2]usually in a function which has a temporary contract. Its counterpart, "numerary", is a civil designation for persons who are incorporated in a fixed or permanent way to a society or group, meaning a regular member of the working staff; permanent staff or member.

+Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign in the United Kingdom. Its membership is mostly made up of senior politicians who are (or have been) members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords.

+The First Presbyterian Church and Cemetery in New Brunswick, New Jersey is one of the oldest churches in the Presbyterian denomination. It was the seat of the Presbytery of New Brunswick which is now located in Trenton, New Jersey.^[

⁺John Gresham Machen (/ˈdʒɒn ˈɡrɛsəm ˈmeɪtʃən/; July 28, 1881 – January 1, 1937) was an American Presbyterian theologian in the early 20th century. He was the Professor of New Testament atPrinceton Seminary between 1906 and 1929, and led a conservative revolt against modernist theology at Princeton and formed Westminster Theological Seminary as a more orthodox alternative. As theNorthern Presbyterian Church continued to reject conservative attempts to enforce faithfulness to the Westminster Confession, Machen led a small group of conservatives out of the church to form theOrthodox Presbyterian Church. 

+The Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC) is a conservative Presbyterian denomination located primarily in the United States. It was founded by conservative members of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (PCUSA) who strongly objected to the pervasive Modernist theology during the 1930s (see Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy). Led by J. Gresham Machen, who had helped found Westminster Theological Seminary, the church attempted to preserve historic Calvinism within a Presbyterian structure.

+Brucemore, a park-like, 26-acre (110,000 m²) estate in the heart of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, is the site of a Queen Anne-style mansion, formal gardens, a children’s garden, night garden, pond, orchard, and woodland. Built between 1884 and 1886 by Caroline Sinclair, widow of pioneer industrialist T.M. Sinclair, Brucemore has been home to three prominent families who used the estate as a center for culture and the arts. Brucemore, whose name alludes to the Scottish moors of the second owner's ancestral home, is Iowa's only National Trust Historic Site and is preserved by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in co-stewardship with Brucemore, Inc. Under the name of the T.M. Sinclair Mansion, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.^[1] The mansion has three stories, and contains twenty-one rooms. Notable features of the home are its steeply gabled roof, five chimneys, and several turrets.

+Robert Francis Vaughn (born November 22, 1932) is an American actor noted for his stage, film and television work. His best-known TV roles include the suave spy Napoleon Solo in the 1960s series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and the wealthy detective Harry Rule in the 1970s series The Protectors. In film, he portrayed one of the title characters in The Magnificent Seven and Major Paul Krueger in The Bridge at Remagen, and provided the voice of Proteus IV, the computer villain of Demon Seed.

+The Man from U.N.C.L.E. is an American television series that was broadcast on NBC from September 22, 1964, to January 15, 1968. It follows the exploits of two secret agents, played by Robert Vaughn and David McCallum, who work for a fictitious secret international espionage and law-enforcement agency called U.N.C.L.E. Originally co-creator Sam Rolfe wanted to leave the meaning of U.N.C.L.E. ambiguous so it could be viewed as either referring to "Uncle Sam" or the United Nations.^[1] Concerns by the MGM Legal department about possible New York law violations for using the abbreviation "U.N." for commercial purposes resulted in the producers clarifying that U.N.C.L.E. was an acronym for the United Network Command for Law and Enforcement.^[2] Each episode of the television show had an "acknowledgement" credit to the U.N.C.L.E. on the end titles.

+Terence Steven "Steve" McQueen (March 24, 1930 – November 7, 1980) was an American actor.^[1] He was nicknamed "The King of Cool."^[2][3] His "anti-hero" persona, which he developed at the height of the Vietnam counterculture, made him one of the top box-office draws of the 1960s and 1970s.^[4] McQueen received an Academy Award nomination for his role in The Sand Pebbles. His other popular films include The Thomas Crown Affair, Bullitt, The Getaway, and Papillon, as well as the all-star ensemble films The Magnificent Seven, The Great Escape, and The Towering Inferno. In 1974, he became the highest-paid movie star in the world, although he then completely stopped acting for four years.^[5] McQueen was combative with directors and producers, but his popularity put him in high demand and enabled him to command large salaries.

+A protagonist (from Ancient Greek πρωταγωνιστής (protagonistes), meaning "one who plays the first part, chief actor"^[1]) is the main character (the central or primary personal figure) of a literary, theatrical, cinematic, or musical narrative, who ends up in conflict because of the antagonist. The audience is intended to most identify with the protagonist. In the theatre of Ancient Greece, three actors played all of the main dramatic roles in a tragedy; the leading role was played by the protagonist, while the other roles were played by deuteragonist and the tritagonist.

+The New York City draft riots (July 13 to July 16, 1863; known at the time as Draft Week^[2]) were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots were the largest civil insurrection in American history.

+Richard Orsini (Italian: Riccardo Orsini) was the Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos from before 1260 to his death in 1303/4, and also Captain-General of Corfu in 1286–90, Count of Gravina in 1284–91. He also served as the Angevin bailli in the Principality of Achaea from 1297 to 1300.

+The County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos existed from 1185 until 1479, as part of the Kingdom of Sicily.

+Australopithecus (pronounced aw-struh/strey-loh-pith-i-kuhs; from Latin australis "southern", Greek πίθηκος pithekos "ape") is an extinct genus of hominids. From the evidence gathered bypalaeontologists and archaeologists, it appears that the Australopithecus genus evolved in eastern Africa around 4 million years ago before spreading throughout the continent and eventually becoming extinct 2 million years ago.

+SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating protein 2 (srGAP2) also known as formin-binding protein 2 (FNBP2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SRGAP2 gene.

+The hydrogen economy is a proposed system of delivering energy using hydrogen. The term hydrogen economy was coined by John Bockris during a talk he gave in 1970 at General Motors (GM) Technical Center.

+Bernhardt Patrick John O’Mara Bockris, (born 5 January 1923, in Johannesburg, South Africa^[1]),deceased July 7, 2013, in Gainesville, Florida, had a successful and much decorated career as a Professor and Distinguished Professor in the physical sciences, chiefly electrochemistry. Among wide ranging contributions to physical chemistry Bockris is best known for his creation of Physical Electrochemistry, taking an old and decayed subject into modern times (1950 to 1970); for the introduction of a Hydrogen Economy (1971 to Present); and for the first known nuclear reactions to be carried out in aqueous solutions (1989 to 1997).

+Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H₂O) into oxygen (O₂) and hydrogen gas (H₂) due to an electric current being passed through the water.

+Johann Wilhelm Ritter (16 December 1776 – 23 January 1810) was a German chemist, physicist and philosopher. He was born in Samitz (Zamienice) near Haynau (Chojnów) in Silesia (then part ofPrussia, since 1945 in Poland), and died in Munich.

+In physics, the Faraday effect or Faraday rotation is a Magneto-optical phenomenon, that is, an interaction between light and a magnetic field in a medium. The Faraday effect causes a rotation of the plane of polarization which is linearly proportional to the component of the magnetic field in the direction of propagation. Formally, it is a special case of gyroelectromagnetism obtained when the dielectric permittivity tensor is diagonal.

+The Faraday-efficiency effect refers to the potential for misinterpretation of data from experiments in electrochemistry through failure to take into account a Faraday efficiency of less than 100 per cent.

+Faraday efficiency (also called faradaic efficiency, faradaic yield, coulombic efficiency or current efficiency) describes the efficiency with which charge (electrons) are transferred in a system facilitating an electrochemical reaction. The word "faraday" in this term has two interrelated aspects. First, the historic unit for charge is the faraday, but has since been replaced by the coulomb. Secondly, the related Faraday's constant correlates charge with moles of matter and electrons (amount of substance). This phenomenon was originally understood through Michael Faraday's work and expressed in his laws of electrolysis.

+Faraday's laws of electrolysis are quantitative relationships based on the electrochemical researches published by Michael Faraday in 1834.

+A lucid dream is any dream in which one is aware that one is dreaming. The phenomenon had also been referred to by Greek philosopher Aristotle who had observed: "often when one is asleep, there is something in consciousness which declares that what then presents itself is but a dream".^[1] One of the earliest references to personal experiences with lucid dreaming was by Marie-Jean-Léon, Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys.

+Marie-Jean-Léon Lecoq, Baron d'Hervey de Juchereau, Marquis d'Hervey de Saint-Denys (Chinese: 德理文; pinyin: Dé Lǐwén; 5 May 1822 – 2 November 1892), was a French sinologist and man of letters, and one of the earliest oneirologists (specialists in the study of dreams).

+Skynet is a fictional, self-aware artificial intelligence system which features centrally in the Terminator franchise and serves as the franchise's main antagonist. Scarcely depicted visually in any of the Terminator media, Skynet's operations are almost exclusively performed by war-machines, cyborgs (usually a Terminator), and other computer systems, with its ultimate goal the extinction of the human race.

+FLAC (/ˈflæk/; Free Lossless Audio Codec) is a codec (compressor-decompressor or coder-decoder) which allows digital audio to be losslessly compressed such that file size is reduced without any information being lost. Digital audio compressed by FLAC's algorithm can typically be reduced to 50–60% of its original size,^[3] and decompressed into an identical copy of the original audio data.

+Frigg (sometimes anglicized as Frigga) is a major goddess in Norse paganism, a subset of Germanic paganism. She is said to be the wife of Odin, and is the "foremost among the goddesses" and the queen of Asgard.^[1] Frigg appears primarily in Norse mythological stories as a wife and a mother. She is also described as having the power of prophecy yet she does not reveal what she knows.^[2] Frigg is described as the only one other than Odin who is permitted to sit on his high seat Hlidskjalf and look out over the universe. The English term Friday derives from the Anglo-Saxon name for Frigg, Frige.

+Norse religion refers to the religious traditions of the Norsemen prior to the Christianization of Scandinavia, specifically during the Viking Age.

+In Norse mythology, Iðunn is a goddess associated with apples and youth. Iðunn is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. In both sources, she is described as the wife of the skaldic god Bragi, and in the Prose Edda, also as a keeper of apples and granter of eternal youthfulness.

+In Norse mythology, Njörðr is a god among the Vanir. Njörðr is father of the deities Freyr and Freyja by his unnamed Vanr sister, was in an ill-fated marriage with the goddess Skaði, lives inNóatún and is associated with sea, seafaring, wind, fishing, wealth, and crop fertility.

+In Norse mythology, Loki, Loptr, or Hveðrungr is a god or jötunn (or both). Loki is the son of Fárbauti and Laufey, and the brother of Helblindi and Býleistr. By the jötunn Angrboða, Loki is the father of Hel, the wolf Fenrir, and the world serpent Jörmungandr. By his wife Sigyn, Loki is the father of Narfi and/or Nari. And by the stallion Svaðilfari, Loki is the mother—giving birth in the form of a mare—to the eight-legged horse Sleipnir. In addition, Loki is referred to as the father of Váli in the Prose Edda.

+In mythology, and in the study of folklore and religion, a trickster is a god, goddess, spirit, man, woman, or anthropomorphic animal who plays tricks or otherwise disobeys normal rules and conventional behavior. It is suggested by Hansen (2001) that the term "Trickster" was probably first used in this context by Daniel G. Brinton in 1885.

+Reynard (French: Renart; German: Reineke; Dutch: Reinaert) is a literary cycle of allegorical French, Dutch, English, and German fables largely concerned with Reynard, an anthropomorphic red fox andtrickster figure.

+SÁM 66 (Stofnun Árna Magnússonar á Íslandi) is an 18th-century manuscript now at the Árni Magnússon Institute, Iceland.

+The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies (Stofnun Árna Magnússonar í íslenskum fræðum) is an institute of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Iceland which conducts research in Icelandic and related academic studies, in particular the Icelandic language and Icelandic literature, to disseminate knowledge in those areas, and to protect and develop the collections that it possesses or those placed in its care. It is named after Árni Magnússon, a 17th-18th century collector of medieval Icelandic manuscripts.

+Landnámabók (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈlantnaumaˌpouk], “The Book of Settlements”), often shortened to Landnáma, is a medieval Icelandic written work describing in considerable detail the settlement (landnám)of Iceland by the Norse in the 9th and 10th centuries AD.

+Vellum is derived from the Latin word “vitulinum” meaning "made from calf", leading to Old French “Vélin” ("calfskin").^[1] It is mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on, to produce single pages, scrolls, codices or books. It is a near-synonym of the word parchment, but "vellum" tends to be the term used for finer-quality parchment.

+Michel Rodange (3 January 1827 – 27 August 1876) was a Luxembourgian writer and poet, best known for writing Luxembourg's national epic, Rénert the Fox.

+A national epic is an epic poem or a literary work of epic scope which seeks or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular nation; not necessarily a nation state, but at least an ethnic or linguistic group with aspirations toindependence or autonomy. National epics frequently recount the origin of a nation, a part of its history, or a crucial event in the development of national identity such as other national symbols. In a broader sense, a national epic may simply be an epic in the national language which the people or government of that nation are particularly proud of.

+Beowulf (/ˈbeɪ.ɵwʊlf/; in Old English [ˈbeːo̯wʊlf] or [ˈbeːəwʊlf]) is the conventional title^[1] of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature.

+The Anglo-Saxons were the population in Britain partly descended from the Germanic tribes who migrated from continental Europe and settled the south and east of the island beginning in the early 5th century. The Anglo-Saxon period denotes the period of English history after their initial settlement through their creation of the English nation, up to the Norman conquest; that is, between about 550 and 1066.^[1][2] The term Anglo-Saxon is also used for the language, today more correctly called Old English, that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons in England (and parts of south-easternScotland) between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century, after which it is known as Middle English.

+In Norse mythology, Freyja (Old Norse the "Lady") is a goddess associated with love, sexuality, beauty, fertility, gold, seiðr, war, and death. Freyja is the owner of the necklaceBrísingamen, rides a chariot pulled by two cats, owns the boar Hildisvíni, possesses a cloak of falcon feathers, and, by her husband Óðr, is the mother of two daughters, Hnoss andGersemi. Along with her brother Freyr (Old Norse the "Lord"), her father Njörðr, and her mother (Njörðr's sister, unnamed in sources), she is a member of the Vanir. Stemming from Old Norse Freyja, modern forms of the name include Freya, Frejya, Freyia, Frøya, Frøjya, and Freia.

+In Norse mythology, Hildisvíni (“battle swine”) is Freyja's boar which she rides when not using her cat-drawn chariot.

+The Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern was a 6th-century battle recorded in the Norse sagas and referred to in the Old English epic Beowulf. It has been dated to c. 530.

+Proto-Indo-European religion is the hypothesized religion of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) peoples based on the existence of similarities among the deities, religious practices and mythologies of the Indo-European peoples. Reconstruction of the hypotheses below is based on linguistic evidence using the comparative method. Archaeological evidence is difficult to match to any specific culture in the period of early Indo-European culture in the Chalcolithic.^[1] Other approaches to Indo-European mythology are possible, most notably the trifunctional hypothesis of Georges Dumézil.

+In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, as opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which analyzes the internal development of a single language over time.^[1] Ordinarily both methods are used together to reconstruct prehistoric phases of languages, to fill in gaps in the historical record of a language, to discover the development of phonological, morphological, and other linguistic systems, and to confirm or refute hypothesized relationships between languages.

+Internal reconstruction is a method of recovering information about a language's past from the characteristics of the language at a later date. Whereas the comparative method compares variations between languages—such as in sets of cognates—under the assumption that they descend from a single proto-language, internal reconstruction compares variant forms within a single language under the assumption that they descend from a single, regular form. For example, these could take the form of allomorphs of the same morpheme.

+A proto-language (alternatively known as a parent language, or common ancestor) in the tree model of historical linguistics is a hypothetical, or reconstructed, typically extinct language from which a number of attested, or documented, known languages are believed to have descended by evolution, or slow modification of the proto-language into languages that form a language family. Occasionally, the German term Ursprache (from Ur- "primordial" and Sprache "language", pronounced [ˈʔuːɐ.ʃpʁaː.xə]) is used instead.

+The Chalcolithic (Ancient Greek: χαλκός, khalkós, "copper" + Ancient Greek: λίθος, líthos, "stone") period or Copper Age, also known as the Eneolithic/Æneolithic (from Latin aeneus "of bronze"), is a phase of the Bronze Age in which the addition of tin to copper to form bronze during smelting remained yet unknown by the metallurgists of the times. The Copper Age was originally defined as a transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. Because it is characterized by the use of metals, the Copper Age is considered a part of the Bronze Age rather than the Stone Age.

+Mehrgarh (Balochi: Mehrgaŕh, Urdu: مہرگڑھ‎), sometimes Anglicized as Mehrgahr, Merhgarh or Merhgahr is one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE) sites inarchaeology. It lies on the "Kachi plain" of Balochistan, Pakistan. It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia.

+The trifunctional hypothesis of prehistoric Proto-Indo-European society postulates a tripartite ideology ("idéologie tripartite") reflected in the existence of three classes or castes—priests, warriors, andcommoners (farmers or tradesmen)—corresponding to the three functions of the sacral, the martial and the economic, respectively. This thesis is especially associated with the French mythographerGeorges Dumézil^[1] who proposed it in 1929 in the book Flamen-Brahman,^[2] and later in Mitra-Varuna.

+Georges Dumézil (French: [dymezil]; 4 March 1898 – 11 October 1986, Paris) was a French comparative philologist best known for his analysis of sovereignty and power in Proto-Indo-European religionand society. He is considered one of the major contributors to mythography, in particular for his formulation of the trifunctional hypothesis of social class in ancient societies.

+Romanticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution,^[1] it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.^[2] It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,^[3] education^[4] and the natural sciences.^[5] Its effect on politics was considerable and complex; while for much of the peak Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, in the long term its effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant.

+Sturm und Drang (German pronunciation: [ˈʃtʊʁm ʊnt ˈdʁaŋ], literally "Storm and Drive", "Storm and Urge", though conventionally translated as "Storm and Stress")^[1] is a proto-Romantic movement in German literature and music taking place from the late 1760s to the early 1780s, in which individual subjectivity and, in particular, extremes of emotion were given free expression in reaction to the perceived constraints of rationalism imposed by the Enlightenment and associated aestheticmovements. The period is named for Friedrich Maximilian Klinger's play Sturm und Drang, which was first performed by Abel Seyler's famed theatrical company in 1777.

+Abel Seyler (23 August 1730, Liestal – 25 April 1801, Rellingen; Abel Gerhard Jacob Seyler^[1]) was a Hamburg businessman of Swiss origin, a promoter of the theatre and opera and later a theatre director, as well as an actor and an active participant in the Sturm und Drang artistic period. He was "the leading patron of German theatre" in his lifetime,^[2] and is credited with introducing Shakespeare to a German language audience; he promoted the concept of a national theatre in the tradition of Ludvig Holberg, the Sturm und Drang playwrights, and a German opera.

+Ludvig Holberg, Baron of Holberg (December 3, 1684 – January 28, 1754) was a writer, essayist, philosopher, historian and playwright born in Bergen, Norway, during the time of the Dano-Norwegian double monarchy, who spent most of his adult life in Denmark. He was influenced by Humanism, the Enlightenment and the Baroque. Holberg is considered the founder of modern Danish and Norwegian literature,^[1][2] and is best known for the comedies he wrote in 1722–1723 for the theatre in Lille Grønnegade in Copenhagen. Holberg's works about natural and common law were widely read by many Danish law students over two hundred years, from 1736 to 1936.

+Anne-Louis Girodet (also given as Anne-Louis Girodet de Roucy-Triosson, Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson) (January 5, 1767 – December 9, 1824),^[1] was a French painter and pupil of Jacques-Louis David, who was part of the beginning of the Romantic movement by adding elements of eroticism through his paintings. Girodet is remembered for his precise and clear style and for his paintings of members of the Napoleonic family.

+Jacques-Louis David (ⁱ/ʒɑːkˈlwi ˈdɑːviːd/; French: [ʒak lwi david]) (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was an influential French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward a classical austerity and severity, heightened feeling^[1] chiming with the moral climate of the final years of the Ancien Régime.

+Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (IPA: [ma.ksi.mi.ljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃.swa ma.ʁi i.zi.dɔʁ də ʁɔ.bɛs.pjɛʁ]; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution.

+The Estates-General (or States-General) of 1789 (French: Les États-Généraux de 1789) was the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General, a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the common people (Third Estate). Summoned by King Louis XVI to propose solutions to his government's financial problems, the Estates-General sat for several weeks in May and June 1789 but came to an impasse as the three estates clashed over their respective powers.

+François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand (French pronunciation: ​[fʁɑ̃swa ʁəne də ʃatobʁijɑ̃]; 4 September 1768 – 4 July 1848) was a French writer, politician, diplomat and historian. He is considered the founder of Romanticism in French literature. Descended from an old Breton aristocratic family, Chateaubriand was a royalist by political disposition and in an age when a significant part of the intelligentsia was turning against the Church, authored the Génie du christianisme in defence of the Catholic faith. It is his autobiography Mémoires d'outre-tombe ("Memoirs from Beyond the Grave'", published posthumously 1848–1850), however, which is nowadays generally considered his most accomplished work.

+Caspar David Friedrich (September 5, 1774 – May 7, 1840) was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation.^[2] He is best known for his mid-period allegorical landscapes which typically feature contemplative figures silhouetted against night skies, morning mists, barren trees or Gothic ruins. His primary interest as an artist was the contemplation of nature, and his often symbolic and anti-classical work seeks to convey a subjective, emotional response to the natural world. Friedrich's paintings characteristically set a human presence in diminished perspective amid expansive landscapes, reducing the figures to a scale that, according to the art historian Christopher John Murray, directs "the viewer's gaze towards their metaphysical dimension".

+Wanderer above the Sea of Fog (German: Der Wanderer über dem Nebelmeer; also known as Wanderer Above the Mist) is an oil painting composed in 1818 by the German Romantic artistCaspar David Friedrich. It currently resides in the Kunsthalle Hamburg in Hamburg, Germany.

+The Elbe Sandstone Mountains,^[1] also called the Elbe sandstone highlands^[2] (German: Elbsandsteingebirge; Czech: Labské pískovce) is a mountain range straddling the border between the state of Saxony in southeastern Germany and the North Bohemian region of the Czech Republic, with about three-quarters of the area lying on the German side. The mountains are also referred to as Saxon Switzerland and Bohemian Switzerland in both German and Czech (Sächsische Schweiz and Böhmische Schweiz in German, Saské Švýcarsko and České Švýcarsko in Czech) or simply combined as Saxon-Bohemian Switzerland.^[3] In both countries, the mountain range has been declared a national park. The name derives from the sandstone which was carved by erosion. The river Elbe breaks through the mountain range in a steep and narrow valley.

+The Elbe (Czech:  Labe (help·info); German: Elbe; Low German: Elv) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It rises in the Krkonoše Mountains of the northern Czech Republic before traversing much of Bohemia (Czech Republic), then Germany and flowing into the North Sea at Cuxhaven, 110 km (68 mi) northwest of Hamburg. Its total length is 1,094 kilometres (680 mi).

+Goodwater is a village in southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, located approximately 50 km (31 mi) south of Weyburn.

+Selim Erdoğan (born 1962 in Elazığ) is a Turkish poet. With parents originally from Malatya, he nevertheless had all his life and schooling experience in Elazığ, the neighboring town, where his father had a job, including higher education at Elazığ's Fırat University, Faculty of Engineering. Upon graduation, he became a public employee, and, after a brief spell in Ankara, he chose to return to Elazığ, where he continued to work at the regional section of the same government office, the job he still holds. He is married, with three children.

+Carhuacallanga District is one of twenty-eight districts of the province Huancayo in Peru.

+Auto Train is an 855-mile-long (1,376 km) scheduled train service for passengers and their automobiles operated by Amtrak between Lorton, Virginia (near Washington, D.C.), and Sanford, Florida (near Orlando). Although there are similar services around the world, the Auto Train is the only one of its kind in the United States.^[2] The Auto Train is the only north–south Amtrak train in the east to use Superliner cars.

+City & Colour Live is the first live album by City and Colour. It is a live DVD and CD release featuring the live piano version of Alexisonfire's "Happiness By The Kilowatt".

+Robert Gwyn East (7 July 1943) is a theatre and TV actor. He also wrote Incident at Tulse Hill, first produced at the Hampstead Theatre in December 1981 under the direction of Harold Pinter.

+Randy J. LaPolla (In Chinese 羅仁地 Luo Rendi) is a professor of linguistics at Nanyang Technological University,^[1] specializing in the morphosyntax of Chinese, Qiang and Dulong/Rawang. He is well known as the author of a grammar of Qiang (LaPolla and Huang 2003) and as the coauthor of Van Valin and LaPolla (1997), a major work in Role and Reference Grammar.

+Fladimir da Cruz Freitas, better known as Lico (Chinese: 歷高 Lico, born January 20, 1974 in Brazil), is a retired Brazilian footballer who is now the Head coach for the Campeonato Brasileiro Série D club Cerâmica. He is notable for his brilliant performance in Sun Hei during 2005-06.

+Bullous small vessel vasculitis (also known as "Bullous variant of small vessel vasculitis") is a cutaneous condition in which patients with small vessel vasculitis will develop superimposed vesicles and bullae, especially on the distal extremities.

+William Irwin (born May 20, 1968 in Niagara Falls, Ontario) is a retired boxer, who represented Canada at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. There he was stopped in the second round of thelightweight division (– 60 kg) by Ronald Chavez of the Philippines. A year earlier he won the bronze medal at the Pan American Games in Havana, Cuba. Billy "the Kid" Irwin later had a successful professional career, establishing himself as a contender in the lightweight division. He retired from boxing after losing to Juan Diaz in 2005, his second unsuccessful world title challenge. His final record was 42(30)-6-0.

+Microdata Corporation was an Irvine, California-based computer company, developing hardware and operating systems to run its Reality environment. It later was taken over by its international distributor CMC Leasings, which in turn was taken over in 1983 by McDonnell Douglas Corporation.

+The Racketeer is a legal thriller novel written by John Grisham that was released on October 23, 2012 by Doubleday with an initial printing of 1.5 million copies.^[1] It was one of the best selling books of 2012 and spent several weeks atop various best seller lists.

+Kallangur is a suburb north of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. Its local government area is the Moreton Bay Region. The area once belonged to Mrs. Griffin of Whiteside located west of Petrie which was acquired by a Scottish migrant by the name of Thomas Petrie in 1855. The name Kallangur is originated from the Aboriginal word kalangoor, meaning a goodly or satisfactory place.

+Attili (Telugu: అత్తిలి) is a village and a mandal in West Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

+Jean–François Tielemans (Brussels, 15 November 1799 – Elsene, 5 July 1887) was a Belgian lawyer and liberal politician. He was interim governor of the province of Antwerp from 7 April 1831 until 14 June 1831 and governor of the province of Liège from 4 June 1831 until 4 October 1832.

+Hegyhátsál TV Tower is a 117 metres tall transmission tower near Hegyhátsál at Hungary at 46°57'21N and 16°39'08E. Hegyhátsál TV tower is a tower is one of the few partially guyed towers as it consists of a concrete tower as basement with a guyed mast on its top. 

+Boucardicus randalanai is a species of land snail with an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Cyclophoridae.

+Oxford English Dictionary 7th edition is the newest version in the Oxford English Dictionary series.

+"2nd Floor" is a song by Filipino singer Nina from her 2002 debut album Heaven.

+The Collared Palm Thrush (Cichladusa arquata) is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family. It is found in Botswana, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda,Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.

+Peyrun is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.

+Kuzhivelil Varkey Mathew (born 2 November 1931) is a biblical scholar and a member^[2] of the Society for Biblical Studies in India.

+Party Queen is the thirteenth full length studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Ayumi Hamasaki. The album was released digitally on March 14, 2012 and physically on March 21, 2012. It is Hamasaki's first studio album not to feature any physical single though "How Beautiful You Are" was released as a digital single. The album charted at No-2 behind Acid Black Cherry's 2012. This made Party Queen the second studio album by her not to chart at No-1, first being her 2008 album Guilty. This is Ayumi Hamasaki's second album to feature music video and songs recorded in London, United Kingdom.

+Ranney Bridge is a historic Pratt Pony Truss Bridge over the Ausable River at Keene Valley in Essex County, New York. It was built in 1902 and was built by the Canton Iron Bridge Company. It was originally located at the hamlet of New Russia and moved to its present site about 1925. It is 15 feet, 9 inches wide and spanning 59 feet, 9 inches at roughly 7 feet, 4 inches above water level.

+The Tulsa Union Depot (also known as the Tulsa Union Station) is a former railway station located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It was formerly a hub for railway activity in Tulsa, but has since been turned into an office building. The Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame is headquartered in the former Depot.

+Organ dysfunction is a condition where an organ does not perform its expected function. Organ failure is organ dysfunction to such a degree that normal homeostasis cannot be maintained without external clinical intervention.

+The Individual World Poetry Slam (iWPS) is a yearly Poetry Slam tournament put on by Poetry Slam, Inc. that pits individual slam poets from around the world against one another.

+Bradford Girls' Grammar School is an independent senior school for girls aged 11 – 18 with co-educational preparatory school and nursery, called Lady Royd Preparatory School for boys and girls aged 2 – 11 years.

+Gloria, Laus et Honor is a Christian hymn, composed by Theodulph of Orléans in 810. It is in Latin elegiacs, of which the Roman Missal takes the first six for the hymn following the procession on Palm Sunday (the use to which the hymn was always dedicated).

+The Gempeler Round Barn near Orfordville, Wisconsin, United States, is a round barn that was built in 1912. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1979.

+Sokoban is a town in Kumasi in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.

+United Nations Radio is the international broadcasting service of the United Nations. The radio broadcast is part of the World Radio Network. In the United States of America, the broadcast can be heard on Sirius Satellite Radio/XM Satellite Radio via the World Radio Network (of which UN Radio is a member).

+Hanneliese Spitz (born 24 November 1941) is an Austrian sprint canoer who competed in the mid-1960s. She won a bronze medal in the K-1 500 m event at the 1963 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championshipsin Jajce.

+Bhubaneshwar Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 21 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Orissa state in eastern India.

+The Boston mayoral election of 1991 occurred on Tuesday, November 5, 1991 between Mayor Raymond Flynn and Edward J. Doherty, president of the Boston Teachers Union. Flynn was re-elected to his third term.

+The Lok Sabha (Hindi: लोक सभा) or House of the People is the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by direct election under universal adult franchise. As of 2009, there have been fifteen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India. The Constitution limits the Lok Sabha to a maximum of 552 members, including no more than 20 members representing people from the Union Territories, and two appointed non-partisan members to represent the Anglo-Indian community (if the President feels that the community is not adequately represented).

+Pieter Bruegel (Brueghel) the Elder (/ˈbrɔɪɡəl/;^[1] Dutch pronunciation: [ˈpitəɾ ˈbɾøːɣəl]; c. 1525 – 9 September 1569) was a Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker known for his landscapes andpeasant scenes (so called genre painting). He is sometimes referred to as the "Peasant Bruegel." From 1559 he dropped the 'h' from his name and signed his paintings as Bruegel.

+The Darwin Awards are a tongue-in-cheek honor, originating in Usenet newsgroup discussions circa 1985. They recognize individuals who have contributed to human evolution by self-selectingthemselves out of the gene pool via death or sterilization via their own (unnecessarily foolish) actions. The project became more formalized with the creation of a website in 1993, and followed up by a series of books starting in 2000, authored by Wendy Northcutt. The criterion for the awards states, "In the spirit of Charles Darwin, the Darwin Awards commemorate individuals who protect our gene pool by making the ultimate sacrifice of their own lives. Darwin Award winners eliminate themselves in an extraordinarily idiotic manner, thereby improving our species' chances of long-term survival."

+The World Stupidity Awards is an award ceremony that recognizes achievement in ignorance and stupidity during the past year. The WSA was founded in 2003 by filmmaker Albert Nerenberg. The awards were sponsored by comedy festival Just for Laughs to 2007. Lewis Black, an American comedian, hosted the last three presentation ceremonies.

+Beelzebub's tube-nosed bat (Murina beelzebub), also Beelzebub bat or demon bat, is a species in the vesper bat family Vespertilionidae, found in the Greater Mekong region of Southeast Asia, specifically the Quảng Trị and Gia Lai provinces of Vietnam.^[1] They have tube-shaped nostrils (hence the name) which assist them with their feeding.

+The pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea) is a small New World monkey native to the rainforests of the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. It is notable for being the smallest monkey in the world at just over 100 grams (3.5 oz). It is generally found in evergreen and river edge forests and is a gum-feeding specialist.

+A pygmy is a member of an ethnic group whose average height is unusually short; anthropologists define pygmy as a member of any group where adult men are on average less than 150 cm (4 feet 11 inches) tall.^[1] A member of a slightly taller group is termed "pygmoid".^[2] The term is best associated with peoples of Central Africa, such as the Aka, Efé and Mbuti.^[3] If the term pygmy is defined as a group's men having an average height below 1.55 meters (5 feet 1 inch), then there are also pygmies in Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, the Andaman Islands^[4] Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea,Bolivia, and Brazil,^[5] including some Negritos of Southeast Asia.

+The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within theUnited States. Not only is the DEA the lead agency for domestic enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act, sharing concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) andImmigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), it also has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U.S. drug investigations abroad.

+Norse mythology or Scandinavian mythology is the body of mythology of the North Germanic peoples stemming from Norse paganism and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia and into the Scandinavian folklore of the modern period. The northernmost extension of Germanic mythology, Norse mythology consists of tales of various deities, beings, and heroes derived from numerous sources from both before and after the pagan period, including medieval manuscripts, archaeological representations, and folk tradition.

+Franz Kafka^[a] (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a German-language writer of novels and short stories, regarded by critics as one of the most influential authors of the 20th century. Kafka strongly influenced genres such as existentialism. His works, such as "Die Verwandlung" ("The Metamorphosis"), Der Process (The Trial), and Das Schloss (The Castle), are filled with the themes and archetypes of alienation, physical and psychological brutality, parent–child conflict, characters on a terrifying quest, labyrinths of bureaucracy, and mystical transformations.

+Existentialism is a term applied to the work of a number of late 19th- and 20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences,^[1][2][3] shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject—not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual.^[4] In existentialism, the individual's starting point is characterized by what has been called "the existential attitude", or a sense of disorientation and confusion in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world.^[5] Many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience.

+Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (/ˈsɔrən ˈkɪərkəɡɑrd/ or /ˈkɪərkəɡɔr/; Danish: [ˈsɶːɐn ˈkiɐ̯ɡəɡɒːˀ] ( listen)) (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian, poet, social critic, and religious author. He wrote critical texts on organized religion, Christendom, morality, ethics, psychology and philosophy of religion, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and parables. He is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher.

+In Norse mythology, Skaði (sometimes anglicized as Skadi, Skade, or Skathi) is a jötunn and goddess associated with bowhunting, skiing, winter, and mountains. Skaði is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources; the Prose Edda and in Heimskringla, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the works of skalds.

+Art deco (/ˌɑrt ˈdɛkoʊ/), or Deco, is an influential visual arts design style which first appeared in France during the 1920s, flourished internationally during the 30s and 40s, then waned in the post-World War II era.^[1]It is an eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs with Machine Age imagery and materials. The style is often characterized by rich colors, bold geometric shapes, and lavish ornamentation.

+In Norse mythology, Thor (from Old Norse Þórr) is a hammer-wielding god associated with thunder, lightning, storms, oak trees, strength, the protection of mankind, and also hallowing, healing and fertility. The cognate deity in wider Germanic mythology and paganism was known in Old English as Þunor and in Old High German as Donar (runic þonar ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ), stemming from a Common Germanic *Þunraz(meaning "thunder").

+The Teutoburg Forest (German: Teutoburger Wald) is a range of low, forested mountains in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia which is believed to be the scene of a decisive battle in AD 9.^[1] Until the 19th century the official name of the mountain ridge was Osning.

+Runes (Proto-Norse: ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo), Old Norse: rún) are the letters in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets, which were used to write various Germanic languages before the adoption of theLatin alphabet and for specialised purposes thereafter. The Scandinavian variants are also known as futhark or fuþark (derived from their first six letters of the alphabet: F, U, Þ, A, R, and K); the Anglo-Saxon variant is futhorc or fuþorc (due to sound changes undergone in Old English by the same six letters).

 

+In horology, a tourbillon (/tʊərˈbɪljən/; French: [tuʁbijɔ̃] "whirlwind") is an addition to the mechanics of a watch escapement. Developed around 1795 by the French-Swiss watchmaker Abraham-Louis Breguet from an earlier idea by the English chronometer maker John Arnold, a tourbillon aims to counter the effects of gravity by mounting the escapement and balance wheel in a rotating cage, to negate the effect of gravity when the timepiece (thus the escapement) is stuck in a certain position.

+Horology (from Greek: ὥρα hṓr|a "hour; time" + -o- interfix + suffix -logy;^[1] lit. the study of time) is the art or science of measuring time. Clocks, watches, clockwork, sundials, clepsydras, timers, time recorders and marine chronometers are all examples of instruments used to measure time.

+A marine chronometer is a clock that is precise and accurate enough to be used as a portable time standard; it can therefore be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation. When first developed in the 18th century, it was a major technical achievement, as accurate knowledge of the time over a long sea voyage is necessary for navigation, lacking electronic or communications aids. The first true chronometer was the life work of one man, John Harrison, spanning 31 years of persistent experimentation and testing that revolutionized naval (and later aerial) navigation and enabling the Age of Discovery and Colonialism to accelerate.

+John Harrison (24 March 1693 – 24 March 1776) was a self-educated English carpenter and later a clockmaker. He invented the marine chronometer, a long-sought device in solving the problem of establishing the East-West position or longitude of a ship at sea, thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of safe long distance sea travel in the Age of Sail. The problem was considered so intractable that the British Parliament offered a prize of £20,000 (comparable to £2.87 million in modern currency) for the solution.

+The Age of Sail, in Western countries, is the period roughly from the 16th century to the late 19th century when sailing ships made up the world's navies and provided the major means of carrying out maritime industries such as transporting of goods and people, whaling, and fishing. The final decades of naval and commercial sailing in the 19th century are called theGolden Age of Sail. However, in the Middle East and Far East the dominance of sailing ships began far earlier, in the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE.

+The Battle of Scheveningen (also known as the Battle of Texel or the Battle of Ter Heijde) was the final naval battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War. It took place on 8–10 August 1653 between the fleets of the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces, and had no clear victor.

+The naval Battle of the Gabbard, also known as the Battle of Gabbard Bank, the Battle of the North Foreland or the second Battle of Nieuwpoort took place on 2–3 June 1653 according to the Old Style of Julian calendar then used in England (12–13 June 1653 New Style) during the First Anglo-Dutch War near the Gabbard shoal off the coast of Suffolk, Englandbetween fleets of the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces. In Dutch the battle is known as the Zeeslag bij Nieuwpoort.

+The Battle of Nieuwpoort,^[1] between a Dutch army under Maurice of Nassau and Francis Vere and a Spanish army under Albert of Austria, took place on 2 July 1600 near the present-dayBelgian city Nieuwpoort.

+Nieuwpoort (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈniupoːrt]) is a municipality located in Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium, and in the Flemish province of West Flanders. The municipality comprises the city of Nieuwpoort proper and the towns of Ramskapelle and Sint-Joris. On January 1, 2008 Nieuwpoort had a total population of 11,062. The total area is 31.00 km² which gives a population density of 350 inhabitants per km². The current mayor of Nieuwpoort is Rolland Crabbe (CD&V)

+In two spatial and one time dimensions, general relativity turns out to have no propagating gravitational degrees of freedom. In fact, it can be shown that in a vacuum, spacetime will always be locally flat (or de Sitter or anti de Sitter depending upon thecosmological constant). This makes (2+1)–dimensional topological gravity (2+1D topological gravity) a topological theory with no gravitational local degrees of freedom. Edward Witten^[1] has argued this is equivalent to a Chern-Simons theory with the gauge group  style='orphans: auto;text-align:start;widows: auto;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial; word-spacing:0px' alt="SO(2,2)" class=tex v:shapes="_x0000_i1025"> for a negative cosmological constant, and ' alt="SO(3,1)" class=tex v:shapes="_x0000_i1026">  for a positive one, which can be exactly solved, making this a toy model for quantum gravity. The Killing form involves the Hodge dual. Witten later changed his mind,^[2] and argued that nonperturbatively 2+1D topological gravity differs from Chern-Simons because the functional measure is only over nonsingular vielbeins. He suggested the CFT dual is a Monster conformal field theory, and computed the entropy of BTZ black holes.

+In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge dual is a significant linear map introduced in general by W. V. D. Hodge. It is defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented inner product space.

+In linear algebra, an inner product space is a vector space with an additional structure called an inner product. This additional structure associates each pair of vectors in the space with ascalar quantity known as the inner product of the vectors. Inner products allow the rigorous introduction of intuitive geometrical notions such as the length of a vector or the angle between two vectors. They also provide the means of defining orthogonality between vectors (zero inner product). Inner product spaces generalize Euclidean spaces (in which the inner product is the dot product, also known as the scalar product) to vector spaces of any (possibly infinite) dimension, and are studied in functional analysis.

+In mathematics, orthogonality is the relation of two lines at right angles to one another (perpendicularity), and the generalization of this relation into n dimensions; and to a variety of mathematical relations thought of as describing non-overlapping, uncorrelated, or independent objects of some kind.

+In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector (sometimes called a geometric^[1] or spatial vector,^[2] or—as here—simply a vector) is a geometric object that has magnitude (or length) and direction and can be added to other vectors according to vector algebra. A Euclidean vector is frequently represented by a line segment with a definite direction, or graphically as an arrow, connecting an initial point A with a terminal point B,^[3] and denoted by ' alt="\overrightarrow{AB}." class=tex v:shapes="_x0000_i1027">

+William Kingdon Clifford FRS (4 May 1845 – 3 March 1879) was an English mathematician and philosopher. Building on the work of Hermann Grassmann, he introduced what is now termedgeometric algebra, a special case of the Clifford algebra named in his honour, with interesting applications in contemporary mathematical physics and geometry. He was the first to suggest thatgravitation might be a manifestation of an underlying geometry. In his philosophical writings he coined the expression "mind-stuff".

+Gravity separation is an industrial method of separating two components, either a suspension, or dry granular mixture where separating the components with gravity is sufficiently practical: i.e. the components of the mixture have different specific weight. All of the gravitational methods are common in the sense that they all use gravity as the dominant force. Gravity separation is used in a wide variety of industries, and can be most simply differentiated by the characteristics of the mixture to be separated - principally that of 'wet' i.e. - a suspension versus 'dry' -a mixture of granular product. Often other methods are applied to make the separation faster and more efficient, such as flocculation, coagulation and suction. The most notable advantages of the gravitational methods are their cost effectiveness and in some cases excellent reduction. Gravity separation is an attractive unit operation as it generally has low capital and operating costs, uses few of any chemicals that might cause environmental concerns and the recent development of new equipment enhances the range of separations possible.

+Coagulation (thrombogenesis) is the process by which blood forms clots. It is an important part of hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, wherein a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelet and fibrin-containing clot to stop bleeding and begin repair of the damaged vessel. Disorders of coagulation can lead to an increased risk of bleeding (hemorrhage) or obstructive clotting (thrombosis).^[1]

⁺Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist with a focus on mathematical physics who is a professor of mathematical physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.

+Superstring theory is an attempt to explain all of the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory by modelling them as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings. Superstring theory is a shorthand for supersymmetric string theory because unlike bosonic string theory, it is the version of string theory that incorporates fermions and supersymmetry.

+In theoretical physics, M-theory is an extension of string theory in which 11 dimensions of spacetime are identified as 7 higher-dimensions + the 4 common dimensions (11D st = 7 hd + 4D). Proponents believe that the 11-dimensional theory unites all five 10 dimensional string theories and supersedes them. Though a full description of the theory is not known, the low-entropy dynamics are known to besupergravity interacting with 2- and 5-dimensional membranes.

+In mathematics, the Killing form, named after Wilhelm Killing, is a symmetric bilinear form that plays a basic role in the theories of Lie groups and Lie algebras. The Killing form was essentially introduced into Lie algebra theory by Élie Cartan (1894) in his thesis; although Killing had previously made a passing mention of it, he made no serious use of it.

+In mathematics, a Lie group /ˈliː/ is a group that is also a differentiable manifold, with the property that the group operations are compatible with the smooth structure. Lie groups are named after Sophus Lie, who laid the foundations of the theory of continuous transformation groups.

+Flocculation, in the field of chemistry, is a process wherein colloids come out of suspension in the form of floc or flake; either spontaneously or due to the addition of a clarifying agent. The action differs from precipitation in that, prior to flocculation, colloids are merely suspended in a liquid and not actually dissolved in a solution. In the flocculated system, there is no formation of a cake, since all the flocs are in the suspension.

+Clarifying agents are used to remove suspended solids from liquids by inducing flocculation.

+Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is a theory that attempts to describe the quantum properties of gravity. It is also a theory of quantum space and quantum time, because, as discovered with general relativity, the geometry of spacetime is a manifestation of gravity. LQG is an attempt to merge and adapt standard quantum mechanics and standard general relativity. The main output of the theory is a physical picture of space where space is granular. The granularity is a direct consequence of the quantization. It has the same nature of the granularity of the photons in the quantum theory of electromagnetism or the discrete levels of the energy of the atoms. But, here, it is space itself which is discrete.

+Stan Lee (born Stanley Martin Lieber; born December 28, 1922) is an American comic book writer, editor, publisher, media producer, television host, actor, voice actor and former president and chairman of Marvel Comics.

+Stephen J. "Steve" Ditko^[1] (born November 2, 1927)^[2] is an American comic book artist and writer best known as the artist and co-creator, with Stan Lee, of the Marvel Comics heroes Spider-Man andDoctor Strange.

+Ashrita Furman is a Guinness World Records record-breaker. He has set more than 450 Guinness records since 1979 and currently holds 160 Guinness records.^[2] He has set records on all seven continents and in more than 30 different countries. He has the official record for "the most current Guinness World records held at the same time by an individual". In 1979, Furman set his first official record by doing 27,000 jumping jacks. While in China, Furman broke the record for running 8 km (5 mi) on stilts, a record which had stood since 1892. 

Record number	Event	Record	Location and date
283	Juggling on a pogo stick, furthest distance [10]	4 mi., 30 ft.	Easter Island, January 2010
303	Balancing eggs on end, most simultaneously [10]	888	New York, June 2010
344	Baseball bat balancing on one finger, furthest continuous distance [10]	9 mi.	Bali, Indonesia, February 2011
368	Climbing the highest mountain on stilts [10]	9398 ft.	Mount Baden Powell, California, August 2011
404	Underwater rope jumping, most jumps in one hour [10]	1608	Brazil, March 2012

+Lost cities by continent

Africa                              

Akhetaten, Egypt – Capital during the reign of 18th Dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten. Later abandoned and almost totally destroyed. Modern day el Amarna.

Canopus, Egypt – Located on the now-dry Canopic branch of the Nile, east of Alexandria.

Itjtawy, Egypt – Capital during the 12th Dynasty. Exact location still unknown, but it is believed to lie near the modern town of el-Lisht.

Tanis, Egypt – Capital during the 21st and 22nd Dynasties, in the Delta region.

Thinis, Egypt — Undiscovered city and centre of the Thinite Confederacy, the leader of which, Menes, united Upper and Lower Egypt and was the first pharaoh.

Memphis, Egypt – Administrative capital of ancient Egypt. Little remains.

Avaris, capital city of the Hyksos in the Nile Delta.

Leptis Magna – Roman city located in present day Libya. It was the birthplace of Emperor Septimius Severus, who lavished an extensive public works programme on the city, including diverting the course of a nearby river. The river later returned to its original course, burying much of the city in silt and sand.

Dougga, Tunisia – Roman city located in present day Tunisia.

Carthage – Initially a Phoenician city, destroyed and then rebuilt by Rome. Later served as the capital of the Vandal Kingdom of North Africa, before being destroyed by the Arabs after its capture in 697 CE.

Great Zimbabwe– Built between the 11th and the 14th century, this city is the namesake of modern day Zimbabwe.

Aoudaghost – Wealthy Berber city in medieval Ghana.

Timgad - Roman city founded by the emperor Trajan around 100 CE, covered by the sand at 7th century.

Nabta Playa—oldest city in Africa.

Piramesse—imperial city of Rameses the Great, now thought to exist beneath Quantir

Asia

Far East Asia

Yamatai – Japan

Xanadu – China

Southeast Asia

Sukhothai

Ayutthaya

Angkor and surroundings.^[2]

Kota Gelanggi - Malaysia (Malay Archipelago)

Gangga Negara - Malaysia (Malay Archipelago)

Kembayat Negara — Champa/Vietnam/Cambodia

South Asia

India

Dholavira - Located in Gujarat, India. Indus Valley Civilization city

Vijayanagar – Located in Karnataka, India

Poompuhar – Located in Tamil Nadu, South India

Muziris – Located near Cranganore, Kerala, southern India

Lothal – Located in Gujarat, India - early city of the Indus Valley Civilization

Kalibangan – Located in Rajasthan, India - early city of the Indus Valley Civilization

Surkotada – Located in Gujarat, India - early city of the Indus Valley Civilization

Dwarka – ancient seat of Krishna, hero of the Mahabharata. Now largely excavated. Off the coast of the Indian state of Gujarat

Pattadakal – Located in Karnataka, South India

Vasai-Located in India, former capital (1533-1740) of the Northern Provinces of Portuguese India

Pakistan

Mohenjo-Daro – Located in Pakistan Sindh — early city of the Indus Valley Civilization, the city was one of the early urban settlements in the world

Harappa – Located in Punjab, Pakistan - early city of the Indus Valley Civilization

Taxila – Located in Pakistan's Punjab province

Mehrgarh – Located in Pakistan's Baluchistan province Indus Valley Civilization city

Kot Diji – Located in Pakistan's Sindh province Indus Valley Civilization city

Srilanka

Anuradhapura – Located in Sri Lanka

Sigiriya – Located in Sri Lanka

Central Asia

Abaskun – Medieval Caspian Sea trading port

Atil - Khazar capital

Balanjar - Earlier Khazar capital

Niya – Located in the Taklamakan Desert, on the ancient Silk Road route.

Loulan – Located in the Taklamakan Desert, on the ancient Silk Road route.

Subashi – Located in the Taklamakan Desert, on the ancient Silk Road route.^[3]

Otrar – City located along the Silk Road, important in the history of Central Asia.

Karakorum – Capital of Genghis Khan.

Old Urgench – Capital of Khwarezm.

Otuken - Capital of Gokturks.

Mangazeya, Siberia

Turquoise Mountain - Capital of Afghanistan, destroyed 1220

Sarai - Capital of the Golden Horde

Western Asia/Middle East

Ai - important city in the Hebrew Bible, location uncertain.

Akkad

Ani – Medieval Armenian capital, located in Turkish side of Armenia-Turkey border.

Antioch - Ancient Greek city, important stronghold in time of Crusades.

Babylon

Çatalhöyük – A Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement, located near the modern city of Konya, Turkey.

Choqa Zanbil

Ctesiphon

Dilmun

Gobekli Tepe

Gomorrah

Iram of the Pillars – Lost Arabian city in the Empty Quarter.

Kourion, Cyprus

Hattusa – Capital of the Hittite Empire. Located near the modern village of Boğazköy in north-central Turkey.

Kish

Lagash

Mada'in Saleh

Narbata - Hebrew : נרבתא. Jewish city in The Great Revolt.

Nineveh

Persepolis

Petra

Samaria

Troy

Ur

South America

Inca cities

Machu Picchu – Possibly Pachacuti's Family Palace.

Vilcabamba – Currently known as Espiritu pampa.

Paititi – A legendary city and refuge in the rainforests where Peru, Bolivia and Brazil meet.^[4]

Choquequirao - Considered to be the last bastion of Incan resistance against the Spaniards and refuge of Manco Inca Yupanqui.

Other

Chan Chan – Chimu. Located near Trujillo, in present day Peru.

Tiahuanaco – pre-Inca. Located in present day Bolivia.

Cahuachi – Nazca, in present day Peru.

Caral – An important center of the Norte Chico civilization, in present day Peru.

Ciudad de los Cesares - City of the Caesars, A legendary city in Patagonia, never found. Also variously known as City of the Patagonia, Wandering City, Trapalanda or Trapananda, Lin Lin or Elelín,

Santa Maria de la Antigua del Darien – First city in the mainland of the American continent, in the Darién region between Colombia and Panama. Founded by Vasco Nuñez de Balboa in 1510.

Lost City of Z - A city allegedly located in the jungles of the Mato Grosso region of Brazil, was said to have been seen by the British explorer Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett sometime prior to World War I.^[5]

Kuelap - A massive ruined city still covered in jungle that was the capital of the Chachapoyas culture in Northern Peru.^[6]

Tayuna (Ciudad Perdida) located in present day Colombia

North America

Caribbean

Port Royal – Destroyed by earthquake in 1692.

Mexico and Central America

Maya cities

incomplete list – for further information, see Maya civilization

Chichen Itza – This ancient place of pilgrimage is still the most visited Maya ruin.

Copán – In modern Honduras.

Calakmul – One of two "superpowers" in the classic Maya period.

Coba

Naachtun – Rediscovered in 1922, it remains one of the most remote and least visited Maya sites. Located 44 km (27 mi) south-south-east of Calakmul, and 65 km (40 mi) north of Tikal, it is believed to have had strategic importance to, and been vulnerable to military attacks by, both neighbours. Its ancient name was identified in the mid-1990s as Masuul.

Palenque — in the Mexican state of Chiapas, known for its beautiful art and architecture

Tikal — One of two "superpowers" in the classic Maya period.

Tulum - Mayan coastal city.

Aztec Cities

Aztlán- the ancient home of the Aztecs

Teotihuacan – Pre-Aztec Mexico.^[7]

Olmec cities

La Venta – In the present day Mexican state of Tabasco.

San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán – In the present day Mexican state of Veracruz.

Other

Hueyatlaco - Oldest city in Mexico.

Izapa – Chief city of the Izapa civilization, whose territory extended from the Gulf Coast across to the Pacific Coast of Chiapas, in present day Mexico, and Guatemala.

Guayabo – It is believed that the site was inhabited from 1500 BCE to 1400 CE, and had at its peak a population of around 10,000.

United States

The cities of the Ancestral Pueblo (or Anasazi) culture, located in the Four Corners region of the Southwest United States – The best known are located at Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde.

Cahokia – Located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri. At its height Cahokia is believed to have had a population of between 40,000 and 80,000 people, making it amongst the largest pre-Columbian cities of the Americas. It is known chiefly for its huge pyramidal mounds of compacted earth.

Bethel Indian Town, New Jersey - Lenape settlement which has disappeared as the Lenape migrated west.

Pueblo Grande de Nevada a complex of villages, located near Overton, Nevada

Roanoke Colony

Canada

L'Anse aux Meadows – Viking settlement founded around 1000.

Lost Villages - The Lost Villages are ten communities (Aultsville, Dickinson's Landing, Farran's Point, Maple Grove, Mille Roches, Moulinette, Santa Cruz, Sheek's Island, Wales, Woodlands) in the Canadian province of Ontario, in the former townships of Cornwall and Osnabruck (now South Stormont) near Cornwall, which were permanently submerged by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958.

Kingdom of Saguenay

Europe

Acerrae Vatriae – a town of the Sarranates mentioned by Pliny the elder as having been situated in an unknown location in Umbria.

Akrotiri – On the island of Thera, Greece.

Amaya – mentioned by Barro, it was either the capital or one of the most important cities of the Cantabri. Probably located in what nowadays is called "Amaya Peak" in Burgos, northern Spain.

Atil, Tmutarakan, Sarai Berke – Capitals of the steppe peoples.

Attila's Fortified Camp, Romania – Probably the great ruins at Saden (Zsadany, Jadani, now Cornesti -jud. Timis) from or to which the Hun tribe Sadagariem took or gave their name.

Avar Khan's Fortified Camp, Romania - Probably the re-occupied city of Attila at Saden (Zsadany, Jadani, now Cornesti).

Avar Ring, Hungary - Central stronghold of the Avars, it is believed to have been in the wide plain between the Danube and the Tisza.^[8]

Birka, Sweden

Biskupin, Poland

Bolokhiv, Ukraine abandoned in the 13th century.

Calleva Atrebatum, Silchester, England - Large Romano-British walled city 10 miles (16 km) south of present day Reading, Berkshire. Just the walls remain and a street pattern can be discerned from the air.

Chryse Island in the Aegean, reputed site of an ancient temple still visible on the sea floor.

Cypsela, drowned Ibero-Greek settlement in the Catalan shore, Spain. Mentioned by Greek, Roman and Medieval chronclers.

Damasia – Sank into the Ammersee, Germany.

Daorson - the capital of ancient Hellenic community in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Dorestad, Netherlands

Dunwich, England – Lost to coastal erosion.

Evonium, Scotland - purported coronation site and capital of 40 kings

Hampton-on-Sea, England – A drowned and abandoned village in what is now the Hampton area of Herne Bay, Kent.

Hedeby, Germany

Helike, Greece on the Peloponese – Sunk by an earthquake in the 4th century BC and rediscovered in the 1990s.

Kaupang - In Viksfjord near Larvik, Norway. Largest trading city around the Oslo Fjord during the Viking age. As sea levels retreated (the shoreline is 7m lower today than in 1000) the city was no longer accessible from the ocean and was abandoned.

Kitezh, Russia - Legendary underwater city which supposedly may be seen in good weather.

Luni, Italy

Mycenae, Greece

Myšia Hôrka (near Spišský Štvrtok), Slovakia - 3500 years old town (rediscovered in the 20th century) and archaeological site, complex is called also Slovak Mycenae.

Nant Gwrtheyrn former village on the North Welsh coast, abandoned after its quarry closed. Now regenerated as a language centre.

Niedam near Rungholt

Ny Varberg, Sweden

Old Sarum, England – population moved to nearby Salisbury although the owners of the archaeological site retained the right to elect a Member of Parliament to represent Old Sarum until the 19th century (see William Pitt).

Paestum - Greek and Roman city south of Naples, abandoned due to climate change. Three famous Greek temples.

Perperikon in Bulgaria - The megalith complex had been laid in ruins and re-erected many times in history - from the Bronze Age until Middle Ages.

Pompeii and Herculaneum in Italy - buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD and rediscovered in the 18th century

Reccopolis, Spain - One of the capital cities founded in Hispania by the Visigoths. the site was incrementally abandoned in the 10th century.

Reimerswaal, Netherlands - flooded in the 16th century.

Roxburgh, Scotland - abandoned in the 15th century

Rungholt – Wadden Sea in Germany, sunken during the "grote Mandraenke", a storm surge in the North Sea on January 16, 1362

Saeftinghe, Netherlands - prosperous city lost to the sea in 1584.

Sarmizegetusa Regia, Romania - The capital city of Dacia.

Selsey, England - mostly abandoned to coastal erosion after 1043.

Seuthopolis, Bulgaria - an ancient Thracian city, discovered and excavated in 1948. It was founded by king Seuthes III around 325 BC. Its ruins are now located at the bottom of the Koprinka Reservoir near the city of Kazanlak.

Skara Brae, Orkney, Scotland - Neolithic settlement buried under sediment. Uncovered by a winter storm in 1850.

Stari Ras, Serbia - one of the first capitals of the medieval Serbian state of Raška, abandoned in the 13th century

Sybaris, Italy - Ancient Greek colonial city of unsurpassed wealth utterly destroyed by its arch-rival Crotona in 510 BC.

Tartessos, Spain- A harbor city or an economical complex of small harbors and trade routes set on the mouth of the Guadalquivir river, in modern Andalusia, Spain. Tartessos is believed to be either the seat of an independent kingdom or a community of palacial cities devoted to exporting the mineral resources of the Hispanic mainland to the sea, to meet the Phoenician and Greek traders. Its destruction is still a matter of debate among historians, and one modern tendency tends to believe that Tartessos was never a city, but a culture complex.

Teljä, Finland

Trellech, Wales

Uppåkra, Sweden

Vicina, a port on the Danube, near the Delta.

Vineta – Legendary city somewhere at the Baltic coast of Germany or Poland.

Winchelsea, East Sussex - Old Winchelsea, Important Channel port, pop 4000+, abandoned after 1287 inundation and coastal erosion. Modern Winchelsea, 2 miles (3.2 km) inland, was built to replace it as a planned town by Edward I of England

Ys - Legendary city on the western coast of France.

+Manu Province is one of three provinces in the Madre de Dios Region of Peru.^[1] The capital of the Manu province is the city of Salvación.

+The Amarakaeri Communal Reserve (Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri) is a protected area in Peru located in the Madre de Dios Region, Manú Province. It protects parts of the Southwest Amazon moist forests and Peruvian Yungas ecoregions.

+The Wash is the square-mouthed bay and estuary on the northwest margin of East Anglia on the east coast of England, where Norfolk meets Lincolnshire. It is among the largest estuaries in the United Kingdom. It is fed by the Rivers Witham, Welland, Nene and Great Ouse.

+A space gun is a method of launching an object into space using a large gun, or cannon. It provides a method of non-rocket spacelaunch.

+William Moore (fl. c.1806–1823^[1]) was a British mathematician and early contributor to rocket theory^{[citation needed]}. He worked at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. His 1813 Treatise was the first exposition of rocket mechanics based onNewton's third law of motion. Little is known of his life, because many relevant historical documents were destroyed by German bombing in World War II.

+An atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom.^[1] This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. The term may also refer to the physical region where the electron can be calculated to be, as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital.

+A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheetslaminated onto a non-conductive substrate. When the board has only copper tracks and features, and no circuit elements such as capacitors, resistors or active devices have been manufactured into the actual substrate of the board, it is more correctly referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board.

+The Dorchester Pot was a metal vase-like object that was recovered in two pieces after an explosion used to break up rock at Meeting House Hill, in Dorchester, Massachusetts in 1852. According to text reprinted from the Boston Transcript, a local paper, in the June 5, 1852 Scientific American,^[1] the two pieces were found, loose among debris thrown out by the explosion. Apparently, it was inferred from the locations of the two pieces of this pot among the explosion debris that this pot had been blasted from solid puddingstone (conglomerate), which is part of the Roxbury Conglomerate, from about 15 feet below the surface of Meeting House Hill. The story has been used by creationists and fringe theorists as evidence that conventional models of geology or the length of the human presence on earth are wrong. Mainstream commentators identify it as a Victorian era candlestick or pipe holder.

+The Roxbury Conglomerate, also informally known as Roxbury puddingstone, is a name for a rock formation that forms the bedrock underlying most of Roxbury, Massachusetts, now part of the city of Boston. The bedrock formation extends well beyond the limits of Roxbury, underlying part or all of Quincy, Canton, Milton, Dorchester, Dedham, Jamaica Plain, Brighton,Brookline, Newton, Needham, and Dover. It is named for exposures in Roxbury, Boston area.

+Puddingstone, also known as either Pudding stone or Plum-pudding stone, is a popular name applied to a conglomerate that consists of distinctly rounded pebbles whose colors contrast sharply with the color of the finer-grained, often sandy, matrix or cement surrounding them. The rounded pebbles and the sharp contrast in color gives this type of conglomerate the appearance of a raisin or Christmas pudding.

+A conglomerate /kəŋˈɡlɒmərɨt/ is a rock consisting of individual clasts within a finer-grained matrix that have become cemented together. Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks consisting of rounded fragments and are thus differentiated from breccias, which consist of angular clasts.^[1] Both conglomerates and breccias are characterized by clasts larger than sand (>2 mm).

+The Kingoodie artifact is an object with the characteristics of a corroded iron nail found in a block of sandstone in 1844 in the Kingoodie Quarry in Kingoodie, Scotland.

+Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact is interaction between indigenous peoples of the Americas who settled the Americas before 10,000 BC, and peoples of other continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, or Oceania), which occurred before the arrival ofChristopher Columbus in the Caribbean in 1492. For practical purposes, travel across the Bering Straits, or the former land bridge in the same region are excluded.

+The Oseberg ship (Norwegian: Osebergskipet) is a well-preserved Viking ship discovered in a large burial mound at the Oseberg farm near Tønsberg in Vestfold county, Norway.

+Tiwanaku, (Spanish: Tiahuanaco and Tiahuanacu) is an important Pre-Columbian archaeological site in western Bolivia, South America. Tiwanaku is recognized by Andean scholars as one of the most important precursors to the Inca Empire, flourishing as the ritual and administrative capital of a major state power for approximately five hundred years. The ruins of the ancient city state are near the south-eastern shore of Lake Titicaca in the La Paz Department, Ingavi Province, Tiwanaku Municipality, about 72 km (45 mi) west of La Paz. 

+The mystery stone from Lake Winnipesaukee is an alleged out-of-place artifact (OOPArt), reportedly found in 1872 while workers were digging a hole for a fence post. It is a carved stone about 4 inches (100 mm) long and 2.5 inches (64 mm) thick, dark and egg-shaped, bearing a variety of symbols. The stone's age, purpose, and origin are unknown. Seneca Ladd, a Meredith businessman who hired the workers, was given credit for the discovery. Upon Ladd's death in 1892, the stone passed to one of his daughters, who donated it to the New Hampshire Historical Society in 1927. The stone is currently on exhibit at the Museum of New Hampshire History.

+Baalbek, also known as Baalbeck (Arabic: بعلبك‎ / ALA-LC: Baʻalbak, Lebanese pronunciation: [ˈbʕalbak]) is a town in the Beqaa Valley of Lebanon situated east of the Litani River. Known asHeliopolis (Greek: Ἡλιούπολις) during the period of Roman rule, it was one of the largest sanctuaries in the empire and contains some of the best preserved Roman ruins in Lebanon. The gods worshiped at the temple, the triad of Jupiter, Venus and Bacchus, were grafted onto the indigenous deities of Hadad, Atargatis and a young male god of fertility. Local influences are seen in the planning and layout of the temples, which vary from the classic Roman design.

+Der Eiserne Mann (The Iron Man) is an old iron pillar partially buried in the ground in the German national forest of Naturpark Kottenforst-Ville, about two kilometers north-east of the village Dünstekoven. It is a roughly square metal bar with about 1.47 m above ground and approximately 2.7 m below ground. The pillar is currently located at a meeting of trails which were built in the early 18th century through the formerly pathless forest area, but it is believed to have stood in another nearby location before that time.

+The Iron Pillar located in Delhi, India, is a 7 m (23 ft) column in the Qutub complex, notable for the rust-resistant composition of the metals used in its construction.

+Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. It is also thetechnology of metals: the way in which science is applied to their practical use. Metallurgy is distinguished from the craft of metalworking.

+K'inich Janaab' Pakal^{[pronunciation?]} (March 603 – August 683)^[1] was ruler of the Maya polity of Palenque in the Late Classic period of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican chronology. During a long reign of some 68 years Pakal was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque's most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental architecture.

+Ordinal numbers or regnal numbers are used to distinguish among persons with the same name who held the same office. Most importantly, they are used to distinguish monarchs. An ordinal is the number placed after a monarch's regnal nameto differentiate between a number of kings, queens or princes reigning the same territory with the same regnal name.

+Rowan Gavin Paton Menzies (born 14 August 1937)^[1] is a British author and retired submarine lieutenant-commander. He is best known for his controversial book 1421: The Year China Discovered the World, in which he asserts that the fleets of Chinese Admiral Zheng He visited the Americas prior to European explorer Christopher Columbus in 1492, and that the same fleet circumnavigated the globe a century before the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan. Menzies' second book, 1434: The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance extended his discovery hypothesis to the European continent. In his third book, The Lost Empire of Atlantis, Menzies claims that Atlantis did exist, in the form of the Minoan Civilization, and that it maintained a global seaborne empire extending to the shores of America and India, millennia before actual contact in the Age of Discovery.

+Charles Hutchins Hapgood (May 17, 1904 – December 21, 1982)^[1] was an American college professor and author who became one of the best known advocates of the claim of a rapid and recent pole shift with catastrophic results.

+The history of Antarctica emerges from early Western theories of a vast continent, known as Terra Australis, believed to exist in the far south of the globe. The term Antarctic, referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle, was coined by Marinus of Tyre in the 2nd century AD.

The rounding of the Cape of Good H

 

+Marinus of Tyre, (active in 100 – 150 A.D., Greek: Μαρίνος ο Τύριος, also rendered as Marinos of Tyre) was a Greek^[1] geographer, cartographer and mathematician, who founded mathematical geography.

+The Topkapı Palace (Turkish: Topkapı Sarayı^[1] or in Ottoman Turkish: طوپقپو سرايى) is a large palace in Istanbul, Turkey, that was the primary residence of the Ottoman Sultans for approximately 400 years (1465-1856) of their 624-year reign.^[

⁺The Saqqara Bird is a bird-shaped artifact made of sycamore wood, discovered during the 1898 excavation of the Pa-di-Imen tomb in Saqqara, Egypt. It has been dated to approximately 200 BCE, and is now housed in the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities in Cairo. The Saqqara Bird has a wingspan of 180 mm (7.1 in) and weighs 39.12 g (1.380 oz).^[1] Its function is not understood because of a lack of period documentation.

+Ficus sycomorus, called the sycamore fig or the fig-mulberry (because the leaves resemble those of the Mulberry), sycamore, or sycomore, is a fig species that has been cultivated since ancient times. (Sycamore has been used for a variety of plants, and in England is widely used to refer to the Great Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) .For clarity this species of fig is usually exclusively referred to as Sycomore.

+Dogū (土偶^?) are small humanoid and animal figurines made during the late Jōmon period (14,000–400 BC) of prehistoric Japan.^A Dogū come exclusively from the Jōmon period. By the Yayoi period, which followed the Jōmon period, Dogū were no longer made. There are various styles of Dogū, depending on exhumation area and time period. According to the National Museum of Japanese History, the total number found throughout Japan is approximately 15,000. Dogū were made across all of Japan, with the exception of Okinawa.

+The Jōmon period (縄文時代 Jōmon jidai^?) is the time in Prehistoric Japan from about 14,000 BC^[1][2] to about 300 BC, when Japan was inhabited by a hunter-gatherer culture which reached a considerable degree of sedentism and cultural complexity.

+In evolutionary anthropology and archaeology, sedentism (sometimes called sedentariness), is a term applied to the transition from nomadic lifestyle to a society which remains in one place permanently. Essentially, sedentism means living in groups permanently in one place.^[

⁺The Yayoi period (弥生時代 Yayoi jidai^?) is an Iron Age era in the history of Japan traditionally dated 300 BC to AD 300.^[1] It is named after the neighbourhood of Tokyo where archaeologists first uncovered artifacts and features from that era. Distinguishing characteristics of the Yayoi period include the appearance of new pottery styles and the start of an intensive rice agriculture in paddy fields. Techniques inmetallurgy based on the use of bronze and iron were also introduced in this period.

+The Haniwa (埴輪^?) are terracotta clay figures which were made for ritual use and buried with the dead as funerary objects during the Kofun period (3rd to 6th century AD) of the history of Japan.

+Honshu (本州 Honshū^?, literally "Main Province") ([hoɴꜜɕuː] ( listen)) is the largest and main island of Japan.^[1] The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikokuacross the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Strait. It is the seventh largest island in the world, and the second most populous after Indonesia's Java island.

+The Taiheiyō Belt (太平洋ベルト Taiheiyō beruto^?, lit. "Pacific Belt"), also known as Tokaido corridor, is the name for the megalopolis in Japan extending from Ibaraki Prefecture in the north all the way to Fukuoka Prefecture in the south, running for almost 1,200 km (750 mi).

+The stone spheres (or stone balls) of Costa Rica are an assortment of over three hundred petrospheres in Costa Rica, located on the Diquís Delta and on Isla del Caño. Locally, they are known as Las Bolas. The spheres are commonly attributed to the extinct Diquís culture and are sometimes referred to as the Diquís Spheres. They are the best-known stone sculptures of the Isthmo-Colombian area.

+Gabbro /ˈɡæbroʊ/ refers to a large group of dark, coarse-grained, intrusive mafic igneous rocks chemically equivalent to basalt. The rocks are plutonic, formed when molten magma is trapped beneath theEarth's surface and cools into a crystalline mass.

+The Quimbaya artifacts are several dozen golden objects, found in Colombia, made by the Quimbaya civilization culture, dated around 1000 CE, a few of which (the so-called Quimbaya airplanes) are supposed by ancient astronauts theorists to represent modern airplanes, and therefore to be out-of-place artifacts. The whole of the figurines, measuring 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 cm) each, are described in mainstream archaeology as depicting birds, lizards, amphibians and insects common in that region and period, some of them highly stylized, as in the Gold Museum, Bogotá.

+The Gold Museum (Spanish: El Museo del Oro) is a museum located in Bogotá, Colombia. It displays an extraordinary selection of its pre-Hispanic gold work collection - the biggest in the world - in its exhibition rooms on the second and third floors. Together with other pottery, stone, shell, wood and textile archaeological objects, these items, made of what to indigenous cultures was a sacred metal, testify to the life and thought of different societies which inhabited what is now known as Colombia before contact was made with Europe.

+Some of the hieroglyphs carved over an arch on the Temple of Seti I at Abydos have been interpreted in esoteric, "ufological" and ancient astronauts writers circles as an out-of-place artifact depicting modern technology, often described as a helicopter, a battle tank or submarine, and a fighter plane or even a U.F.O.

+Abydos /əˈbaɪdɒs/ is one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt, and also of the eighth nome in Upper Egypt, of which it was the capital city. It is located about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) west of theNile at latitude 26° 10' N, near the modern Egyptian towns of el-'Araba el Madfuna and al-Balyana. The city was called Abdju in the ancient Egyptian language (ꜣbdw or AbDw as technically transcribed from hieroglyphs) meaning "the hill of the symbol or reliquary", a reference to a reliquary in which the sacred head of Osiris was preserved.

+Pareidolia (/pærɨˈdoʊliə/ parr-i-doh-lee-ə) is a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound) being perceived as significant, a form of apophenia. Common examples include seeing images of animals or faces in clouds, the man in the moon or the Moon rabbit, and hearing hidden messages on records when played in reverse.

+Pareidolix is an independently published role-playing game written by Andrew Morris and published by Plague Monkey Games. It was originally titled Unistat, but the name was changed in 2009 to avoid confusion with the Unisystem RPG, as well as the Unistat computer software. It is mechanically simple and encourages a cinematic arc with power shifting from the GM to the players over the course of the game. No setting is provided for Pareidolix, and the game can be used for any setting the GM and/or the players desire.

+Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "a factitious word alleged to mean 'a lung disease caused by the inhalation of very fine silica dust, causing inflammation in the lungs.'"^[1] A condition meeting the word's definition is normally called silicosis.

+Silicosis, (previously miner's phthisis, grinder's asthma, potter's rot and other occupation-related names)^[1] is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust, and is marked by inflammation and scarring in the form of nodular lesions in the upper lobes of the lungs. It is a type of pneumoconiosis.

+A palimpsest /ˈpælɪmpsɛst/ is a manuscript page from a scroll or book from which the text has been scraped or washed off and which can be used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latinpalimpsēstus from Ancient Greek παλίμψηστος (palímpsestos, “scratched or scraped again”) originally compounded from πάλιν (palin, “again”) and ψάω (psao, “I scrape”) literally meaning “scraped clean and used again”. Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the term "palimpsest" by Cicero seems to refer to this practice.

+The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF, IPA: [bi.bli.jɔ.tɛk na.sjɔ.nal də fʁɑ̃s]) is the National Library of France, located in Paris. It is intended to be the repository of all that is published in France. The current president of the library is Bruno Racine.

+Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (Paris, National Library of France, Greek 9; Gregory-Aland no. C or 04, von Soden δ 3) is an early 5th century Greek manuscript of the Bible,^[1] the last in the group of thefour great uncial manuscripts (see Codex Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus and Vaticanus). The manuscript has not survived in a complete condition, although is believed that the original codex contained the whole Bible.

+The Newark Holy Stones refer to a set of artifacts allegedly discovered by David Wyrick in 1860 within a cluster of ancient Indian burial mounds near Newark, Ohio. The set consists of the Keystone, a stone bowl, and the Decalogue with its sandstone box. They can be viewed at the Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum in Coshocton, Ohio.^[1] The site where the objects were found is known as The Newark Earthworks, one of the biggest collections from an ancient American Indian culture known as the Hopewell that existed from approximately 100 BC to AD 500.

+Hidden character stone is a stone located in a scenic spot area in Zhangbu village, Pingtang County, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou, People's Republic of China. The stone displays patterns on its surface that have been interpreted as Simplified Chinese characters and Traditional Chinese characters, and have been read as "Communist Party of China", or alternatively as "Communist Party of China perish" .

+The Baigong Pipes are a series of pipe-like features found on and near Mount Baigong, about 40 km southwest of the city of Delingha, in the Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, QinghaiProvince, China. According to unconfirmed news reports, they were found by unnamed scientists allegedly searching for dinosaurs.

+Eltanin Antenna is the name popularly given to an unusual sponge, Cladorhiza concrescens, photographed on the sea floor by the Antarctic oceanographic research ship USNS Eltanin in 1964, while photographing the sea bottom west of Cape Horn.

+Klerksdorp is a city and administrative district located in the North West Province, South Africa.

+Klerksdorp spheres are small objects, often spherical to disc-shaped, that have been collected by miners and rockhounds from 3-billion-year-old pyrophyllite deposits mined by Wonderstone Ltd., near Ottosdal, South Africa. They have been cited by some alternative researchers and reporters in books,^[1][2] popular articles,^[3][4] and many web pages,^[5][6] as inexplicable out-of-place artifacts that could only have been manufactured by intelligent beings. Geologists who have studied these objects argue that the objects are not manufactured, but are rather the result of natural processes.

+The Coso artifact is an object claimed by its discoverers to be a spark plug found encased in a lump of hard clay or rock on February 13, 1961 by Wallace Lane, Virginia Maxey, and Mike Mikesell while they were prospecting for geodes near the town of Olancha, California, and long claimed as an example of an out-of-place artifact.^[1]

⁺The Moab Man (also called "Malachite man") is a find of several human skeletons found after bulldozing in a mine whose rock dated to the Early Cretaceous period, about 140 Ma. The original discovery of two individuals was made in 1971 by Lin Ottinger in the Keystone Azurite Mine near Moab, Utah and has been used by creationists as an argument for humans coexisting with dinosaurs. John Marwitt, an archaeologist and the Field Director for the Utah Archaeological Survey, examined the fossils and concluded that the fossils were probably only hundreds of years old, the result of burials of Native Americans.

+The Cretaceous (/krɨˈteɪʃəs/, krə-tay-shəs), derived from the Latin "creta" (chalk), usually abbreviated K for its German translation Kreide (chalk), is a geologic period and system from circa 145 ± 4 to66 million years (Ma) ago. In the geologic timescale, the Cretaceous follows the Jurassic period and is followed by the Paleogene period of the Cenozoic era. It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era, and, spanning 79 million years, the longest period of the Phanerozoic Eon.

+The Wolfsegg Iron, also known as The Salzburg Cube, is a small cuboid mass of iron that was found buried in Tertiary lignite in Wolfsegg am Hausruck, Austria, in 1885.^[1] It weighs 785 grams and measures 67 x 67 x 47mm. Four of its sides are roughly flat, while the two remaining sides (opposite each other) are convex. A fairly deep groove is incised all the way around the object, about mid-way up its height.

+The Mahabharata or Mahābhārata (Sanskrit: महाभारतम्, Mahābhāratam, pronounced [məɦaːˈbʱaːrət̪əm]) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being theRamayana.

+Vimāna is a word with several meanings ranging from temple or palace to mythological flying machines described in Sanskrit epics.

+Indian epic poetry is the epic poetry written in the Indian subcontinent, traditionally called Kavya (or Kāvya; Sanskrit: काव्य, IAST: kāvyá). The Ramayana and Mahabharata, originally composed inSanskrit and translated thereafter into many other Indian languages, are some of the oldest surviving epic poems on earth and form part of "Itihāsa" (which roughly means tradition, or (oral) history).

+The Peruvudaiyar Kovil, also known as Brihadeeswara Temple, RajaRajeswara Temple and Rajarajeswaram,^[1] at Thanjavur in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva and an art of the work achieved by Cholas in Tamil architecture. The temple is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Great Living Chola Temples".

+The Acámbaro figures are several thousand small ceramic figurines allegedly found by Waldemar Julsrud in July 1944, in the Mexican city of Acámbaro, Guanajuato. The figurines are said by some to resemble dinosaurs and are sometimes cited asanachronisms. Some young-Earth creationists have adduced the existence of figurines as credible evidence for the coexistence of dinosaurs and humans, in an attempt to cast doubt on scientific dating methods and potentially offer support for a literal interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative.

+Ernst Waldemar Jungner (June 19, 1869- August 30, 1924) was a Swedish inventor and engineer. In 1899 he invented the nickel-iron electric storage battery (NiFe), the nickel-cadmium battery (NiCd) and the rechargeable alkaline silver-cadmium battery (AgCd). As an inventor he also fabricate a fire alarm based on different dilutions of metals. Worked on the electrolytic production of sodium carbonate. And patented a rock drilling device.

+The Kensington Runestone is a 200-pound slab of greywacke covered in runes on its face and side, believed to have been created in modern times to claim that Scandinavian explorers reached the middle of North America in the 14th century. It was found in 1898 in the largely rural township of Solem, Douglas County, Minnesota, and named after the nearest settlement, Kensington. Almost allRunologists and experts in Scandinavian linguistics consider the runestone to be a hoax.^[2][3] The runestone has been analyzed and dismissed repeatedly without altering local opinion of the Runestone's legitimacy.^{[4][5][6][7][8]} The community of Kensington is solidly behind the runestone, which has transcended its asserted cultural importance to the Scandinavian community and has "taken on a life of its own"^{[clarification needed]}.

+The Michigan relics were a series of supposedly ancient artifacts that appeared to prove that people of an ancient Near Eastern culture had lived in the American state of Michigan. However, they were actually archaeological forgeries.

+The Tucson artifacts, sometimes called the Tucson Lead Crosses, Tucson Crosses, Silverbell Road artifacts or Silverbell artifacts were a controversial archaeological find made in 1924 by Charles E. Manier and his family while out on a Sunday drive to Picture Rocks, Arizona, seven miles north of Tucson. It comprised thirty-one lead objects consisting of crosses, swords, and religious/ceremonial paraphernalia, most of which contained Hebrew or Latin engraved inscriptions, pictures of temples, leaders' portraits, angels, and even what appears to be a diplodocus dinosaur. The name "Calalus" was given to the "terra incognita" (unknown land) based on one of the inscriptions written in Latin. These date to 790 to 900 AD according to the Roman numerals on the artifacts themselves (including the A.D.), but the site contains no other artifacts, no pottery sherds, no broken glass, no human or animal remains, and no sign of hearths or housing.^[1][2] More recent analysis has determined them to be a hoax.

+The Calaveras Skull was a human skull found by miners in Calaveras County, California which purported to prove that humans, mastodons, and elephants had coexisted in California. It was later revealed to be a hoax. Coincidentally, "calaveras" is the Spanish word for "skulls".

+The Los Lunas Decalogue Stone is a large boulder on the side of Hidden Mountain, near Los Lunas, New Mexico, about 35 miles south of Albuquerque, that bears a very regular inscription carved into a flat panel.^[1] The stone is also known as the Los Lunas Mystery Stone or Commandment Rock. The inscription is interpreted to be an abridged version of the Decalogue or Ten Commandments in a form of Paleo-Hebrew.^[2] A letter group resembling the tetragrammaton YHWH, or "Yahweh," makes three appearances. The stone is controversial in that some claim the inscription is Pre-Columbian, and therefore proof of early Semitic contact with the Americas.

+The Dropa stones, otherwise known as the Dzopa stones, Dropas stones or Drop-ka stones, are said by some ufologists and pseudoarchaeologists to be a series of at least 716 circular stone discs, dating back 12,000 years, on which tinyhieroglyph-like markings may be found.^[1][2] Each disc is claimed to measure up to 1 foot (30 cm) in diameter and carry two grooves, originating from a hole in their center, in the form of a double spiral.^[3] The hieroglyph-like markings are said to be found in these grooves.

+Dilated cardiomyopathy or DCM is a condition in which the heart becomes weakened and enlarged and cannot pump blood efficiently. The decreased heart function can affect the lungs, liver, and other body systems.

+A .50 caliber handgun is a handgun firing a bullet measuring approximately .5 inches (12.7 mm) in diameter. Historically, many black powder pistols fired bullets with diameters well above ½ inch. However, following the development of smokeless powder, the focus shifted to smaller-diameter bullets propelled at higher velocities, and the development of .50 and larger calibers in handguns became uncommon.

+The .600 Nitro Express Zeliska revolver is an Austrian single-action revolver produced by Pfeifer firearms. Except for the Giant 1859 28mm Remington revolver, 4.13 feet long,^[1] and except for the Thompson Contender .600 Nitro Magnum;^[2] the Zeliska may be the largest handgun in the world, weighing in at 6.001 kilograms (13.230 lb) and having a length of 55 centimetres (22 in). The cylinder section alone weighs 2.041 kilograms (4.500 lb). The Zeliska is also one of the most powerful handguns in the world, producing a muzzle energy of 7,591 foot pounds. The weight of the gun helps control the recoil, making controlled shooting possible. The capacity of a Zeliska is five .600 Nitro Express or .458 Win Mag rounds. The Zeliska fires a .600 Nitro Express slug (900 grain) at 1,950 ft/s (594.36 m/s, 2,139.7 km/h). The cost of a Zeliska revolver is $17,316. Each .600 Nitro Express round costs $40, making this gun very expensive to fire.

+Operation Redwing was a United States series of 17 nuclear test detonations from May to July 1956. They were conducted at Bikini and Enewetak atolls. The entire operation followed Operation Wigwam and preceded Operation Plumbbob. The primary intention was to test new, second-generation thermonuclear devices. Also tested were fission devices intended to be used as primaries forthermonuclear weapons, and small tactical weapons for air defense. 

+Operation Plumbbob was a series of nuclear tests conducted between May 28 and October 7, 1957, at the Nevada Test Site, following Project 57, and preceding Project 58.^[1] It was the biggest, longest, and most controversial test series in the continental United States.

+Oak Island is a 140-acre (57 ha) island in Lunenburg County on the south shore of Nova Scotia, Canada. The tree-covered island is one of about 360 small islands in Mahone Bay and rises to a maximum of 35 feet (11 m) above sea level. Located 200 metres from shore and connected to the mainland by a modern causeway, the island is privately owned, and advance permission is required for any visitation.

+The secrecy around the powerful medieval Order of the Knights Templar, and the speed with which they disappeared over the space of a few years, has led to Knights Templar legends. These range from rumors about their association with the Holy Grail and the Ark of the Covenant, to questions about their association with the Freemasons, to searches for a lost treasure. Speculation about the Templars has increased because of references to them in bestselling books such as The Da Vinci Code and films such as Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and National Treasure.

+According to folklorists, there is no written evidence for a "Friday the 13th" superstition before the 19th century.^[1][2][3] The earliest known documented reference in English occurs in Henry Sutherland Edwards' 1869 biography of Gioachino Rossini, who died on a Friday 13th. He [Rossini] was surrounded to the last by admiring friends; and if it be true that, like so many Italians, he regarded Fridays as an unlucky day and thirteen as an unlucky number, it is remarkable that one Friday 13th of November he died.^[4] Several theories have been proposed about the origin of the Friday the 13th superstition. One theory states that it is a modern amalgamation of two older superstitions: that thirteen is an unlucky number and that Friday is an unlucky day.

In numerology, the number twelve is considered the number of completeness, as reflected in the twelve months of the year, twelve hours of the clock, twelve gods of Olympus, twelve tribes of Israel,twelve Apostles of Jesus, the 12 successors of Muhammad in Shia Islam, twelve signs of the Zodiac, etc., whereas the number thirteen was considered irregular, transgressing this completeness. There is also a superstition, thought by some to derive from the Last Supper or a Norse myth, that having thirteen people seated at a table will result in the death of one of the diners.

Friday has been considered an unlucky day at least since the 14th century's The Canterbury Tales,^[5] and many other professions have regarded Friday as an unlucky day to undertake journeys or begin new projects.

Friday is also the day when, traditionally, Jesus Christ was crucified, making it through folklore and adding to its unpopularity.

One author, noting that references are all but nonexistent before 1907 but frequently seen thereafter, has argued that its popularity derives from the publication that year of Thomas W. Lawson's popular novel Friday, the Thirteenth,^[6] in which an unscrupulous broker takes advantage of the superstition to create a Wall Street panic on a Friday the 13th.^[1]

Records of the superstition are rarely found before the 20th century, when it became extremely common. The connection between the Friday the 13th superstition and the Knights Templar was popularized in Dan Brown's 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code and in John J. Robinson's 1989 work Born in Blood: The Lost Secrets of Freemasonry. On Friday, 13 October 1307, hundreds of the Knights Templar were arrested in France, an action apparently motivated financially and undertaken by the efficient royal bureaucracy to increase the prestige of the crown. Philip IV was the force behind this ruthless move, but it has also tarnished the historical reputation of Clement V. From the very day of Clement V's coronation, the king falsely charged the Templars with heresy, immorality and abuses, and the scruples of the Pope were compromised by a growing sense that the burgeoning French State might not wait for the Church, but would proceed independently.^[7] However, experts agree that this is a relatively recent correlation, and most likely a modern-day invention.^[5][8][9]

Some argue that the origin lies in a combination of Christian traditions. Friday: Christ was crucified on a Friday, thus making the day unlucky. Alternatively, both Jews and Muslims begin worship on Friday, and both groups' religions were considered blasphemous by Christians; thus, their day of worship was a day of mockery of Christianity, and therefore, a day for the Devil. Thirteen: Judas Iscariot, Christ's betrayer, could alternatively be considered the thirteenth member of Christ's close circle (Jesus plus his eleven other disciples) or the thirteenth apostle (Saint Matthias became an apostle by replacing Judas Iscariot after the latter's betrayal).

 

+The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 mystery-detective fiction novel written by Dan Brown. It follows symbologist Robert Langdon and cryptologist Sophie Neveu as they investigate a murder in Paris's Louvre Museum and discover a battle between the Priory of Sion and Opus Dei over the possibility of Jesus having been married to Mary Magdalene.

+The Holy Grail is a dish, plate, stone, or cup that is part of an important theme of Arthurian literature. A grail, wondrous but not explicitly "holy," first appears in Perceval le Gallois, an unfinished romance byChrétien de Troyes:^[1] it is a processional salver used to serve at a feast. Chrétien's story attracted many continuators, translators and interpreters in the later 12th and early 13th centuries, including Wolfram von Eschenbach, who makes the grail a great precious stone that fell from the sky. 

+Saint Helena (/ˌseɪnt həˈliːnə/ saynt-hə-lee-nə), named after Saint Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the British Overseas Territory ofSt Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha,^[3] which also includes the Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census).

+The Medieval Inquisition was a series of Inquisitions (Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing heresy) from around 1184, including the Episcopal Inquisition (1184-1230s) and later the Papal Inquisition (1230s). The Medieval Inquisition was established in response to large popular movements throughout Europe considered apostate or heretical to Christianity, in particular Catharism andWaldensians in southern France and northern Italy. These were the first inquisition movements of many that would follow.

+Maurice Druon (23 April 1918 – 14 April 2009) was a French novelist and a member of the Académie française.

+The Amber Room (sometimes known as the Amber Chamber ; Russian: Янтарная комната Yantarnaya komnata ; German: Bernsteinzimmer) in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg is a complete chamber decoration of amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors. It was created in the 18th century, disappeared during World War II, and was recreated in 2003.

+Tsarskoye Selo (Russian: Ца́рское Село́; IPA: [ˈt͡sarskəjɪ sʲɪˈlo] ( listen); "Tsar's Village") was the town containing a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting nobility, located 24 kilometers (15 mi) south from the center of Saint Petersburg.^[1] It is now part of the town of Pushkin and of the World Heritage Site Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. During the Soviet times it was known as Detskoye Selo.

+Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg; IPA: [sant pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] ( listen)) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed to Petrograd (Russian: Петроград; IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград; IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]), and in 1991, back to Saint Petersburg.

+Eighth Wonder of the World is a term sometimes used to describe phenomena in comparison to the widely known list of seven remarkable constructions of classical antiquity, called the Seven Wonders of the World.

+Königsberg was the capital of Prussia from the Late Middle Ages until 1701 when the capital was moved to Berlin. During the period from 1701 until 1945 it was the regional capital of the Prussian (and from 1871, German) province of East Prussia. It was the easternmost large German city until it was captured by the Soviet Union and Allies near the end of World War II. In 1946 the rebuilt city was renamed Kaliningrad (Калинингра́д).

+The Book of Exodus or, simply, Exodus (from Greek ἔξοδος, Exodos, meaning "going out"; Hebrew: שמות‎, Sh'mot, "Names"), is the second book of the Hebrew Bible, and of the five books of the Torah (the Pentateuch).

+Torah (/ˈtɔːrə/; Hebrew: תּוֹרָה, "Instruction", "Teaching") is a central concept in the Jewish tradition. It has a range of meanings: it can most specifically mean the first five books of the Tanakh, it can mean this plus the rabbinic commentaries on it, it can mean the continued narrative from Genesis to the end of the Tanakh, it can even mean the totality of Jewish teaching and practice.^[1] Common to all these meanings, Torah consists of the foundational narrative of the Jewish people: their call into being by God, their trials and tribulations, and their covenant with their God, which involves following a way of life embodied in a set of religious obligations and civil laws (halakha).

+Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (Dutch: [ˈrɛmbrɑnt ˈɦɑrmə(n)soːn vɑn ˈrɛin] ( listen); 15 July 1606^[1] – 4 October 1669) was a Dutch painter and etcher. He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history and the most important in Dutch history.^[2] His contributions to art came in a period of great wealth and cultural achievement that historians call the Dutch Golden Age when Dutch Golden Age painting, although in many ways antithetical to the Baroque style that dominated Europe, was extremely prolific and innovative.

+The Jujuy Exodus (in Spanish, Éxodo Jujeño) was an episode of the Argentine War of Independence. It was a massive forced displacement of people from the Jujuy Province, under by General Manuel Belgrano, conducted by his patriot forces that were battling a Royalist army. The population was compelled to leave under the threat of execution.

+Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano (3 June 1770 – 20 June 1820), usually referred to as Manuel Belgrano, was an Argentine economist, lawyer, politician, and military leader. He took part in the Argentine Wars of Independence and created the Flag of Argentina. He is regarded as one of the main Libertadores of the country.

+A refugee is a person who is outside his or her country of origin or habitual residence because they have suffered (or fear) persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or because they are a member of a persecuted 'social group' or because they are fleeing a war or natural disaster.

+An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders. They are often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the current legal definition of a refugee. At the end of 2006 it was estimated there were 24.5 million IDPs in some 52 countries. The region with the largest IDP population is Africa with some 11.8 million in 21 countries.

+RAF Oakley was a Royal Air Force airfield between Oakley and Worminghall, Buckinghamshire, England . It was located in a flat, damp wooded area.

+The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is a tragedy by William Shakespeare. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatizes the revenge Prince Hamlet exacts on his uncle Claudius for murdering King Hamlet, Claudius's brother and Prince Hamlet's father, and then succeeding to the throne and taking as his wife Gertrude, the old king's widow and Prince Hamlet's mother. The play vividly portrays both true and feigned madness—from overwhelming grief to seething rage—and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest, and moral corruption.

+Biblical archaeology involves the recovery and scientific investigation of the material remains of past cultures that can illuminate the periods and descriptions in the Bible, be they from the Old Testament(Tanakh) or from the New Testament, as well as the history and cosmogony of the Judeo-Christian religions. The principal location of interest for this branch of the archaeological sciences is what is known in the relevant religions as the Holy Land, which from a western perspective is also called the Middle East. 

+The crystal skulls are human skull hardstone carvings made of clear or milky white quartz, known in art history as "rock crystal", claimed to be pre-Columbian Mesoamerican artifacts by their alleged finders; however, none of the specimens made available for scientific study has been authenticated as pre-Columbian in origin.

+The M1917 Revolver (formally United States Revolver, Caliber .45, M1917) was a U.S. six-shot revolver of .45 ACP caliber. It was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1917 to supplement the standardM1911 .45 ACP semi-automatic pistol during World War I. Afterwards, it was primarily used by secondary and non-deployed troops. There were two variations of the M1917, one from Colt and one from S&W.

+The Nagant M1895 Revolver is a seven-shot, gas-seal revolver designed and produced by Belgian industrialist Léon Nagant for the Russian Empire. The Nagant M1895 was chambered for a proprietary cartridge, 7.62x38R, and featured an unusual "gas-seal" system, in which the cylinder moved forward when the gun was cocked, to close the gap between the cylinder and the barrel, providing a boost to the muzzle velocity of the fired projectile and allowing the weapon to be suppressed (an unusual ability for a revolver).

+The firm Fabrique d'armes Émile et Léon Nagant was established in 1859 in Liège, Belgium, to manufacture firearms.

+7.62×38mmR (also known as 7.62 mm Nagant and Cartridge, Type R) is a unique ammunition cartridge designed for use in the Russian Nagant M1895 revolver.

+The Tokarev Model 1927 submachine gun was an experimental firearm first developed in the Soviet Union under the leadership of Fedor Vasilievich Tokarev. The design was limited by its 7.62 x 38mm Nagant chambering which was necessary to utilize large stockpiles of the cartridge and provide commonality with the then standard sidearm of the Red Army, the Nagant revolver. Trials of the Model 1927 revealed poor reliability mainly because the over length cases caused repeated chamber jams and double feeds.

+The Browning Hi-Power is a single-action, 9mm semi-automatic handgun. It is based on a design by American firearms inventor John Browning, and completed by Dieudonné Saive atFabrique Nationale (FN) of Herstal, Belgium. Browning died in 1926, several years before the design was finalized. The Hi-Power is one of the most widely used military pistols of all time,^[3]having been used by the armed forces of over 50 countries.^[1]

⁺A leave of absence (LOA) is a period of time that one must be away from his/her primary job, while maintaining the status of employee. This contrasts with normal periods away from the workplace, such as vacations, holidays, hiatuses,sabbaticals, and "working from home" programs, in that they are considered exceptional circumstances, rather than benefits. Generally such an arrangement has a predefined termination at a particular date or after a certain event has occurred.

+Francisco de Orellana (1511, Trujillo, Spain – November 1546, Amazon River) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador. He completed the first known navigation of the length of the Amazon River, which initially was named "Rio de Orellana." He also founded the city of Guayaquil in what is now Ecuador.

+Guayaquil (pronounced: [ɡwaʝaˈkil]), officially Santiago de Guayaquil (pronounced: [sanˈtjaɣo ðe ɣwaʝaˈkil]), is the largest and the most populous city in Ecuador, with around 3.75 million people in the metropolitan area, as well as the nation's main port. The city is the capital of the Ecuadorian province of Guayas and the seat of the namesake canton.

+The army ant genus Dorylus, also known as driver ants, safari ants, or siafu, is found primarily in central and east Africa, although the range also extends to tropical Asia. The term siafu is a loanwordfrom Swahili,^[1] and is one of numerous similar words from regional Bantu languages used by indigenous peoples to describe various species of these ants. Unlike the New World members of the subfamilyEcitoninae, members of this genus do form temporary anthills lasting from a few days up to three months. Each colony can contain over 20 million individuals. As with their New World counterparts, there is asoldier class among the workers, which is larger, with a very large head and pincer-like mandibles. They are capable of stinging, but very rarely do so, relying instead on their powerful shearing jaws.

+A fedora /fɨˈdɔːrə/ is a felt hat originally designed for a woman but is now most commonly worn by men. A few fedoras have names of their own, including the trilby.

+Tokyo DisneySea is a 176-acre (71.22 ha) theme park at the Tokyo Disney Resort located in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan, just outside Tokyo.^[1] It opened on September 4, 2001. It is owned by The Oriental Land Company, which licenses Disney characters and themes from The Walt Disney Company. Tokyo DisneySea attracted an estimated 12 million visitors in 2009, making it the fifth-most-visited theme park in the world.

+The Bantu languages, technically the Narrow Bantu languages, constitute a traditional sub-branch of the Niger–Congo languages. There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion ofmutual intelligibility,^[1] though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and Ethnologue counts 535 languages.^[2] Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of the present day country of Cameroon; i.e., in the regions commonly known as Central Africa, East Africa, and Southern Africa.

+An amphibious vehicle (or simply amphibian), is a vehicle that is a means of transport, viable on land as well as on (or under) water. Amphibious vehicles include amphibious bicycles, ATVs, cars, buses, trucks, military vehicles, and hovercraft.

+Adai (also Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos) is an extinct language that was spoken in northwestern Louisiana. It is very poorly documented, being known only from a list of 275 words from 1804, so classification is probably impossible. It was once proposed that there may be a connection between Adai and the nearby Caddoan languages, but this now seems unlikely.

                                    Extinct Languages
Adai: (late 19th century)

  Aka-Bo: Boa Sr (2010)

  Akkala Sami: Marja Sergina (2003)

  Alsean family [Alsea: John Albert (1942); Yaquina: (1884)]                                 

  Apalachee: (early 18th century)

  Arwi: (early 19th Century)

  Aruá: (1877)

  Atakapa: (early 20th century)

  Atsugewi: (1988)

  Beothuk: Shanawdithit (a.k.a. "Nancy April") (1829)

  Black Isle dialect: Bobby Hogg (2012) ^[7]

  Baybayin: (late 19th century)

  Catawban family

Catawba: (before 1960)

Woccon

  Cayuse: (ca. 1930's)

  Chemakum: (ca. 1940's)

  Chicomuceltec: (late 20th century)

  Chimariko: (ca. 1930's)

  Chitimacha: Benjamin Paul (1934) & Delphine Ducloux (1940)

  Chumashan family: Barbareño language was last to become extinct.

Barbareño: Mary Yee (1965)

Ineseño

Island Chumash (Ethnologue)

Obispeño

Purisimeño

Ventureño

  Coahuilteco: (18th century)

  Cochimí (a Yuman language): (early 19th century)

  Comecrudan family

Comecrudo: recorded from children (Andrade, Emiterio, Joaquin, & others) of last speakers in (1886)

Garza: last recorded in (1828)

Mamulique: last recorded in (1828)

  Coosan family

Hanis: Martha Johnson (1972)

Miluk: Annie Miner Peterson (1939)

  Costanoan languages (a subfamily of the Utian family): (ca. 1940's)

Karkin

Mutsun

Northern Costanoan

Ramaytush

Chochenyo

Tamyen

Awaswas

Rumsen: last recorded speaker died in (1939) in Monterey, California

Chalon

  Cotoname: last recorded from Santos Cavázos and Emiterio in (1886)

  Crimean Gothic: language vanished by the (1800's)

  Cuman: (early 17th century)

  Dalmatian: Tuone Udaina, (June 10, 1898)

  Esselen: report of a few speakers left in 1833, extinct before the end of the 19th century

  Eyak (a Na-Dené language): Marie Smith Jones, January 21, 2008^[8]

  Gabrielino (a Uto-Aztecan language): elderly speakers last recorded in 1933

  Gafat (a South Ethiopian Semitic language): four speakers found in 1947 after much effort, no subsequent record

  Galice-Applegate (an Athabaskan language)

Galice dialect: Hoxie Simmons (1963)

  Greenlandic Norse: (by the late 15th century (16th century at the latest))

  Modern Gutnish: (by the 18th century)

  Jassic: (17th century)

  Juaneño (a Uto-Aztecan language): last recorded in (1934)

  Kakadu (Gaagudju): Big Bill Neidjie (July 2002)

  Kalapuyan family

Central Kalapuya

Ahantchuyuk, Luckimute, Mary's River, and Lower McKenzie River dialects: last speakers were about 6 persons who were all over 60 in (1937)

Santiam dialect: (ca. 1950's)

Northern Kalapuya

Tualatin dialect: Louis Kenoyer (1937)

Yamhill dialect: Louisa Selky (1915)

Yonkalla: last recorded in 1937 from Laura Blackery Albertson who only partly remembered it

  Kamassian: last native speaker, Klavdiya Plotnikova, died in 1989

  Karankawa: (1858)

  Kathlamet (a Chinookan language): (ca. 1930's)

  Kitanemuk (an Uto-Aztecan language): Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, Refugia Duran last recorded (1937)

  Kitsai (a Caddoan language): Kai Kai (ca. 1940)^[9]

  Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (an Athabaskan language): children of the last speakers remembered a few words, recorded in (1935 & 1942)

Clatskanie dialect: father of Willie Andrew (ca. 1870)

Kwalhioqua dialect: mother of Lizzie Johnson (1910)

  Lipan (Athabaskan): a few native speakers were living in the 1980s, now extinct

  Mahican: last spoken in Wisconsin (ca. 1930's)

  Manx: Ned Maddrell (December 1974) (but is being revived as a second language)

  Mattole-Bear River (an Athabaskan language)

Bear River dialect: material from last elderly speaker recorded (ca. 1929)

Mattole dialect: material recorded (ca. 1930)

  Mbabaram: Albert Bennett (1972)

  Mesmes: (one of the West Gurage languages), material from last elderly speaker (who had not spoken it for 30 years) collected ca. 2000

  Miami-Illinois: (1989)

  Mochica: (ca. 1950's)

  Mohegan: Fidelia Fielding (1908)

  Molala: Fred Yelkes (1958)

  Munichi: Victoria Huancho Icahuate (late 1990s)

  Natchez: Watt Sam & Nancy Raven (early 1930s)

  Negerhollands: Alice Stevenson (1987)

  Nooksack: Sindick Jimmy (1977)

  Norn (a Germanic language): extinct by mid-19th century

  Northern Pomo: (1994)

  Nottoway (an Iroquoian language): last recorded (before 1836)

  Pentlatch (a Salishan language): Joe Nimnim (1940)

  Pánobo (a Pano–Tacanan language): (1991)

  Pochutec (Uto-Aztecan: last documented 1917 by Franz Boas

  Polabian (a Slavic language): (late 18th century)

  Sadlermiut: last speaker died in 1902

  Salinan: (ca. 1960)

  Shastan family

Konomihu

New River Shasta

Okwanuchu

Shasta: 3 elderly speakers in 1980, extinct by (1990)

  Sirenik: last speaker died of old age in (1997)

  Siuslaw: (ca. 1970's)

  Slovincian (a Slavic language): (20th century)

  Sowa: last fluent speaker died in (2000)

  Susquehannock: all last speakers murdered in (1763)

  Takelma: Molly Orton (or Molly Orcutt) & Willie Simmons (both not fully fluent) last recorded in (1934)

  Tasmanian: (late 19th century)

  Tataviam (an Uto-Aztecan language): Juan José Fustero who remembered only a few words of his grandparents' language recorded (1913)

  Teteté (a Tucanoan language)

  Tillamook (a Salishan language): (1970)

  Tonkawa: 6 elderly people in (1931)

  Tsetsaut (an Athabaskan language): last fluent speaker was elderly man recorded in (1894)

  Tunica: Sesostrie Youchigant (ca. mid 20th century)

  Ubykh: Tevfik Esenç (October 1992)

  Most dialects of Upper Chinook (a Chinookan language) are extinct, except for the Wasco-Wishram dialect. The Clackamas dialect became extinct in the (1930's), other dialects have little documentation. (The Wasco-Wishram language is still spoken by five elders).^[10]

  Upper Umpqua: Wolverton Orton, last recorded in (1942)

  Vegliot Dalmatian: Tuone Udaina (Italian: Antonio Udina) (10 June 1898)

  Wappo : Laura Fish Somersal (1990)

  Weyto: while attested as living in 1770, 18th century explorers could find no fluent speakers

  Wiyot: Della Prince (1962)

  Yana: Ishi (1916)

  Yola related to English: (mid-19th century)

 

+Eteocypriot was a pre-Indo-European language spoken in Iron Age Cyprus. The name means "true" or "original Cyprian" parallel to Eteocretan, both of which names are used by modern scholarship to mean the pre-Greek languages of those places.^[1] Eteocypriot was written in the Cypriot syllabary, a syllabic script derived from Linear A (via the Cypro-Minoan variant Linear C). The language was under pressure from Arcadocypriot Greek from about the 10th century BC and finally became extinct in about the 4th century BC.

+Avestan /əˈvɛstən/,^[1] formerly also known as "Zend" or "Old Bactrian", is an East Iranian language known only from its use as the language of Zoroastrian scripture, i.e. the Avesta, from which it derives its name. Its area of composition comprised – at least – Arachosia/Sīstān, Herat, Merv and Bactria.^[2] The Yaz culture^[3] has been regarded as a likely archaeological reflection of early East Iranian culture as described in the Avesta. Its status as a sacred language has ensured its continuing use for new compositions long after the language had ceased to be a living language.

+The Yaz culture is an early Iron Age culture of Bactria and Margiana (ca. 1500-1100 BC). It has been regarded as a likely archaeological reflection of early East Iranian culture as described in theAvesta. So far, no burials related to the culture have been found, and this was taken as evidence of the Zoroastrian practice of exposure or so-called sky burial.

+Out-of-place artifact (OOPArt) is a term coined by American naturalist and cryptozoologist Ivan T. Sanderson for an object of historical, archaeological, or paleontological interest found in a very unusual or seemingly impossible context^[1] that could challenge conventional historical chronology by being "too advanced" for the level of civilization that existed at the time, or showing "human presence" far before humans were supposed to exist.

+Ivan Terence Sanderson (January 30, 1911 – February 19, 1973) was a biologist and writer born in Edinburgh, Scotland, who became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Sanderson is remembered for his nature writing and his interest in cryptozoology and paranormal subjects.

+The Antikythera mechanism (/ˌæntɨkɨˈθɪərə/ ant-i-ki-theer-ə or /ˌæntɨˈkɪθərə/ ant-i-kith-ə-rə) is an ancient analog computer^[1][2][3][4] designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was recovered in 1900–1901 from the Antikythera wreck,^[5] but its significance and complexity were not understood until a century later. Jacques Cousteau visited the wreck in 1978^[6] but, although he found new dating evidence, he did not find any additional remains of the Antikythera mechanism. The construction has been dated to the early 1st century BCE. Technological artifacts approaching its complexity and workmanship did not appear again until the 14th century CE, when mechanical astronomical clocks began to be built in Western Europe.

+The Antikythera wreck is a shipwreck from the 2nd quarter of the 1st century BC.^[1] It was discovered by sponge divers off Point Glyphadia on the Greek island of Antikythera in 1900.

+Zecharia Sitchin (Russian: Заха́рия Си́тчин; Azerbaijani: Zaxariya Sitçin) (July 11, 1920 – October 9, 2010)^[1] was an Azerbaijani-born American author of books proposing an explanation for humanorigins involving ancient astronauts. Sitchin attributes the creation of the ancient Sumerian culture to the Anunnaki, which he states was a race of extraterrestrials from a planet beyond Neptune calledNibiru. He believed this hypothetical planet of Nibiru to be in an elongated, elliptical orbit in the Earth's own Solar System, asserting that Sumerian mythology reflects this view. Sitchin's books have sold millions of copies worldwide and have been translated into more than 25 languages.

+The Maine penny, also referred to as the Goddard coin, is a Norwegian silver penny dating to the reign of Olaf Kyrre (1067–1093 AD). The Maine State Museum describes it as "the only pre-Columbian Norse artifact generally regarded as genuine found within the United States".^[1] The American Numismatic Society has stated that "There is no reliable confirmation on the documentation of the Goddard coin, and much circumstantial evidence suggests that someone was deliberately trying to manipulate or obfuscate the situation. The Norse coin from Maine should probably be considered a hoax."^[2] An analysis by anthropologist Edmund Snow Carpenter, published by the Rock Foundation, concluded, "not proven".

+Olaf III of Norway or Olaf Kyrre (c. 1050 – 1093), or Olaf Haraldsson, was King of Norway from 1067 to 1093.^[1] He was present at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in England in 1066 where his father,Harald Hardrada, saw defeat and was killed in action. During Olaf's rule, he made peace with earlier royal conflicts with the church, strengthened the power of the monarchy, and is said to have founded the city of Bergen in 1070.

+A galvanic cell, or voltaic cell, named after Luigi Galvani, or Alessandro Volta respectively, is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redoxreaction taking place within the cell. It generally consists of two different metals connected by a salt bridge, or individual half-cells separated by a porous membrane.

+Parthia (Persian: پارت or پرثوه) is a region of north-eastern Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Arsacid dynasty, rulers of the Parthian Empire. The name "Parthia" is a continuation from LatinParthia, from Old Persian Parthava, which was the Parthian language self-designator signifying "of the Parthians" who were an Iranian people. In context to its Hellenistic period Parthia also appears as Parthyaea.

+Wilhelm König was a German archaeologist.

+Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed - that is, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between species.

+An anion (−) (/ˈæn.aɪ.ən/ an-eye-ən), from the Greek word ἄνω (ánō), meaning "up", is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge (since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged).

A cation (+) (/ˈkæt.aɪ.ən/ kat-eye-ən), from the Greek word κατά (katá), meaning "down", is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge.

+A supernova remnant (SNR) is the structure resulting from the explosion of a star in a supernova. The supernova remnant is bounded by an expanding shock wave, and consists of ejected material expanding from the explosion, and the interstellar material it sweeps up and shocks along the way.

+SN 1572 (Tycho's Supernova, Tycho's Nova), "B Cassiopeiae" (B Cas), or 3C 10 was a supernova of Type Ia^[1] in the constellation Cassiopeia, one of about eight supernovae visible to the naked eye in historical records. It burst forth in early November 1572 and was independently discovered by many individuals.

+In solid-state physics, the free electron model is a simple model for the behaviour of valence electrons in a crystal structure of a metallic solid. It was developed principally by Arnold Sommerfeld who combined the classical Drude model with quantum mechanical Fermi-Dirac statistics and hence it is also known as the Drude–Sommerfeld model. The free electron Empty Lattice Approximation forms the basis of the band structure model known as nearly free electron model. Given its simplicity, it is surprisingly successful in explaining many experimental phenomena, especially

the Wiedemann-Franz law which relates electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity;

the temperature dependence of the heat capacity;

the shape of the electronic density of states;

the range of binding energy values;

electrical conductivities;

thermal electron emission and field electron emission from bulk metals.

+The Drude model of electrical conduction was proposed in 1900^[1][2] by Paul Drude to explain the transport properties of electrons in materials (especially metals). The model, which is an application of kinetic theory, assumes that the microscopic behavior of electrons in a solid may be treated classically and looks much like a pinball machine, with a sea of constantly jittering electrons bouncing and re-bouncing off heavier, relatively immobile positive ions.

+In solid-state and condensed matter physics, the density of states (DOS) of a system describes the number of states per interval of energy at each energy level that are available to be occupied by electrons. Unlike isolated systems, like atoms or molecules in gas phase, the density distributions are not discrete like a spectral density but continuous. A high DOS at a specific energy level means that there are many states available for occupation.

+In physics, the Wiedemann–Franz law is the ratio of the electronic contribution of the thermal conductivity (κ) to the electrical conductivity (σ) of a metal, and is proportional to the temperature (T).

+Empirical evidence (also empirical data, sense experience, empirical knowledge, or the a posteriori) is a source of knowledge acquired by means of observation or experimentation.^[1] Empirical evidence is information that justifies a belief in the truth or falsity of an empirical claim. In the empiricist view, one can only claim to have knowledge when one has a true belief based on empirical evidence. This stands in contrast to the rationalist view under which reason or reflection alone is considered to be evidence for the truth or falsity of some propositions.

+Empiricism is a theory of knowledge which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.^[1] One of several views of epistemology, the study of human knowledge, along withrationalism, idealism, and historicism, empiricism emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory experience, in the formation of ideas, over the notion of innate ideas or traditions;^[2]empiricists may argue however that traditions (or customs) arise due to relations of previous sense experiences.

+The Dogmatic school of medicine (Dogmatics, or Dogmatici, Greek: Δογματικοί) was an ancient school of medicine in ancient Greece and Rome. They were the oldest of the medical sects of antiquity. They derived their name from dogma, a philosophical tenet or opinion, because they professed to follow the opinions of Hippocrates, hence they were sometimes called Hippocratici. Thessalus, the son, and Polybus, the son-in-law of Hippocrates, were the founders of this sect, c. 400 BC, which enjoyed great reputation, and held undisputed sway over the whole medical profession, until the establishment of the Alexandrian school known as the Empiric school.

+An anode is an electrode through which electric current flows into a polarized electrical device. The direction of electric current is, by convention, opposite to the direction of electron flow. In other words, the electrons flow from the anode into, for example, an electrical circuit. Mnemonic: ACID (Anode Current Into Device).

+A cathode is an electrode through which electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device. The direction of electric current is, by convention, opposite to the direction of electron flow. This convention is sometimes remembered using the mnemonic CCD for cathode current departs.

 

+Electroplating is a process that uses electrical current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a coherent metal coating on an electrode. The term is also used for electrical oxidation of anionsonto a solid subtrate, as in the formation silver chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride electrodes. Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object (e.g. abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc.), but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming.

+Inspector Sands is a code phrase used by public transport authorities in the United Kingdom, including Network Rail and London Underground, to alert staff and other agencies, such as the police, to an emergency or potential emergency such as a fireor bomb scare without alerting the public and creating panic.^[1][2] The exact wording depends on the station, and the nature of the incident, for example "Would Inspector Sands please report to the operations room immediately" or "would Inspector Sands please report to platform 2".

+Hospital Emergency Codes are used in hospitals worldwide to alert staff to various emergencies. The use of codes is intended to convey essential information quickly and with minimal misunderstanding to staff, while preventing stress and panic among visitors to the hospital. These codes may be posted on placards throughout the hospital, or printed on employee identification badges for ready reference.

+Tetrachromacy is the condition of possessing four independent channels for conveying color information, or possessing four different types of cone cells in the eye. Organisms with tetrachromacy are called tetrachromats.

+A chimera or chimaera is a single organism (usually an animal) that is composed of two or more different populations of genetically distinct cells that originated from different zygotes involved in sexual reproduction. If the different cells have emerged from the same zygote, the organism is called a mosaic. Chimeras are formed from at least four parent cells (two fertilized eggs or early embryos fused together). Each population of cells keeps its own character and the resulting organism is a mixture of tissues.

                                    Mental Calculators

·                    Aitken, Alexander Craig, [1]

·                    Bidder, George Parker

·                    Buxton, Jedediah

·                    Colburn, Zerah

·                    Dase, Johann Zacharias

·                    Deshong, Peter M.

·                    De Grote, Herbert

·                    Devi, Shakuntala

·                    Diamandi, Pericles

·                    Dysart, Willis (a.k.a. Willie the Wizard)

·                    Eberstark, Hans

·                    Euler, Leonhard

·                    Finkelstein, Salo

·                    Fuller, Thomas

·                    Gauss, Carl Friedrich

·                    Griffith, Arthur F.

·                    Inaudi, Jacques

·                    Klein, Wim (a.k.a. Willem Klein) [2]

·                    McCartney, Daniel

·                    Neumann, John von

·                    Ruckle, Gottfried

·                    Safford, Truman Henry

·                    Shelushkov, Igor

+Mental calculators are people with a prodigious ability in some area of mental calculation, such as multiplying large numbers or factoring large numbers. Some rare mental calculators are autistic savants, with a narrow area of great skill and poor mental development in other directions, but many are people of normal mental development who have simply developed advanced calculating ability. A good many are also experienced scientists, linguists, writers, and so on.

+Savant syndrome is a condition in which a person with serious mental disabilities, including autistic disorder, demonstrates profound and prodigious capacities or abilities far in excess of what would be considered normal.^[1][2][3] People with savant syndrome may have neurodevelopmental disorders, notably autism spectrum disorders or brain injuries.

+Synesthesia (also spelled synæsthesia or synaesthesia, plural synesthesiæ or synæsthesiæ), from the ancient Greek σύν (syn), "together," and αἴσθησις (aisthēsis), "sensation," is a neurological condition in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.^[1][2][3][4] People who report such experiences are known as synesthetes.

+Grapheme → color synesthesia is a form of synesthesia in which an individual's perception of numbers and letters is associated with the experience of colors. Like all forms of synesthesia, grapheme→ color synesthesia is involuntary, consistent, and memorable.^[1] Grapheme → color synesthesia is one of the most common forms of synesthesia, and because of the extensive knowledge of thevisual system, one of the most studied.

+Henrietta Lacks (August 1, 1920 – October 4, 1951)^[1] (sometimes erroneously called Henrietta Lakes, Helen Lane or Helen Larson) was an African-American woman who was the unwitting source of cells (from her cancerous tumor) which were cultured by George Otto Gey to create an immortal cell line for medical research. This is now known as the HeLa cell line.

+The Hayflick limit^{[Note 1]} (or Hayflick phenomenon) is the number of times a normal human cell population will divide until cell division stops. Empirical evidence shows that the telomeres associated with each cell's DNA will get slightly shorter with each new cell division until they shorten to a critical length.

+In mathematics, infinity plus one has meaning for the hyperreals, and also as the number ω+1 (omega plus one) in the ordinal numbers and surreal numbers. This phrase is also found in popular culture.

+In mathematics, the Poincaré recurrence theorem states that certain systems will, after a sufficiently long time, return to a state very close to the initial state. The Poincaré recurrence time is the length of time elapsed until the recurrence. The result applies to physical systems in which energy is conserved. The theorem is commonly discussed in the context of ergodic theory, dynamical systems and statistical mechanics.

+In number theory, Skewes' number is any of several extremely large numbers used by the South African mathematician Stanley Skewes as upper bounds for the smallest natural number x for which

 

where π is the prime-counting function and li is the logarithmic integral function. These bounds have since been improved by others: there is a crossing near E727.95133. It is not known whether it is the smallest.

+Roopkund (locally known as Mystery Lake)^[1] is a high altitude glacial lake in Uttarakhand state of India, lies in the lap of Trishul massif and famous due to hundreds of human skeletons found at the edge of the lake. The location is uninhabited and is located in Himalaya at an altitude of about 5,029 metres (16,499 feet)^[1]. The lake is surrounded by rock-strewn glaciers and snow clad mountains, making it a good trekking destination.

+Cheondoism, or spelled Chondoism in North Korean sources^[1] (Korean Cheondogyo; hanja 天道教; hangul 천도교; literally "Religion of the Heavenly Way"), is a 20th-century Korean religious movement, based on the 19th century Donghak Confucian movement founded by Choe Je-u and codified under Son Byeong-hui.^[2] Cheondoism has its origins in the peasant rebellions which arose starting in 1812 during the Joseon Dynasty. 

+Mazdak (Persian: Mazdak‎) (died c. 524 or 528) was a Zoroastrian prophet, Iranian reformer and religious activist who gained influence under the reign of the Sassanian Shahanshah Kavadh I. He claimed to be a prophet of Ahura Mazda, and instituted communal possessions and social welfare programs. He has been seen as a proto-socialist.

+The Builders of the Adytum (B.O.T.A) is a school of the Western mystery tradition based in Los Angeles which is registered as a non-profit tax-exempt religious organization. It was founded by Paul Foster Case and has its roots in both theHermetic Order of the Golden Dawn^[1] and the Masonic blue lodge system.^[2] It was later extended by Ann Davies.

+Ásatrú (from Icelandic for "Æsir faith", pronounced [auːsatruː], in Old Norse [aːsatruː]) is a form of Germanic neopaganism which developed in the United States from the 1970s. It focuses on historical Norse paganism of the Viking Age as described in the Eddas, but proponents also take a more inclusive approach, defining it as "Northern European Heathenry" not limited to a specific historical period.

+Eckankar is a monotheistic religion^{[citation needed]} founded in the United States by Paul Twitchell in 1965. The personal experience of the "Light and Sound of God" is one of the aims of the many spiritual exercises that are delineated in the numerous books available to the general public as well as in the discourses accessible to members only.

+Jainism /ˈdʒeɪnɪzᵊm/, traditionally known as Jaina dharma, is an Indian religion that prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings and emphasises spiritual independence and equality between all forms of life. Practitioners believe that non-violence and self-control are the means by which they can obtain liberation from the cycle of reincarnations.

+Aladura is a classification of churches that abide by a Christian religious denomination or trend founded in 1918 in West Nigeria by 5 people [Olowe], with over 3 million adherents worldwide.

"Aladura" means "Praying People" in Yoruba.

+Cao Đài (Vietnamese: [kāːw ɗâːj] ( listen), also Caodaism or Caodaiism) is a relatively modern syncretistic, monotheistic religion, officially established in the city of Tây Ninh, southern Vietnam in 1926. Due to its young age, it shows its syncretistic roots more than older religions. Đạo Cao Đài is the religion's shortened name; its full name is Đại Đạo Tam Kỳ Phổ Độ (Great Religion [of The] Third Period [of] Revelation [and] Salvation).

+Falun Gong or Falun Dafa (literally means "Dharma Wheel Practice" or "Law Wheel Practice") is a spiritual discipline first introduced in China in 1992 through public lectures by its founder, Li Hongzhi. It combines the practice of meditation and slow-moving qigong exercises with a moral philosophy. Falun Gong emphasizes morality and the cultivation of virtue in its central tenets of Truthfulness,Compassion, and Forbearance (Chinese: 真、善、忍), and identifies as a qigong practice of the Buddhist school, though its teachings also incorporate elements drawn from Taoist traditions.

+Einstein's general theory of relativity predicts that non-static, stationary mass–energy distributions affect spacetime in a peculiar way giving rise to a phenomenon usually known as frame-dragging. The first frame-dragging effect was derived in 1918, in the framework of general relativity, by the Austrian physicists Josef Lense and Hans Thirring, and is also known as the Lense–Thirring effect.^[1][2][3]They predicted that the rotation of a massive object would distort the spacetime metric, making the orbit of a nearby test particle precess.

+In physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that distant simultaneity – whether two spatially separated events occur at the same time – is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame.

+A black string is a higher dimensional (D>4) generalization of a black hole in which the event horizon is topologically equivalent to S² × S¹ and spacetime is asymptotically M^d−1 × S¹.

+Geons are the simple 2D or 3D forms such as cylinders, bricks, wedges, cones, circles and rectangles corresponding to the simple parts of an object in Biederman's Recognition-by-components theory.^[1] The theory proposes that the visual input is matched against structural representations of objects in the brain.

+In theoretical general relativity, a geon is an electromagnetic or gravitational wave which is held together in a confined region by the gravitational attraction of its own field energy. They were first investigated theoretically in 1955 by J. A. Wheeler, who coined the term as a contraction of "gravitational electromagnetic entity."

+A rotating black hole is a black hole that possesses spin angular momentum.

+The Kerr metric (or Kerr vacuum) describes the geometry of empty spacetime around an uncharged axially-symmetric black-hole with an event horizon which is topologically a sphere. The Kerr metric is an exact solution of the Einstein field equations of general relativity; these equations are highly non-linear, which makes exact solutions very difficult to find.

+Quantum tunneling refers to the quantum mechanical phenomenon where a particle tunnels through a barrier that it classically could not surmount. This plays an essential role in several physical phenomena, such as the nuclear fusion that occurs in main sequence stars like the Sun.

+Cosmic strings are hypothetical 1-dimensional (spatially) topological defects which may have formed during a symmetry breaking phase transition in the early universe when the topology of the vacuum manifold associated to this symmetry breaking is not simply connected. It is expected that at least one string per Hubble volume is formed. Their existence was first contemplated by the theoretical physicist Tom Kibble in the 1970s.

+Retrocausality (also called retro-causation, retro-chronal causation, backward causation, and similar terms) is any of several hypothetical phenomena or processes that reverse causality, allowing an effect to occur before its cause.

+Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two theorems of mathematical logic that establish inherent limitations of all but the most trivial axiomatic systems capable of doing arithmetic. The theorems, proven by Kurt Gödel in 1931, are important both in mathematical logic and in the philosophy of mathematics. The two results are widely, but not universally, interpreted as showing that Hilbert's program to find a complete and consistent set of axioms for all mathematics is impossible, giving a negative answer to Hilbert's second problem.

+Klerksdorp spheres are small objects, often spherical to disc-shaped, that have been collected by miners and rockhounds from 3-billion-year-old pyrophyllite deposits mined by Wonderstone Ltd., near Ottosdal, South Africa. They have been cited by some alternative researchers and reporters in books,^[1][2] popular articles,^[3][4] and many web pages,^[5][6] as inexplicable out-of-place artifacts that could only have been manufactured by intelligent beings.

+The Dropa stones, otherwise known as the Dzopa stones, Dropas stones or Drop-ka stones, are said by some ufologists and pseudoarchaeologists to be a series of at least 716 circular stone discs, dating back 12,000 years, on which tinyhieroglyph-like markings may be found.^[1][2] Each disc is claimed to measure up to 1 foot (30 cm) in diameter and carry two grooves, originating from a hole in their center, in the form of a double spiral.^[3] The hieroglyph-like markings are said to be found in these grooves.

+The Ica stones are a collection of andesite stones that bear a variety of diagrams, including depictions of dinosaurs and what is alleged to be advanced technology. They are not considered to be genuine archeological artifacts but instead were recently created by Peruvian locals as curiosities or hoaxes.

+The stone spheres (or stone balls) of Costa Rica are an assortment of over three hundred petrospheres in Costa Rica, located on the Diquís Delta and on Isla del Caño. Locally, they are known as Las Bolas. The spheres are commonly attributed to the extinct Diquís culture and are sometimes referred to as the Diquís Spheres. They are the best-known stone sculptures of the Isthmo-Colombian area.

+The Oera Linda Book is a 19th-century manuscript written in Old Frisian. It purports to cover historical, mythological, and religious themes of remote antiquity, compiled between 2194 BC and AD 803.

+The Ark of the Covenant (Hebrew: אָרוֹן הַבְּרִית‎ ʾĀrôn Habbərît, modern pron. Aron Habrit), also known as the Ark of the Testimony, is a chest described in the Book of Exodus^[1] as containing the Tablets of Stone on which the Ten Commandmentswere inscribed. According to some traditional interpretations of the Book of Exodus,^[2] Book of Numbers,^[3] and the Letter to the Hebrews^[4] the Ark also contained Aaron's rod, a jar of manna and the first Torah scroll as written by Moses; however, the first of the Books of Kings says that at the time of King Solomon, the Ark contained only the two Tablets of the Law.

+Angel hair or siliceous cotton is a sticky, fibrous substance reported in connection with UFO sightings, or manifestations of the Virgin Mary.^[1][2] It has been described as being like a cobweb or a jelly.^[

⁺The Piri Reis map is a pre-modern world map compiled in 1513 from military intelligence by the Ottoman admiral and cartographer Piri Reis. The approximately one-third of the map that survives shows the western coasts of Europe and North Africa and the coast of Brazil with reasonable accuracy. Various Atlantic islands including the Azores and Canary Islands are depicted, as is the mythical island of Antillia and possibly Japan. 

+The Lizard Man of Scape Ore Swamp (also known as the Lizard Man of Lee County) is a reptilian humanoid cryptid which is said to inhabit areas of swampland in and around Lee County, South Carolina along with the sewers and abandoned subways in towns near the swamp.

+The Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter, also known as the Hopkinsville Goblins Case, and to a lesser extent the Kelly Green Men Case, is the name given to a series of allegedly connected incidents of alleged close encounters with supposedextraterrestrial beings. 

+Summerwind, formerly known as Lamont Mansion, is a ruined mansion on the shores of West Bay Lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin. It is reputed to be one of the most haunted locations in the state. As a result of abandonment, the elements, and fire, little of the mansion currently remains standing. For a while it was popular with paranormal tourists. Summerwind's ruins are located on private land and are closed to the public. The mansion was featured on an episode of A Haunting. The show is aired on Destination America.

+The Clapham Wood Mystery is the name given to a collection of unusual events which are associated with Clapham Wood, West Sussex, England, resulting in the area developing its own lore in popular culture.^[1][2] Events have included reports of people making unusual sightings or experiencing unusual phenomena, and of family pets disappearing or sickening.^[2] There have also been several human deaths associated with the location.

+The Bridgewater Triangle refers to an area of about 200 square miles (520 km²) within southeastern Massachusetts in the United States,^[1] claimed to be a site of alleged paranormal phenomena, ranging from UFO's to poltergeists and orbs, balls of fire and other spectral phenomena, various "bigfoot" sightings, giant snakes and "thunderbirds", as well as the mutilation of cattle and other livestock.

+The Mad Gasser of Mattoon (also known as the "Anesthetic Prowler", the "Mad Anesthetist", the "Phantom Anesthetist", the "Mad Gasser of Roanoke", or simply the "Mad Gasser") was the name given to the person or people believed to be responsible for a series of apparent gas attacks that occurred in Botetourt County, Virginia, during the early 1930s, and in Mattoon, Illinois, during the mid-1940s.

+The Isdal woman (Norwegian: Isdalskvinnen) is the subject of an unsolved case involving an unidentified woman found dead at Isdalen Valley in Bergen, Norway on 29 November 1970. Considered one of Norway's most profound mysteries, the case has been the subject of intense speculation over the years regarding the identity of the victim, the events leading up to her death and the cause of death. Public interest in the case remains significant.

+The Bloody Benders were a family of serial killers who owned an inn and small general store in Labette County of southeastern Kansas from 1871 to 1873. The family consisted of John Bender, his wife Mrs. Bender (later referred to as Kate, Sr., since no one knew her given name), son John, Jr., and daughter Kate. While Bender mythology holds that John and Kate were brother and sister, contemporary newspapers reported that several of the Benders' neighbors have stated that they claimed to be married, possibly a common law marriage.

+The Burke and Hare murders (also known as the West Port murders) were a series of murders committed in Edinburgh, Scotland over a period of about ten months in 1828. The killings were attributed to Irish immigrants William Burke and William Hare, who sold the corpses of their 16 victims to Doctor Robert Knox as dissection material for his well-attended anatomy lectures. Burke and Hare's accomplices were Burke's mistress, Helen McDougal, and Hare's wife, Margaret Laird.

+Mellified man, or human mummy confection, was a legendary medicinal substance created by steeping a human cadaver in honey. The concoction is mentioned only in Chinese sources, most significantly the Bencao Gangmu of the 16th-century Chinese pharmacologist Li Shizhen. Relying on a second-hand account, Li reports a story that some elderly men in Arabia, nearing the end of their lives, would submit themselves to a process of mummification in honey to create a healing confection.^[

⁺The Great Attractor is a gravity anomaly in intergalactic space within the range of the Centaurus Supercluster that reveals the existence of a localized concentration of mass equivalent to tens of thousands of galaxies, each of which is the size of the Milky Way; this mass is observable by its effect on the motion of galaxies and their associated clusters over a region hundreds of millions of light years across.

+Hinterkaifeck, a small farmstead situated between the Bavarian towns of Ingolstadt and Schrobenhausen (approximately 70 km north of Munich), was the scene of one of the most puzzling crimes in German history. On the evening of March 31, 1922, the six inhabitants of the farm were killed with a pickaxe. The murder is still unsolved.

+The Big N’ Tasty is a hamburger sold by the international fast food chain McDonald's. It is designed to compete with the Burger King Whopper sandwich.^[1] A similar variation called the Big Tasty, without the center '"N"', is sold outside the USA in parts of Europe, South America, the Middle East, and Taiwan.

+Tafl games are a family of ancient Germanic and Celtic strategy board games played on a checkered or latticed board with two armies of uneven numbers, representing variants of an early Scandinavianboard game called tafl or hnefatafl in contemporary literature.

+The Landlord's Game is a board game patented in 1904 by Elizabeth Magie as U.S. Patent 748,626. It is a realty and taxation game, which is considered to be a direct inspiration for the board game Monopoly. Though many similar home-made games were played at the beginning of the 20th century and some predate The Landlord's Game, it is the first of its kind to have an attested patent.

+Nine Men's Morris is a strategy board game for two players that emerged from the Roman Empire.^[1] The game is also known as Nine Man Morris, Mill, Mills, The Mill Game, Merels, Merrills,Merelles, Marelles, and Morelles in English. The game has also been called Cowboy Checkers and was once printed on the back of checkerboards. Nine Men's Morris is a solved game in which either player can force the game into a draw.

+The Mansion of Happiness: An Instructive Moral and Entertaining Amusement is a children's board game inspired by Christian morality. Players race about a sixty-six space spiral track depicting virtues and vices with their goal being The Mansion of Happiness at track's end. Instructions upon virtue spaces advance players toward the goal while those upon vice spaces force them to retreat.

+Senet (or Senat^[1]) is a board game from Predynastic and ancient Egypt. The oldest hieroglyph representing a Senet game dates to around 3100 BC.^[2] The full name of the game in Egyptian was zn.t n.t ḥˁb meaning the "game of passing".

+Mancala is a family of board games played around the world, sometimes called "sowing" games, or "count-and-capture" games, which describes the gameplay. The word mancala comes from the Arabicword naqala meaning literally "to move." No one game exists with the name mancala; the name is a classification or type of game. This word is used in Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt, but is not consistently applied to any one game.

+Chopat (or Chaupat) is a Cross and Circle game played in Saurashtra, part of Gujarat, India. It is a relatively easy game to learn but it does require skill to play this game of strategy well. Chopat is claimed to be a variation of the game of dice played in the epic poem Mahabharata between Yudhisthira and Duryodhan.
Variations are played in other parts of India¹ and even Pakistan². It is similar in some ways to Pachisi, Parcheesi and Ludo.
Its also called The Ludo grandfathers.

+Chaturanga (Sanskrit: चतुरङ्ग; caturaṅga), catur, is an ancient Indian game which is the common ancestor of the games of chess, shogi, makruk, xiangqi and janggi.

+The Royal Game of Ur, also known as the Game of Twenty Squares, refers to two game boards found in the Royal Tombs of Ur in Iraq by Sir Leonard Woolley in the 1920s. The two boards date from the First Dynasty of Ur, before 2600 BC, thus making the Royal Game of Ur one of the oldest examples of board gaming equipment found, although Senet boards found in Egyptian graves predate it as much as 900 years. The game is still played. One of the two boards is exhibited in the collections of the British Museum in London.

+V-Tech Rampage is a controversial amateur action computer game that re-creates the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre on the campus of Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States. The game was created by 21-year-old Ryan Lambourn from Australia.^[1] The Flash-based game first came to light when it was uploaded to Newgrounds using Lambourn's screen name Master PiGPEN.

+Bébé's Kids (released on home media as Robin Harris' Bébé's Kids) is a 1992 American animated comedy film produced by Reginald Hudlin and Hyperion Pictures, directed by Bruce W. Smith, and released on July 31, 1992 by Paramount Pictures.

+Extreme Paintbrawl is a paintball video game released for Microsoft Windows/DOS on October 20, 1998. The game uses a modified version of the Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition v1.5 executable. This game has been considered one of the worst video games ever made. The title was developed in two weeks, with soundtrack by musician Todd Duane, who sent Head Games his demo tracks. The game was eventually followed by Extreme Paintbrawl 2 and Extreme Paintbrawl 4.

+Link: The Faces of Evil, Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon and Zelda's Adventure are three action-adventure games produced by Philips for the CD-i as part of Nintendo's The Legend of Zelda video game series. Not designed for Nintendo platforms, the games owe their existence to negotiations related to Nintendo's decision not to have Philips create a CD add-on to the Super NES.

+Kabuki Warriors (斬 歌舞伎 Zan Kabuki) is a 2001 video game released for the Microsoft Xbox, shortly after the release of the console. It was published by Crave Entertainment, and co-developed byGenki and Lightweight.

+Aquaman: Battle for Atlantis is a console video game for the Xbox and Nintendo GameCube systems, based on the DC Comics character Aquaman. It was developed by Lucky Chicken Studios and published by TDK in conjunction with DC Comics. It is based on the long-running comic book mythos, as opposed to most other DC Comics-based games which are adaptations of the characters in other media besides the source material. It was notoriously badly received.

+Shaq Fu is a 2D fighting game released on the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis and Super Nintendo game platforms on October 28, 1994. It was ported to the Amiga, Sega Game Gear and Game Boyplatforms in 1995. The game was published by Electronic Arts and developed by the now-defunct Delphine Software International. It features former professional basketball player Shaquille O'Neal (also known as Shaq) as a playable character.

+The FBI Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) is the Federal Bureau of Investigation's counter-terrorism SWAT.^[2] The HRT is trained to rescue American citizens and allies who are held by a hostile force, usually terrorist and/or criminal.^[2] The Hostage Rescue Team was founded in 1982 by Danny Coulson and completed its final certification exercise in October 1983.

+Drake of the 99 Dragons (also titled Drake) is a cel-shaded third person shooter video game for the Xbox video game console and Windows. The game stars Drake, an undead assassin who is on a quest to avenge his murdered clan (the 99 Dragons) by recovering their ancient "Soul Portal Artifact", battling a vast array of enemies along the way, including business partners Serpent Eye and Tang, the latter of which is intent on using the artifact to harvest souls from the spirit realm. With the power of these souls, Tang will be able to power a large cyborg army created for the purpose of conquering the world.

+Bubsy 3D (also Bubsy is 3D in Furbitten Planet) is a platform video game developed by Eidetic and published by Accolade and Telstar for the PlayStation video game console. Designed by Michael Berlyn, it was released on October 13, 1996 in North America and in August 1997 in Europe. It is the fourth and final game in the Bubsy series, starring its eponymous protagonist. It is one of the first 3D platform games, though with limited movement.

+Plumbers Don't Wear Ties is an adult-oriented graphic adventure game/dating sim produced and released by Fremont, California game company^[3] Kirin Entertainment, a subsidiary of Digital Stuff Inc.,^[4] in 1994. Kirin's first published game, it tells the story of John (played by Edward J. Foster) and Jane (played by Jeanne Basone), that are being pressured by their respective parents to find a suitable spouse, and it is up to the player to get John and Jane together.

+Superman: The New Adventures, often referred to as Superman 64, is a 1999 adventure video game developed and published by Titus Software for the Nintendo 64 video game console. The game is based on the television series Superman: The Animated Series. Superman was first released in North America on May 29, 1999 and in Europe on July 23, 1999.

+Penn & Teller's Smoke and Mirrors is an unreleased video game that was planned for release initially on the Sega CD in April 1995 and to be followed by PC and 3DO versions later that year. The game starred the comedy-magician duo Penn & Teller. The publisher Absolute Entertainment went out of business before they could release the game, yet the game was featured and previewed in various gaming publications such as Electronic Gaming Monthly and reviewed by VideoGames magazine. Skyworks Interactive, Inc.

+Atari is a corporate and brand name owned by several entities since its inception in 1972. As of 2012, it is owned by Atari Interactive, a subsidiary of the French publisher Atari, SA (ASA).^[1][2][3] The original Atari, Inc. was founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. It was a pioneer in arcade games, home video game consoles, and home computers. The company's products, such as Pongand the Atari 2600, helped define the computer entertainment industry from the 1970s to the mid-1980s.

+E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (also referred to simply as E.T.) is a notorious 1982 adventure video game developed and published by Atari, Inc. for the Atari 2600 video game console. It is based on the film of the same name, and was designed by Howard Scott Warshaw. The objective of the game is to guide the eponymous character through various screens to collect three pieces of an interplanetary telephone that will allow him to contact his home planet.

+The breed of dogs Catalburun is originally from Turkey , are rare animals when viewed for the first time. The race came across dogs of the same family, this genetic deformation occurred in his nose.Those who manipulated the race wanted to get a dog that was superior in smell, to be very good hunter.

+The Mudi is a rare herding dog breed from Hungary. It is closely related to the Puli and Pumi, from which it was separated in the 1930s. Today, the Mudi is bred for work, companionship, and show. They continue to be used in herding, as well as participating in a variety of dog sports.

+The Thai Ridgeback (Thai: ไทยหลังอาน, RTGS: Thai Lang-An) is an ancient breed of dog. The breed was formerly unknown outside of Thailand, but is gaining notice in the Western world.^[1] They are also known as a Mah Thai Lang Ahn. The Thai Ridgeback is one of only three breeds that has a ridge of hair that runs along its back in the opposite direction to the rest of the coat. The other two are theRhodesian Ridgeback and the Phu Quoc Ridgeback.

+The Norwegian Lundehund (Norsk Lundehund) is a small dog breed of the Spitz type that originates from Norway. Its name is a compound noun composed of the elements Lunde, meaning puffin(Norwegian lunde "puffin" or lundefugl "puffin bird"), and hund, meaning dog. The breed was originally developed for the hunting of puffins and their eggs.

+The Carolina Dog, or American Dingo, is a landrace or naturally selected type of dog which was discovered living as a wild dog or free roaming dog by Dr. I. Lehr Brisbin. Carolina Dogs are now bred and kept in captive collections or packs. They were discovered during the 1970s living in isolated stretches of longleaf pines and cypress swamps in the Southeastern United States. Carolina Dogs are of medium size, with a fawn, black, white or piebald^[1] coat and frequently a melanistic mask.

+The Tibetan Mastiff (Wylie: do khyi; Lhasa dialect IPA: [tʰòcʰi]) is an ancient breed and type of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) originating with nomadic cultures of Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, Tibet and Central Asia.

+The Azawakh is a sighthound dog breed from Africa.

+The Otterhound is an old British dog breed. The origins are not known. It is a scent hound, and was developed to hunt otters. It is currently recognised by the Kennel Club as a Vulnerable Native Breed, with around 1000 animals worldwide.

+The Stabyhoun or Stabij is a rare dog breed that just like the Wetterhoun originates from Friesland, a province in the North of the Netherlands. The first part of the name is probably from the Dutch: "sta me bij" (stand by me). The last part is simply Frisian, meaning dog, which is pronounced "hoon". There are only approximately 3507 Stabyhouns in existence today.

+The Chinook is a rare breed of sled dog, developed in the New England region of the United States in the early 20th century. The Chinook is the official state dog of the state of New Hampshire.

+The Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog is a bobtailed, medium sized breed of dog. The Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog was developed in Australia to herd cattle, and descends from crosses betweenEuropean herding dogs and the Australian dingo.

+The Enron scandal, revealed in October 2001, eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation, an American energy company based in Houston, Texas, and the de facto dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which was one of the five largest auditand accountancy partnerships in the world. In addition to being the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history at that time, Enron was attributed as the biggest audit failure.

+Executive Order 13233^[1] limited access to the records of former United States Presidents. It was drafted by then White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales and issued by George W. Bush on November 1, 2001. Section 13 of Order 13233 revoked Executive Order 12667 which was issued by Ronald Reagan on January 18, 1989.

+The 2001 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active Atlantic hurricane season that produced 17 tropical cyclones, 15 named storms, nine hurricanes, and four major hurricanes. The season officially lasted from June 1, 2001, to November 30, 2001, dates which by convention limit the period of each year when tropical cyclones tend to form in the Atlantic Ocean basin. The season began with Tropical Storm Allison on June 4, and ended with Hurricane Olga, which dissipated on December 6. 

+In finance, an abnormal return is the difference between the actual return of a security and the expected return. Abnormal returns are sometimes triggered by "events." Events can include mergers, dividend announcements, company earning announcements, interest rate increases, lawsuits, etc. all which can contribute to an abnormal return. Events in finance can typically be classified as occurrences or information that has not already been priced by the market.

+Ahmad Shah Massoud (احمد شاه مسعود Aḥmad Šāh Masʻūd; 1953–2001) was a political and military leader in Afghanistan. He was a central figure in the resistance against the Soviet occupationbetween 1979 and 1989 and in the following years of civil war. He was assassinated on September 9, 2001.

+On September 11, 2001, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was involved in an ongoing operation which involved deploying fighter aircraft to northwestern North America. The US Military and NORAD had also planned to conduct several military exercises and a drill was being held by the National Reconnaissance Office, a Department of Defense agency. The operations, exercises and drills were all canceled following the September 11 attacks.

+Nimda is a computer worm, also a file infector. It quickly spread, surpassing the economic damage caused by previous outbreaks such as Code Red. Nimda utilized several types of propagation technique and this caused it to become the Internet’s most widespread virus/worm within 22 minutes.

+This list of rogue waves compiles incidents of known and likely rogue waves – also known as freak waves, monster waves, killer waves, and extreme waves. These are relatively large and spontaneous ocean surface waves that occur in deep water, usually far out at sea, and are a threat even to large ships and ocean liners.

+The 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States, also known as Amerithrax from its Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) case name, occurred over the course of several weeks beginning on Tuesday, September 18, 2001, one week after the September 11 attacks. Letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to several news media offices and two Democratic U.S. Senators, killing five people and infecting 17 others. According to the FBI, the ensuing investigation became "one of the largest and most complex in the history of law enforcement".

+The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 is an Act of Congress that was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001. The title of the act is a ten letter bacronym (USA PATRIOT) that stands for Uniting (and) Strengthening America (by) Providing Appropriate Tools Required (to) Intercept (and) Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001.

+Richard Remick "Dick" Smothers (born November 20, 1939) is an American actor, comedian, composer and musician. He is best known for being half of the musical comedy team the Smothers Brothers, with his older brother Tom.

+The Smothers Brothers are Thomas ("Tom" – born February 2, 1937) and Richard ("Dick" – born November 20, 1939), American singers, musicians, comedians and folk heroes. The brothers' trademarkdouble act was performing folk songs (Tommy on acoustic guitar, Dick on string bass), which usually led to arguments between the siblings. Tommy's signature line was, "Mom always liked you best!" Tommy (the elder of the two) acted "slow", and Dick, the straight man, acted "superior".

+James Daly (circa 1716 – 1769) was an Irish Member of Parliament.

+AARON is a software program written by artist Harold Cohen that creates original artistic images.

+Rat bikes are motorcycles that have fallen apart over time but been kept on the road and maintained for little or no cost by employing kludge fixes.^[1][2] Survival bikes look similar to but are different in purpose from rat bikes — they are modified for stylistic reasons.

+A kludge (or kluge) is a workaround, a quick-and-dirty solution, a clumsy, inelegant, difficult to extend, hard to maintain yet effective and quick solution to a problem, and a rough synonym to the terms "jury rig" or "Jugaad". This term is used in diverse fields such as computer science, aerospace engineering, internet slang, and evolutionary neuroscience.

+Geoff Boss (born April 26, 1969) is an American Champ Car driver from Narragansett, Rhode Island who drove in the 2003 season with Dale Coyne Racing. In a total of 12 starts he finished in the points three times, with a best of 9th place at theLexmark Indy 300 in Australia. He ran in the Indy Lights series from 1997 to 2001, winning the 1999 Toronto Grand Prix from the Pole position. He also had podium finishes at Long Beach (twice) and Detroit (twice). He competed in the Barber Dodge Pro Series from 1993 to 1996, winning races at Miami, Sears Point, Phoenix, Watkins Glen, and Reno.

+The Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act,^[1] July 2, 1890, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1–7) is a landmark federal statute on United States competition law passed by Congress in 1890. It prohibits certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be anticompetitive, and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of being in violation. It was the first federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to refer to and enforce this law until Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency (1901–1909) and beyond.

+Black Talon is a type of ammunition that was introduced by Winchester Ammunition in 1991 primarily for law enforcement and self-defense. This hollow-point ammunition became known for its bullet's unique construction and sharp petal shape after expansion following impact with tissue or other wet media.

+Meplat, from a French term for a flat surface, is the technical term for the flat tip on the nose of a bullet. The shape of the meplat is important in determining how the bullet moves through the air.^[1][2] If its meplat is uneven, a bullet will not have an ideal flight characteristic and will most likely not be of the expected weight for that type of round.

+Plastic-tipped bullets are a type of bullet meant to confer the advantages of both spitzer and hollow-point bullets.

+The spitzer bullet, also commonly referred to as a spire point bullet, is primarily a small arms ballistics development of the late 19th and early 20th century, driven by military desire for aerodynamic bulletdesigns that will give a higher degree of accuracy and kinetic efficiency, especially at extended ranges. To achieve this the projectile must minimize air resistance in flight.

+Dragon's Breath is an exotic 12 gauge incendiary round. Dragon's Breath is primarily made up of magnesium pellets/shards. When the round is fired, sparks and flames can shoot out to about 100 ft. Dragons Breath is normally chambered in 12 gauge 2 3/4" shot shell.

+The Soltam K6 is a 120 mm mortar that was developed by Soltam Systems of Israel. It is the long-range version of the Soltam K5 and has replaced older systems such as the 107-millimetre (4.2 in) M30 in several armies including the United States Army. It is much lighter than the M30, has a greater range, and can sustain a rate of fire of four rounds per minute while the M30 could sustain only three.

+Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill the gaps between them. The blocks may be stone, brick, cinder blocks, etc. Mortar becomes hard when it sets, resulting in a rigid aggregate structure. Modern mortars are typically made from a mixture of sand, a binder such as cement or lime, and water. Mortar can also be used to fix, or point, masonry when the original mortar has washed away.

+Countess Elizabeth Báthory de Ecsed (Báthory Erzsébet in Hungarian, Alžbeta Bátoriová in Slovak; 7 August 1560 – 21 August 1614) was a countess from the renowned Báthory family of nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary. She has been labelled the most prolific female serial killer in history and is remembered as the "Blood Countess," though the precise number of victims is debated.

+Talaat Pasha (also transliterated as Tala'at Pasha or Talat Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: طلعت پاشا), born Mehmed Talaat (Ottoman Turkish: محمد طلعت, Turkish: Mehmed Talât or Mehmet Talat) (1874–1921) was one of the leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress that controlled the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.^[2]

+Bartholomew was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, and is usually identified with Nathanael (alternatively spelled Nathaniel),^[1] who is mentioned in John 1. He was introduced to Christ through Philip, another of the twelve apostles as per John 1:43–51, where the name Nathanael first appears. He is also mentioned as "Nathanael of Cana in Galilee" in John 21:2. The account of the calling of Nathanael of Cana occurs at the end of John 1, immediately followed by the account of Jesus' miracle at the Marriage at Cana in John 2.

+The 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking was one of the elite Panzer divisions of the thirty eight Waffen SS divisions. It was recruited from foreign volunteers, from Denmark, Norway, Sweden,Finland, Estonia, the Netherlands and Belgium under the command of German officers. During the course of World War II, the division progressed from a motorised infantry division to a Panzer division and served on the Eastern Front during World War II. It surrendered in May 1945 to the advancing American forces in Austria.

+Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (German: [ˈʁaɪnhaʁt ˈtʁɪstan ˈɔʏɡn̩ ˈhaɪdʁɪç] (  listen)) (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German Nazi official during World War II, and one of the main architects of the Holocaust. He was SS-Obergruppenführer (General) and General der Polizei, chief of the Reich Main Security Office (including the Gestapo and Kripo) and Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor (Deputy Reich-Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia (in what is now known as the Czech Republic).

+Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī;^[1] 28 April 1937^[2] – 30 December 2006)^[3] was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.^[4][5] A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organisation Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region—which espoused ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism—Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup (later referred to as the 17 July Revolution) that brought the party to power in Iraq.

+Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (German: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈluˑɪtˌpɔlt ˈhɪmlɐ] (  listen); 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel (SS), a military commander, and a leading member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) of Nazi Germany. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler later appointed him Commander of the Replacement (Home) Army and General Plenipotentiary for the entire Reich's administration (Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung). Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and one of the persons most directly responsible for the Holocaust.

+Otto Adolf Eichmann^[1][2] (19 March 1906 – 31 May 1962)^[3] was a German Nazi SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust. Because of his organizational talents and ideological reliability, Eichmann was charged by SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich with the task of facilitating and managing the logistics of massdeportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in German-occupied Eastern Europe.

+Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (IPA: [ma.ksi.mi.ljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃.swa ma.ʁi i.zi.dɔʁ də ʁɔ.bɛs.pjɛʁ]; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution.

+Kim Il-sung Korean pronunciation: [ki.mil.s͈ɔŋ], also romanised as Kim Il Sung (15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly referred to as North Korea, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994.^[1] He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death. He was also the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea from 1949 to 1994 (titled as chairman from 1949 to 1966 and as general secretary after 1966).

+Ruhollah Mostafavi Musavi Khomeini (Persian سید روح‌اللّه مصطفوی موسوی خمینی, Persian pronunciation: [ruːholˈlɑːhe muːsæˈviːje xomeiˈniː], 22 September 1902 – 3 June 1989) was an Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death.

+Hirohito (裕仁^?), posthumously referred to as Emperor Shōwa (昭和天皇 Shōwa-tennō^?, April 29, 1901 – January 7, 1989) in Japan, was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order, reigning from December 25, 1926, until his death in 1989. Although better known outside of Japan by his personal name Hirohito, in Japan he is now referred to primarily by his posthumous name Emperor Shōwa.

+Nero (Latin: Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus;^[2] 15 December 37 – 9 June 68)^[3] was Roman Emperor from 54 to 68, and the last in the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Nero was adopted by his great uncle Claudius to become his heir and successor, and succeeded to the throne in 54 following Claudius' death.

+Caligula (Latin: Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus;^[1] 31 August 12 AD – 24 January 41 AD), also known as Gaius, was Roman Emperor from 37 AD to 41 AD. Caligula was a member of the house of rulers conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Caligula's father Germanicus, the nephew and adopted son of Emperor Tiberius, was a very successful general and one of Rome's most beloved public figures.

+Attila (/ˈætɨlə/ or /əˈtɪlə/; ?–453), frequently referred to as Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire, which stretched from the Ural Riverto the Rhine River and from the Danube River to the Baltic Sea.

+Genghis Khan (/ˈɡɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/ or /ˈdʒɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/,^[4][5] Mongol: [tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ] (  listen); 1162? – August 1227), born Temujin, was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his demise.

+Leopold II (French: Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor, Dutch: Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor) (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the King of the Belgians, and is chiefly remembered for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State. Born in Brussels the second (but eldest surviving) son of Leopold I and Louise-Marie of Orléans, he succeeded his father to the throne on 17 December 1865 and remained king until his death. Due to his many female lovers, he was also called "The Belgian Bull".

+Tomás de Torquemada, O.P. (1420 – September 16, 1498) was a 15th-century Spanish Dominican friar and the first Grand Inquisitor in Spain's movement to restore Christianity among its populace in the late 15th century. As well as being Grand Inquisitor, Torquemada was also the confessor to Isabella I of Castile. He is notorious for his zealous campaign against the crypto-Jews and crypto-Muslims of Spain. He was one of the chief supporters of the Alhambra Decree, which expelled the Jews from Spain in 1492. About 2,000 people were burned at the stake by the Spanish Inquisition between 1480 and 1530.

+Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung   listen (help·info), and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976), was a Chinese communist revolutionary, politician and socio-political theorist. The founding father of the People's Republic of China from its establishment in 1949, he governed the country as Chairman of the Communist Party of China until his death.

+Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Russian: Ива́н Васи́льевич; 25 August 1530 – 28 March [O.S. 18 March] 1584),^[1] known in English as Ivan the Terrible (Russian:   Ива́н Гро́зный​ (help·info), Ivan Grozny; lit.Fearsome), was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death. His long reign saw the conquest of the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia, transforming Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state spanning almost one billion acres, approximately 4,046,856 km² (1,562,500 sq mi).

+Idi Amin Dada (mid-1920s – 16 August 2003) was the third President of Uganda, from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946, serving in Somaliaand Kenya. Eventually, Amin held the rank of Major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army and became its Commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposingMilton Obote. He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the head of state.

+Pol Pot (born Saloth Sar (Khmer: ប៉ុល ពត); 19 May 1925 – 15 April 1998)^[1][2] was a Cambodian Communist revolutionary who led the Khmer Rouge^[3] from 1963 until his death in 1998. From 1963 to 1981, he served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea. From 1976 to 1979, he also served as the prime minister of Democratic Kampuchea. Pol Pot became leader of Cambodia on April 17, 1975, and his rule was a dictatorship.

+Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia (1431–1476), was a member of the House of Drăculești, a branch of the House of Basarab, also known by his patronymic name: Dracula. He was posthumously dubbed Vlad the Impaler (Romanian: Vlad Țepeș pronounced [ˈvlad ˈt͡sepeʃ]), and was a three-time Voivode of Wallachia, ruling mainly from 1456 to 1462, the period of the incipient Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. His father, Vlad II Dracul, was a member of the Order of the Dragon, which was founded to protect Christianity in Eastern Europe.

+The brazen bull, bronze bull, or Sicilian bull, was a torture and execution device designed in ancient Greece.^[1] Its inventor, metal-worker Perillos of Athens, proposed it to Phalaris, the tyrant of Akragas,Sicily, as a new means of executing criminals.^[2] The bull was made entirely of bronze, hollow, with a door in one side.^[3] The condemned were locked in the bull, and a fire was set under it, heating the metal until the person inside roasted to death.

+Slow slicing (Lingchi) (simplified Chinese: 凌迟; traditional Chinese: 凌遲; pinyin: língchí, alternately transliterated Ling Chi or Leng T'che), also translated as the slow process, the lingering death, ordeath by a thousand cuts (simplified Chinese: 杀千刀; traditional Chinese: 殺千刀) or “千刀万剐”, was a form of torture and execution used in China from roughly AD 900 until it was banned in 1905. In this form of execution, the condemned person was killed by using a knife to methodically remove portions of the body over an extended period of time. 

+The breaking wheel, also known as the Catherine wheel or simply the wheel, was a torture device used for capital punishment in the Middle Ages and early modern times for public execution bybludgeoning to death. It was used during the Middle Ages and was still in use into the 19th century.

+Flaying, also known colloquially as skinning, is the removal of skin from the body. Generally, an attempt is made to keep the removed portion of skin intact.

+Necklacing is the practice of summary execution and torture carried out by forcing a rubber tire, filled with petrol, around a victim's chest and arms, and setting it on fire. The victim may take up to 20 minutes to die, suffering severe burns in the process.

+Scaphism, also known as the boats,[1] was an ancient Persian method of execution designed to inflict torturous death. The name comes from the Greek word σκάφη, skaphe, meaning "anything scooped (or hollowed) out".

+Major General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan (11 December 1930[1] – 14 July 1998) was South Vietnam's chief of National Police. Loan gained international attention when he executed handcuffed prisoner Nguyễn Văn Lém, a Việt Cộng member. The photograph was taken on 1 February 1968 in front of Võ Sửu, a cameraman for NBC, and Eddie Adams, an Associated Pressphotographer. The photo (captioned "General Nguyen Ngoc Loan executing a Viet Cong prisoner in Saigon") and film would become two of the most iconic images in contemporary American journalism.

+Edison Koon-hei Chen (born 7 October 1980) is a Hong Kong film actor, musician, producer, entrepreneur, and fashion designer. Chen is also the founder of CLOT Inc., and the CEO of Clot Media Division Limited.

+A midshipman is an officer cadet or a commissioned officer of the junior most rank, in the Royal Navy, United States Navy, and many Commonwealth navies. Commonwealth countries which use the rank include Australia, Bangladesh, Namibia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Kenya. The rank was also used, prior to 1968, by the Royal Canadian Navy, but upon the creation of the Canadian Forces the rank of midshipman was replaced with the rank of naval cadet.

+Hassan Rouhani (Persian: ‌حسن روحانی‎,   hæˈsæn-e ˈɾohɒːniː (help·info), also transliterated Ruhani, Rohani, Rowhani; born Hassan Feridon (or Fereydoon, Persian: ‌حسن فریدون‎, Persian pronunciation: [feɾeiduːn]) on 13 November 1948^[2]) is an Iranian politician, Mujtahid,^[3] lawyer,^[4] academic and diplomat, who is currently the president-elect of Iran. He has been a member of the Assembly of Experts since 1999,^[5] member of the Expediency Council since 1991,^[6] member of the Supreme National Security Council since 1989,^[7] and head of the Center for Strategic Research since 1992.

+Babushka Lady is a nickname for an unknown woman present during the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy, who might have photographed the events that occurred in Dallas' Dealey Plaza at the time President John F. Kennedy was shot. Her nickname arose from the headscarf she wore similar to scarves worn by elderly Russian women (бабушка – babushka – means "grandmother" or "old woman" in Russian).

+Mary Hardy Reeser (1884–1951) of St. Petersburg, Florida was a suspected victim of spontaneous human combustion. On July 2, 1951, at about 8 a.m., Reeser's landlady, Pansy Carpenter, arrived at Reeser's door with a telegram. Trying the door, she found the metal doorknob to be uncomfortably warm to the touch and called the police. Reeser's remains, which were largely ashes, were found among the remains of a chair in which she had been sitting. Only part of her left foot (which was wearing a slipper) and her backbone remained. Plastic household objects at a distance from the seat of the fire were softened and had lost their shapes.

+Webnode is an online Website Builder system developed by Westcom, s.r.o, a company based in Brno, Czech Republic. It can be compared with other online systems like Weebly.^[2] It also offers site design tools, allowing users to create a site by dragging and dropping elements such as blogs, forums, photo libraries, feedback boxes, etc.

+Brain fever describes a medical condition where a part of the brain becomes inflamed and causes symptoms that present as fever. The terminology is dated, and is encountered most often in Victorian literature, where it typically describes a potentially life-threatening illness brought about by a severe emotional upset. Conditions that may be described as brain fever include:

Encephalitis, an acute inflammation of the brain, commonly caused by a viral infection.

Meningitis, the inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebritis, inflammation of the cerebrum.

+Bamboo torture supposedly is a form of torture where a bamboo shoot is grown through the body of a victim. Bamboo torture was allegedly used in East and South Asia. Accounts accuse Japanese soldiers of practicing the torture technique duringWorld War II.

+Close Quarters Combat (CQC) or Close Quarters Battle (CQB) is a type of warfare in which (usually) small units or teams engage the enemy with personal weapons at very short range, up to 30 meters, from proximity hand-to-hand combat to close quarter target negotiation with short range firearms. In the typical close quarters combat scenario, the attackers try a very fast, violent takeover of a vehicle or structure controlled by the defenders, who usually have no easy way to withdraw. Because enemies, hostages/civilians, and fellow operators can be closely intermingled, close quarters combat demands a rapid assault and a precise application of lethal force. The operators need great proficiency with their weapons, and the ability to make split-second decisions in order to minimize accidental casualties.

+A black budget is a budget that is secretly collected from the overall income of a nation, a corporation, a society of any form, a national department, and so on. A black budget usually covers expenses related to military research. The budget is kept secret for national security reasons.

+A kill house or shoot house is a live ammunition small arms shooting range used to train military and law enforcement personnel for close contact engagements in urban combatenvironments. Kill houses are designed to mimic residential, commercial and industrial spaces. Kill houses are often used to acquaint personnel in infiltrating (gaining access) structures and the methods used to overwhelm a target(s) in the quickest and most efficient manner.

+The Special Warfare insignia, also known as the “SEAL Trident” or its more popular nickname, "The Budweiser" (derived from the BUD/S training where the badge is earned), is one of the most recognizable military badges of the United States Navy.

+Red Teams or Red Cells are United States government parlance for the National Security Co-ordination Team (NSCT), these teams or units are designed to test the effectiveness of American tactics or personnel. "Red Cell" was purported to be aU.S. Navy SEAL team (composed primarily of members of SEAL Team Six) otherwise known as OP-O6D which had been organized to attempt to infiltrate and otherwise test the security of U.S. military bases and other installations sensitive to U.S. security interests. The original Red Cell group was led by the former commander of SEAL Team Six (DEVGRU) Richard Marcinko until he was relieved and charged with various offenses including misappropriating funds.

+Richard "Dick" Marcinko (born November 21, 1940), is a retired U.S. Navy SEAL commander and Vietnam War veteran. He was the first commanding officer of SEAL Team Six and Red Cell. After retiring from the United States Navy, he became an author, radio talk show host, military consultant, and motivational speaker.

+Plum Island Animal Disease Center of New York (PIADCNY) is a United States federal research facility dedicated to the study of animal diseases. It is part of the DHS Directorate for Science and Technology. Since 1954, the center has had the goal of protecting America's livestock from animal diseases. During the Cold War a secret biological weapons program targeting livestock was conducted at the site. This program has been the subject of controversy.

Plum Island and PIADC are the subject of a murder-mystery novel, Plum Island, by Nelson DeMille. DeMille has said, "How could anthrax not be studied there? Every animal has it." While addressing popular culture fears of a germ warfare lab at Plum Island, overall, the facility is presented as doing the job described by the Federal Government - research into animal diseases that would either decimate our national livestock or jump to humans and decimate us. The novel portrays the investigation into the murder of two Plum Island scientists. The motive, initially thought to be germs for terrorists or germs for a biotech company, is really the search for the lost treasure of Captain Kidd, who sailed the waters around Long Islandprior to his capture. Kidd's treasure has never been found.

+In cryptozoology and sometimes in cryptobotany, a cryptid (from the Greek "κρύπτω" (krypto) meaning "hide") is a creature or plant whose existence has been suggested but is not yet recognized byscientific consensus.^[1] Well known examples include the Yeti in the Himalayas, the Loch Ness Monster in Scotland, and Sasquatch in North America.

+"Cadborosaurus willsi", nicknamed Caddy, is an alleged sea serpent reported to be living on the Pacific Coast of North America. Its name is derived from Cadboro Bay in Greater Victoria, British Columbia, and the Greek root word "saurus" meaning lizard or reptile. Reports describe it as being similar in form and behavior to various popularly named lake monsters such as "Ogopogo" of Okanagan Lake in British Columbia and to the Loch Ness Monster of Scotland.

+Yowie is one of several names given to a mythical hominid, reputed to live in the Australian wilderness. The creature has its roots in Aboriginal mythology. In parts of Queensland, they are known asquinkin (or as a type of quinkin), and as joogabinna,^[1] in parts of New South Wales they are called jurrawarra, myngawin, puttikan, gubba, doolaga, gulaga and thoolagal.^[1] Other names include yahoo,yaroma, noocoonah, wawee, pangkarlangu, jimbra and tjangara.

+British big cats, also referred to as ABCs (Alien, or Anomalous, Big Cats), phantom cats and mystery cats, are Felidae which are not native to Britain and are reported to inhabit the Britishcountryside. These sightings are often reported as "panthers", "pumas", or "black cats". Their existence is unproven, but many suggestions exist to explain how these animals might have come to inhabit Britain, including that they are animals released after the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 came into force,^[1] or that they are surviving Ice Age fauna.

+William Cobbett (9 March 1763 – 18 June 1835) was an English pamphleteer, farmer and journalist, who was born in Farnham, Surrey. He believed that reforming Parliament and abolishing the rotten boroughs would help to end the poverty of farm labourers, and he attacked the borough-mongers, sinecurists and "tax-eaters" relentlessly. He was also against the Corn Laws, a tax on imported grain. Early in his career, he was a loyalist supporter of King and Country: but later he joined and successfully publicised the radical movement, which led to the Reform Bill of 1832, and to his winning the parliamentary seat of Oldham. Although he was not a Catholic, he became a fiery advocate of Catholic Emancipation in Britain.

+Reports of giant anacondas date back as far as the discovery of South America, when sightings of anacondas upwards of 50 metres (150 feet) began to circulate amongst colonists, and the topic has been a subject of debate ever since among cryptozoologists and zoologists. Anacondas can grow to sizes of 6 metres (20 ft) and beyond,^[1] and 150 kilograms (330 lbs.) in weight.

+The marozi or spotted lion is variously claimed by zoologists and cryptozoologists to be a distinct race of lion adapted for a montane rather than savanna-dwelling existence, a rare natural hybrid of a leopard andlion, or an adult lion that retained its childhood spots. It is believed to have been smaller than a lion but slightly larger in size than a leopard and lacking any distinguishable mane. It has been reported in the wild and the skin of a specimen exists, but it has yet to be confirmed as either a separate species or subspecies. Belgian cryptozoologist Dr Bernard Heuvelmans proposed the specific name Leo maculatus in 1955.

+The Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) is one of the largest woodpeckers in the world, at roughly 20 inches in length and 30 inches in wingspan. It was native to the virgin forests of the southeastern United States (along with a separate subspecies native to Cuba). Due to habitat destruction, and to a lesser extent hunting, its numbers have dwindled to the point where it is uncertain whether any remain, though there have been reports that it has been seen again. Almost no forests today can maintain an Ivory-billed Woodpecker population.

+Mokèlé-mbèmbé, meaning "one who stops the flow of rivers" in the Lingala language is a legendary water-dwelling creature of Congo River basin folklore, sometimes described as living creature, sometimes as a spirit, and loosely analogous to the Loch Ness Monster in Western culture. It is claimed to be a sauropod by some cryptozoologists.

+The Andean Wolf, or Hagenbeck's Wolf is an unsubstantited wolf-like canid, reportedly from the Andes.

+William Beebe /ˈbiːbi/, born Charles William Beebe (July 29, 1877 – June 4, 1962)^[2] was an American naturalist, ornithologist, marine biologist, entomologist, explorer, and author. He is remembered for the numerous expeditions he conducted for the New York Zoological Society, his deep dives in the Bathysphere, and his prolific scientific writing for both academic and popular audiences.

+A black dog is the name given to a being found primarily in the folklores of the British Isles. The black dog is essentially a nocturnal apparition, often said to be associated with the Devil or a Hellhound. Its appearance was regarded as a portent of death. It is generally supposed to be larger than a normal dog, and often has large, glowing eyes.^[1] It is often associated with electrical storms (such as Black Shuck's appearance at Bungay, Suffolk),^[2] and also with crossroads, places of execution and ancient pathways.

+The cottontail rabbit papilloma virus (CRPV), or Shope papilloma virus, is a type I virus under the Baltimore scheme, possessing a nonsegmented dsDNA genome.^[1] It infects rabbits, causingkeratinous carcinomas, typically on or near the animal’s head. These tumors can become large enough that they interfere with the host’s ability to eat, eventually causing starvation.

+Denisova hominins /dəˈniːsəvə/, or Denisovans, are Paleolithic-era members of a previously unknown species of human or subspecies of Homo sapiens. In March 2010, scientists announced the discovery of a finger bone fragment of a juvenile female who lived about 41,000 years ago, found in the remote Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains in Siberia, a cave which has also been inhabited by Neanderthals and modern humans.^[1][2][3] Two teeth and a toe bone belonging to different members of the same population have since been reported.

+The St. Francis Xavier X-Men and X-Women are the men's and women's athletic teams that represent St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada. Their primary home turf is Oland Stadium located at the University's campus.

+The Ebu Gogo are a group of human-like creatures that appear in the mythology of Flores, Indonesia.^[1] In the Nage language of central Flores, ebu means 'grandmother' and gogo means 'he who eats anything'. A colloquial English equivalent might be something like "Granny Glutton."

+Orang Pendek (Indonesian for "short person") is the most common name given to a cryptid, or cryptozoological animal, that reportedly inhabits remote, mountainous forests on the island of Sumatra.

+Cryptozoology (from Greek κρυπτός, kryptos, "hidden" + zoology; literally, "study of hidden animals") is a pseudoscience involving the search for animals whose existence has not been proven. This includes looking for living examples of animals that are considered extinct, such as dinosaurs; animals whose existence lacks physical evidence but which appear in myths, legends, or are reported, such asBigfoot and Chupacabra;^[1] and wild animals dramatically outside their normal geographic ranges, such as phantom cats (also known as Alien Big Cats).

+A duende is a fairy- or goblin-like mythological creature from Iberian, Latin American and Filipino folklore. While its nature varies throughout Portugal, Brazil, Spain, Spanish-speaking America and the Philippines, analogues from other cultures include the Danish-Norwegian Nisse, the French lutin and Nain Rouge, the Irish clurichaun, leprechaun, and far darrig, the Manx fenodyree and mooinjer veggey, the Scottish/English brownie, the Welsh Tylwyth Teg, and the Swedish Tomte. The etymology of the word "duende" reinforces the equivalence to the latter (tomte from tomt="home") as it shares the same origin as the Spanish word dueño, "owner" (the "real owner" of the house). As Federico García Lorca uses the term, it seems closer to fairy as a realm of being. Duendes may also have some traits similar to goblins and kobolds.

+The culture of the Philippines reflects the country's complex history. It is a blend of the Malayo-Polynesian and Hispanic cultures, with influences from Chinese.

+Duende or tener duende ("having duende") loosely means having soul, a heightened state of emotion, expression and authenticity, often connected with flamenco. ^[1] The artistic and especially musical term was derived from the duende, a fairy or goblin-like creature in Spanish mythology.

+Tracy K. Smith (born April 16, 1972) is an African-American poet and educator.^[1] She has published three collections of poetry. Her collection Life on Mars won the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.^[2][3]About this collection, Joel Brouwer wrote in 2011: "Smith shows herself to be a poet of extraordinary range and ambition....As all the best poetry does, Life on Mars first sends us out into the magnificent chill of the imagination and then returns us to ourselves, both changed and consoled."

+Trance is a genre of electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s in Germany.^[5] It is characterized by a tempo of between 110 and 150 beats per minute,^[5] repeating melodic phrases,^[5] and amusical form that builds up and down throughout a track.^[5] Trance is a genre on its own, but also will include other styles of electronic music such as techno,^[3] house,^[1] pop,^[3] chill-out,^[3] classical music,^[3]:16[4] and film music.

+Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change" or Greek: μεταβολισμός metabolismos, "outthrow") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. Theseenzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.

+Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.^[1] ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division.

+Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro Pelosi (/pəˈloʊsi/; born March 26, 1940) is the Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives and served as the 60th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 2007 to 2011. She was the first woman to hold the office and to date is the highest-ranking female politician in American history.

+The Rush Limbaugh–Sandra Fluke controversy (/ˈlɪmbɔː/, /flʊk/) began on February 29, 2012, when American conservative talk-show host Rush Limbaugh's remarks about contraceptive mandates included statements labeling Georgetown University Law Center student Sandra Fluke as a "slut" and "prostitute". Limbaugh was commenting on Fluke's speech the previous week to House Democrats in support of mandating insurance coverage for contraceptives. Despite disapproval from major political figures, Limbaugh made numerous similar statements over the next two days, leading to the loss of several national sponsors and Limbaugh's apology on his show for some of his comments. Fluke rejected the apology as dubious and inadequate.

+Rush Hudson Limbaugh III (/ˈlɪmbɔː/, lim-baw; born January 12, 1951) is a conservative American radio talk show host and political commentator. Since he was 16, Limbaugh has worked a series of disc jockey jobs. His talk show began in 1984 at Sacramento radio station KFBK, featuring his ongoing format of political commentary and listener calls. In 1988 Limbaugh began broadcasting his show nationally from radio station WABC in New York City. He currently lives in Palm Beach, Florida, from where he broadcasts the The Rush Limbaugh Show, the highest-rated talk-radio program in the United States.^[1][2] Talkers Magazine in 2012 lists Limbaugh as the most-listened-to talk show host with a weekly audience of 15 million.

+Crank Yankers is an American television show produced by Adam Carolla, Jimmy Kimmel and Daniel Kellison that featured actual crank calls made by show regulars and celebrity guests, and re-enacted onscreen by puppets for a visual aid to show the viewer what is happening in the call. The show premiered in 2002 on Comedy Central and returned to MTV2 on February 9, 2007, running again until March 30, 2007. The show screened in Australia on SBS Television and The Comedy Channel between 2003 and 2008.

+Jonathan Harris (born Jonathan Charasuchin; November 6, 1914 – November 3, 2002) was an American character actor. Two of his best-known roles were as the timid accountant Bradford Webster in the TV version of The Third Man and the comic villain Dr. Zachary Smith of the 1960s science fiction television series Lost in Space. Near the end of his career, he provided the voice of "Manny", a praying mantis in the animated feature A Bug's Life.

+The Power Station was a 1980s supergroup made up of singer Robert Palmer, former Chic drummer Tony Thompson, and Duran Duran members John Taylor (bass) and Andy Taylor (guitar). Bernard Edwards, also of Chic, was involved on the studio side as recording producer and for a short time also functioned as The Power Station's manager. Edwards also replaced John Taylor on bass for the recording of the supergroup's follow-up album. The band was formed in New York City late in 1984 during a break in Duran Duran's schedule that became a lengthy hiatus. The Power Station was named after The Power Station recording studio where their album was conceived and recorded.

+The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA),^[1] commonly called Obamacare^[2][3] or the Affordable Care Act (ACA), is a United States federal statute signed into law byPresident Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, it represents the most significant government expansion and regulatory overhaul of the U.S. healthcare system since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965.

+Sodium fluoride is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula NaF. A colorless solid, it is a source of the fluoride ion in diverse applications. Sodium fluoride is less expensive and lesshygroscopic than the related salt potassium fluoride.

+Sodium monofluorophosphate, commonly abbreviated MFP, is the inorganic compound with the formula Na₂PO₃F. Typical for a salt, MFP is odourless, colourless, and water-soluble. This salt is an ingredient in some toothpastes.

+Sodium fluoroacetate is the organofluorine chemical compound with the formula FCH₂CO₂Na. This colourless salt has a taste similar to that of sodium chloride and is used as a metabolic poison. It occurs naturally as an anti-herbivore metabolite in various plants but can also be produced synthetically. It is a derivative of fluoroacetic acid, a carboxylic acid. It is sold as a pesticide under the name "1080". The more common fluorinated acetic acid trifluoroacetic acid and its derivatives are far less toxic.

+Dicalcium phosphate, also known as calcium monohydrogen phosphate, is a dibasic calcium phosphate. It is usually found as the dihydrate, with the chemical formula of CaHPO₄ • 2H₂O, but it can be thermally converted to the anhydrous form. It is practically insoluble in water, with a solubility of 0.02 g per 100 mL at 25 °C. It contains about 29.5 percent calcium in its anhydrous form.

+Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS or NaDS), sodium laurilsulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is an organic compound with the formula CH₃(CH₂)₁₁OSO₃Na. It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. The salt is of an organosulfate consisting of a 12-carbon tail attached to a sulfate group, giving the material the amphiphilic properties required of adetergent. Being derived from inexpensive coconut and palm oils, it is a common component of many domestic cleaning products.

+SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, describes a technique widely used in biochemistry, forensics, genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology to separateproteins according to their electrophoretic mobility (a function of the length of a polypeptide chain and its charge) and no other physical feature. SDS is an anionic detergent applied to protein sample to linearize proteins and to impart a negative charge to linearized proteins.

+Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate is a series of organic compounds with the formula C₁₂H₂₅C₆H₄SO₃Na. It is a colourless salt with useful properties as a surfactant. It is usually produced as a mixture of related sulfonates. It is a major component of laundry detergent.

+Tetrasodium pyrophosphate, also called sodium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium phosphate or TSPP, is a colorless transparent crystalline chemical compound with the formula Na₄P₂O₇. It contains the pyrophosphate ion and sodium cation. Toxicity is approximately twice that of table salt when ingested orally.^[1] There is also a hydrated form, Na₄P₂O₇ · 10(H₂O).

+In geometry, a tetrahedron (plural: tetrahedra) is a polyhedron composed of four triangular faces, three of which meet at each vertex. It has six edges and four vertices. The tetrahedron is the onlyconvex polyhedron that has four faces.

+The term tetragrammaton (from Greek τετραγράμματον, meaning "four letters")^[1][2] refers to the Hebrew theonym (Hebrew: יהוה‎) transliterated to the Latin letters YHWH. It may be derived from the verb that means "to be",^[1] and is considered in Judaism to be a proper name of the God of Israel used in the Hebrew Bible.

+Tetrahydrocannabinol (/ˌtɛtrəˌhaɪdrɵkəˈnæbɨnɔːl/ tet-rə-hy-drə-kə-nab-i-nawl or /ˌtɛtrəˌhaɪdrɵkəˈnæbɨnɒl/ tet-rə-hy-drə-kə-nab-i-nol;^[5] THC), also known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), is the principal psychoactive constituent (or cannabinoid) of the cannabis plant. First isolated in 1964, in its pure form, by Israeli scientists Raphael Mechoulam, Yechiel Gaoni and colleagues at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,^[6][7][8] it is a glassy solid when cold, and becomes viscous and sticky if warmed.

+Saccharin^[2] is an artificial sweetener. The basic substance, benzoic sulfilimine, has effectively no food energy and is much sweeter than sucrose, but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations. It is used to sweeten products such as drinks, candies, cookies, medicines, and toothpaste.

+The Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN) is a 10-character alphanumeric unique identifier assigned by Amazon.com and its partners for product identification within the Amazon.com organization.^[1] Amazon.ca,^[1] Amazon.co.uk,^[2]Amazon.de,^[3] Amazon.fr,^[4] Amazon.it,^[5] Amazon.co.jp,^[6] Amazon.cn,^[7] and Amazon.es^[8] also use ASINs.

+Holistic health is a concept in medical practice upholding that all aspects of people's needs including psychological, physical and social should be taken into account and seen as a whole. As defined above, the holistic view is widely accepted in medicine.^[1] A different definition, claiming that disease is a result of physical, emotional, spiritual, social and/or environmental imbalance, is used in alternative medicine.

+In mathematics, a rational number is any number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction p/q of two integers, with the denominator q not equal to zero. Since q may be equal to 1, every integer is a rational number. The set of all rational numbers is usually denoted by a boldface Q (or blackboard bold  , Unicode ℚ); it was thus named in 1895 by Peano after quoziente, Italian for "quotient".

+In mathematics, a rational function is any function which can be defined by a rational fraction, i.e. an algebraic fraction such that both the numerator and the denominator are polynomials. The coefficients of the polynomials need not be rational numbers, they may be taken in any field K. In this case, one speaks of a rational function and a rational fraction over K. The values of the variables may be taken in any field L containing K. Then the domain of the function is the set of the values of the variables for which the denominator is not zero and the codomain is L. For example, a rational fraction in one variable over the rational numbers defines a complex function, which has the complex numbers as domain and codomain.

+In algebra, the rational root theorem (or rational root test) states a constraint on rational solutions (or roots) of the polynomial equation

with integer coefficients.

If a₀ and a_n are nonzero, then each rational solution x, when written as a fraction x = p/q in lowest terms (i.e., the greatest common divisor of p and q is 1), satisfies

p is an integer factor of the constant term a₀, and

q is an integer factor of the leading coefficient a_n.

 

+In mathematics, more specifically general topology, the rational sequence topology is an example of a topology given to the set of real numbers, denoted R.

To give R a topology means to say which subsets of R are "open", and to do so in a way that the following axioms are met:^[1]

The union of open sets is an open set.

The finite intersection of open sets is an open set.

R and the empty set ∅ are open sets.

 

+Rational trigonometry is a proposed reformulation of metrical planar and solid geometries (which includes trigonometry), by Prof. Norman J. Wildberger (an associate professor of mathematics at the University of New South Wales) in his bookDivine Proportions: Rational Trigonometry to Universal Geometry (2005) and on his YouTube channel.

+In number theory, a rational point is a point in space each of whose coordinates are rational; that is, the coordinates of the point are elements of the field of rational numbers, as well as being elements of larger fields that contain the rational numbers, such as the real numbers and the complex numbers.

+In statistics, the rational quadratic covariance function is used in spatial statistics, geostatistics, machine learning, image analysis, and other fields where multivariate statistical analysis is conducted on metric spaces. It is commonly used to define the statistical covariance between measurements made at two points that are d units distant from each other. Since the covariance only depends on distances between points, it is stationary. If the distance is Euclidean distance, the rational quadratic covariance function is also isotropic.

The rational quadratic covariance between two points separated by d distance units is given by

where α and k are non-negative parameters of the covariance.

+In logic, a rational consequence relation is a non-monotonic consequence relation satisfying certain properties listed below.

A rational consequence relation satisfies:

REF 

Reflexivity 

and the so-called Gabbay-Makinson rules:

LLE 

Left Logical Equivalence 

RWE 

Right-hand weakening 

CMO 

Cautious monotonicity 

DIS 

Logical or (ie disjunction) on left hand side 

AND 

Logical and on right hand side 

RMO 

Rational monotonicity 

+El Tribuno is an Argentine newspaper and media group from Salta Province. Widely criticized for its pro-Peronist tilt, it is the only newspaper in Salta Province, and also publishes a Jujuy Province edition.

+Air Marshal Sir Robert Victor Goddard KCB, CBE usually Victor Goddard, (6 February 1897 – 21 January 1987) was a senior commander in the Royal Air Force during World War II. He is best known as a protagonist in the 1946 aviation incident immortalised in the 1955 film The Night My Number Came Up.

+Overtoun House is a 19th-century polla country house and estate in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It is located on a hill overlooking the River Clyde, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the village of Milton, and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) east of the town of Dumbarton. The house, an example of Scottish Baronial architecture, was built in the 1860s, and was gifted to the people of Dumbarton in 1938. It was subsequently a maternity hospital, and now houses a Christian centre. The house is protected as a category A listed building,^[1] while the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.

+"An Unfinished Race" is a short story by American journalist and author Ambrose Bierce. It was included in the collection Present at a Hanging and Other Ghost Stories.

+Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce (born June 24, 1842;^[2] assumed to have died sometime after December 26, 1913^[1]) was an American editorialist, journalist, short story writer, fabulist, and satirist. He wrote the short story "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" and compiled a satirical lexicon The Devil's Dictionary. His vehemence as a critic, his motto "Nothing matters", and the sardonic view of human nature that informed his work, all earned him the nickname "Bitter Bierce".

+The Devil's Footprints is a name given to a phenomenon that occurred in February 1855 around the Exe Estuary in East Devon and South Devon, England. After a heavy snowfall, trails of hoof-like marks appeared overnight in the snow covering a total distance of some 40 to 100 miles. The footprints were so called because some people believed that they were the tracks of Satan, as they were allegedly made by a cloven hoof. Many theories have been put forward to explain the incident, and some aspects of its veracity have also been called into question.

+After the assassination of Francisco Pizarro, in retaliation for his father's execution in 1538, Diego de Almagro II, El Mozo, continued to press claims as the rightful ruler of Peru and as leader of his father's supporters. His claims were largely unsuccessful, however, as Pizarro was succeeded as governor by Cristóbal Vaca de Castro, despite claims from his brother Gonzalo Pizarro, whose claims to join arms against the Almagristas and "El Mozo" largely remained unanswered.

+The S.S. Ourang Medan was a Dutch cargo ship, which according to various sources, became a shipwreck in Indonesian waters after its entire crew had died under suspicious circumstances. Skepticism exists about the truthfulness of the story, suggesting that the ship may have never actually existed, but has become something of a legend.

+Shantideva (Sk: Śāntideva; Zh: 寂天; Tib: ཞི་བ་ལྷ། (Shyiwa Lha, Wylie: zhi ba lha); Mn: Шантидэва гэгээн) was an 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar at Nalanda University and an adherent of theMadhyamaka philosophy of Nagarjuna.

+Cholera is an infection in the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by the feces (waste product) of an infected person, including one with no apparent symptoms. The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapiddehydration and electrolyte imbalance, and death in some cases.

+Yellow fever, also known as Yellow Jack or "Yellow Rainer" and other names,^[1] is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease.^[2] The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped positive-sense RNA virus, the first human virus discovered and the namesake of the Flavivirus genus.

+George Malcolm Stratton (September 26, 1865 – October 8, 1957) was a psychologist who pioneered the study of perception in vision by wearing special glasses which inverted images up and down and left and right. He studied under one of the founders of modern psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, and started one of the first experimental psychology labs in America, at the University of California, Berkeley. Stratton's studies on binocular vision inspired many later studies on the subject. He was one the initial members of the philosophy department at Berkeley, and the first chair of its psychology department. He also worked on sociology, focusing on international relations and peace. 

+Minovici Nicholas (born 23 October 1868 - died 26 June 1941 ) was a Romanian forensic doctor and professor, brother coroner Mina Minovici and chemist Stephen Minovici . He became known in the history of medicine to create the first rescue service in Bucharest.

+Werner Theodor Otto Forßmann (29 August 1904 – 1 June 1979) was a physician from Germany who shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Medicine (with Andre Cournand and Dickinson Richards) for developing a procedure that allowed for cardiac catheterization. In 1929, he put himself under local anesthetic and inserted a catheter into his own arm. Not knowing when the catheter might pierce a vein, he risked his own life and was able to pass the catheter into his own heart.

+Barry James Marshall, AC, FRACP, FRS, FAA, DSc (born 30 September 1951) is an Australian physician, Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine, and Professor of Clinical Microbiology at theUniversity of Western Australia. Marshall and Robin Warren showed that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the cause of most peptic ulcers, reversing decades of medical doctrine holding that ulcers were caused by stress, spicy foods, and too much acid. This discovery has allowed for a breakthrough in understanding a causative link between Helicobacter pylori infection and stomach cancer.

+Hypertrichosis (also called Ambras syndrome) is an abnormal amount of hair growth over the body;^[1][2] extensive cases of hypertrichosis have informally been called werewolf syndrome,^[3] because the appearance is similar to the werewolf. The two distinct types of hypertrichosis are generalized hypertrichosis, which occurs over the entire body, and localized hypertrichosis, which is restricted to a certain area.^[1] Hypertrichosis can be either congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life.^[3][4] The excess growth of hair occurs in areas of the skin with the exception of androgen-dependent hair of the pubic area, face, and axillary regions.

+Stephan Bibrowski (1891–1932), better known as Lionel the Lion-faced Man, was a famous sideshow performer. His whole body was covered with long hair that gave him the appearance of a lion; this was likely due to a rare condition called hypertrichosis.

+Sirenomelia, alternatively known as Mermaid Syndrome, is a very rare congenital deformity in which the legs are fused together, giving them the appearance of a mermaid's tail.

+Cyclopia (also cyclocephaly or synophthalmia) is a rare form of holoprosencephaly and is a congenital disorder (birth defect) characterized by the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon to properly divide the orbits of the eye into two cavities. Its incidence is 1 in 16,000 in born animals, and 1 in 250 in embryos, one in 2,500 that end in miscarriage.

+Craniopagus parasiticus is a rare type of Craniopagus occurring in about 4 to 6 of 10,000,000 births.^[1] In craniopagus parasiticus, a parasitic twin head with an undeveloped body is attached to the head of a developed twin. There are fewer than a dozen documented cases of this type of conjoined twin in the literature. Most infants with this condition are stillborn, or die shortly after birth.

+Fetus in fetu (or foetus in foetu) is a developmental abnormality in which a mass of tissue resembling a fetus forms inside the body. There are two theories of origin concerning "fetus in fetu". One theory is that the mass begins as a normal fetus but becomes enveloped inside its twin.^[1] The other theory is that the mass is a highly developed teratoma. "Fetus in fetu" is estimated to occur in 1 in 500,000 live births.

+Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), sometimes referred to as Stone Man Syndrome, is an extremely rare disease of the connective tissue. A mutation of the body's repair mechanism causes fibrous tissue (including muscle, tendon, and ligament) to be ossified when damaged. In many cases, injuries can cause joints to become permanently frozen in place. Surgical removal of the extra bone growths has been shown to cause the body to "repair" the affected area with more bone.

+Anencephaly is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day of conception,^[1]resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp.^[2] Strictly speaking, the translation of the Greek term to English is "no brain" (that is, totally lacking), but it is accepted that childrenwith this disorder are born without a telencephalon, the largest part of the brain consisting mainly of the cerebral hemispheres, including the neocortex, which is responsible for cognition. The remaining brain tissue is often exposed, i.e. not covered by bone or skin.^[3] With very few exceptions,^[4] most babies with this disorder do not survive.

+In the context of human evolution, human vestigiality involves those characters (such as organs or behaviors) occurring in the human species that are considered vestigial—in other words having lost all or most of their original function through evolution. Although structures usually called "vestigial" often appear functionless, a vestigial structure may retain lesser functions or develop minor new ones.^[1] In some cases, structures once identified as vestigial simply had an unrecognized function.

+Progeria (pronunciation: /proʊˈdʒɪəriə/^[1][2]), Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome,^[3][4] or Progeria syndrome^[4]) is an extremely rare genetic disease wherein symptoms resembling aspects of agingare manifested at a very early age. The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" (πρό), meaning "before" or "premature", and "gēras" (γῆρας), meaning "old age". The disorder has a very low incident rate, occurring in an estimated 1 per 8 million live births.^[5] Those born with progeria typically live to their mid teens and early twenties.^[6][7] It is a genetic condition that occurs as a new mutation, and is rarely inherited. Although the term progeria applies strictly speaking to all diseases characterized by premature aging symptoms, and is often used as such, it is often applied specifically in reference to Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS).

+In hepatology, congestive hepatopathy, also known as nutmeg liver and chronic passive congestion of the liver, is liver dysfunction due to venous congestion, usually cardiac dysfunction, i.e. right heart failure or (less specifically) congestive heart failure.

+Blueberry muffin baby is the characteristic distributed purpura occurring as a result of extramedullary hematopoiesis found in infants.^[1][2]:826 The purpura is often generalized but favors the trunk, head, and neck.^[3] It derives its name from the superficial similarity to a blueberry muffin.

+Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is an uncommon cause of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding or iron deficiency anemia.^[1][2][3] The condition is associated with dilated small blood vessels in theantrum, or the last part of the stomach.^[1] The dilated vessels result in intestinal bleeding.^[4] It is also called watermelon stomach because streaky long red areas that are present in the stomach may resemble the markings on watermelon.

+In surgical pathology, strawberry gallbladder, more formally cholesterolosis of the gallbladder and gallbladder cholesterolosis, is a change in the gallbladder wall due to excess cholesterol.

+An endometrioma, endometrioid cyst, endometrial cyst, or chocolate cyst of ovary is a condition related to endometriosis.

+A port-wine stain or nevus flammeus is a vascular anomaly consisting of superficial and deep dilated capillaries in the skin that produce a reddish to purplish discoloration of the skin. They are so called for their color, which resembles that of port wine. It is part of the family of disorders known as vascular malformations, specifically a capillary malformation.

+Café au lait spots or Café au lait macules are pigmented birthmarks.^[1] The name café au lait is French for "coffee with milk" and refers to their light-brown color. They are also called "giraffe spots" or "coast of Maine spots."

+Víctor Manuel Gerena (born June 24, 1958) is an American fugitive wanted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation for the armed robbery, in connection with the Los Macheteros group, of a Wells Fargoarmored car facility. On May 14, 1984, he became the 386th fugitive to be placed on the FBI's Top Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. He remains at large, and on April 11 2010, became the fugitive to have spent the most time on the list,^[1] surpassing Donald Eugene Webb. He is believed to be in Cuba.

+Filiberto Ojeda Ríos (April 26, 1933 – September 23, 2005) was the commander-in-chief ("Responsable General") of the Boricua Popular Army (Ejército Popular Boricua, a.k.a., Los Macheteros), a clandestine paramilitary organization that considers United States rule over Puerto Rico to be oppressive colonization and advocates the latter's independence.

+Glenn Lawrence Burke (November 16, 1952 – May 30, 1995) was a Major League Baseball player for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Oakland Athletics from 1976 to 1979.  He was the first to publicly acknowledge his homosexuality.

+David Kim Hempleman-Adams, LVO, OBE, CStJ, DL (born 10 October 1956 in Swindon, Wiltshire) is a British industrialist and adventurer.

+The Bellamy salute is the salute described by Francis Bellamy, a famous Christian Socialist, to accompany the American Pledge of Allegiance, which he had authored. During the period when it was used with the Pledge of Allegiance, it was sometimes known as the "flag salute". During the 1920s and 1930s, Italian fascists and Nazis adopted salutes which were similar in form, resulting in controversy over the use of the Bellamy salute in the United States. It was officially replaced by the hand-over-heart salute when Congress amended the Flag Code on December 22, 1942. It was the first U.S. pledge salute.

+Francis Julius Bellamy (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American socialist,^[1][2] minister, and author, best known for authoring the American Pledge of Allegiance.

+Fozzy is an American heavy metal band, formed in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1999. The lead singer of the band is professional wrestler Chris Jericho. He resides in Tampa, Florida, while the rest of the band live in Georgia. The band is currently signed to Century Media Records.^[1] The band consists of Jericho, along with members of Stuck Mojo including Rich Ward and Frank Fontsere. Their additional members are Billy Grey (Dangerous New Machine, Sick Speed) and Paul Di Leo (Adrenaline Mob, Nena). Jericho has characterized the band by saying, "If Metallica and Journey had a bastard child, it would be Fozzy."

+Jubilee is the name used locally for a natural phenomenon that occurs sporadically on the shores of Mobile Bay, a large body of water on Alabama's Gulf Coast. During a jubilee many species of crab andshrimp, as well as flounder, eels, and other demersal fish will leave deeper waters and swarm—in large numbers and very high density—in a specific, shallower coastal area of the bay.^[2] A jubilee is a celebrated event in Mobile Bay, and it attracts large crowds, many drawn by the promise of abundant and easy-to-catch seafood.

+Joseph Samuel (c. 1780–April 1806^[1]) was an Englishman legendary for the manner in which he survived execution. Convicted for robbery in 1795,^[2] he was sentenced in 1801 to transportation to Australia, aboard the Nile, Canada and Minorca.^[3]Australia then maintained a penal settlement at Sydney Cove. Security in the early penal settlements was reinforced by the isolation of the colony: guards trusted the Australian wilderness to kill any prisoners who attempted to escape.

+A supercentenarian (sometimes hyphenated as super-centenarian) is someone who has lived to or passed his/her 110th birthday. This age is achieved by about one in 1,000 centenarians.

+Skull and Bones is an undergraduate senior secret society at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. It is the oldest senior class landed society at Yale. The society's alumni organization, theRussell Trust Association, owns the society's real estate and oversees the organization. The society is known informally as "Bones", and members are known as "Bonesmen".

+Rosicrucianism is a generic term referring to studies or membership within a philosophical secret society said to have been founded in late medieval Germany by Christian Rosenkreuz. It holds a doctrine or theology "built on esoteric truths of the ancient past", which, "concealed from the average man, provide insight into nature, the physical universe and the spiritual realm."^[1]Rosicrucianism is symbolized by the Rosy Cross.

+Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) ('Order of the Temple of the East' or 'Order of Oriental Templars') is an international fraternal and religious organization founded at the beginning of the 20th century. English author andoccultist Aleister Crowley has become the best-known member of the order.

+The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (or, more commonly, the Golden Dawn) was a magical order active in Great Britain during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which practiced theurgy and spiritual development. It has been one of the largest single influences on 20th-century Western occultism.

+The Knights Templar is an international philanthropic chivalric order affiliated with Freemasonry. Unlike the initial degrees conferred in a Masonic Lodge, which only require a belief in a Supreme Beingregardless of religious affiliation, the Knights Templar is one of several additional Masonic Orders in which membership is open only to Freemasons who profess a belief in the Christian religion. The full title of this Order is The United Religious, Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes and Malta. The word "United" in this title indicates that more than one historical tradition and more than one actual Order are jointly controlled within this system. The individual Orders 'united' within this system are principally the Knights of the Temple (Knights Templar), the Knights of Malta, the Knights of St Paul, and only within the York Rite, the Knights of the Red Cross. The Order derives its name from the historical Knights Templar, but does not claim any direct lineal descent from the original Templar order.

+The Bilderberg Group, Bilderberg conference, or Bilderberg Club is an annual private conference of approximately 120 to 140 invited guests from North America and Europe, most of whom are people of influence.^[2][3] About one-third are from government and politics, and two-thirds from finance, industry, labour, education and communications.

+The Prieuré de Sion, translated from French as Priory of Sion, is a name given to multiple groups, both real and fictitious. The most controversial is a fringe fraternal organisation, founded and dissolved inFrance in 1956 by Pierre Plantard. In the 1960s, Plantard created a fictitious history for that organisation, describing it as a secret society founded by Godfrey of Bouillon on Mount Zion in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1099, conflating it with a genuine historical monastic order, the Abbey of Our Lady of Mount Zion. In Plantard's version, the priory is devoted to installing a secret bloodline of the Merovingian dynasty on the thrones of France and the rest of Europe.^[2] This myth was expanded upon and popularised by the 1982 pseudohistorical book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail^[1] and later claimed as factual in the preface of the 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code.

+Opus Dei, formally known as The Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei (Latin: Praelatura Sanctae Crucis et Operis Dei), is an institution of the Roman Catholic Church that teaches that everyone is called to holiness and that ordinary life is a path to sanctity.^[2][3] The majority of its membership are lay people, with secular priests under the governance of a prelate (bishop) elected by specific members and appointed by the Pope.^[4] Opus Dei is Latin for Work of God; hence the organization is often referred to by members and supporters as the Work.

+Kamato Hongo (本郷 かまと Hongō Kamato^?) (c. 1893 (or September 16, 1887) – October 31, 2003) was a Japanese centenarian and possibly supercentenarian. She was considered to be the world's oldest recognized living person^[1] from March 2002 until her death.

+Carrie C. White, born Carrie C. Joyner (November 18, 1874? – February 14, 1991), was recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest person in the world around the time she celebrated her 114th birthday in 1988.

+Elizabeth "Lizzie" Bolden (née Jones; August 15, 1890 – December 11, 2006) was an American supercentenarian woman who, at the time of her death at age 116 years and 118 days, was recognized by Guinness World Records as the then world's oldest living person. She was the last remaining documented person born in 1890. Bolden was the seventh recorded person to reach age 116 without dispute. She is the oldest North American to have lived in three different centuries.

+Tane Ikai (猪飼 たね Ikai Tane^?, January 18, 1879 – July 12, 1995)^[2] was a Japanese supercentenarian who holds the record as the oldest verified person ever from Japan and from Asia. She is one of only two verified persons from Asia to have reached age 116, the other being Jiroemon Kimura, also of Japan. She is the sixth oldest person ever recorded in history.

+María Esther Heredia de Capovilla (née Lecaro; known internationally as María Capovilla; 14 September 1889 – 27 August 2006) was an Ecuadorian supercentenarian, and, at the time of her death at age 116 years 347 days, was recognized by Guinness World Records as the world's oldest living person. She was the last remaining person born in the 1880s.

+Marie-Louise Fébronie Meilleur (née Chassé) (August 29, 1880 – April 16, 1998) was a French Canadian supercentenarian who, upon the death of Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment, became the oldest recognized living person.^[1] Meilleur is the oldest validated Canadian ever and the fourth oldest person in history, behind Jeanne Calment, Sarah Knauss and Lucy Hannah.

+Lucy Hannah (née Terrell; July 16, 1875 – March 21, 1993) was an American supercentenarian. Hannah is the third-oldest person ever, as well as the oldest living American at the time of her death. Hannah is also the oldest person never to have been the oldest living person, since she lived at the same time as Jeanne Calment, the oldest person ever to live.

+Sarah DeRemer Knauss (née Clark; September 24, 1880 – December 30, 1999) was an American supercentenarian. She was considered the world's oldest living person by Guinness World Recordsfrom April 16, 1998, the date of the death of 117-year-old Canadian Marie-Louise Meilleur, until her own death. At age 117, she also set the record for the world's oldest "new" title-holder (which corresponds to the highest "valley" on a graph of the oldest living persons over time). Knauss is the second-oldest fully documented person ever, behind Jeanne Calment, and the oldest person ever of the western hemisphere. She was the last verified living person to have been born before 1885.

+Shigechiyo Izumi (泉 重千代 Izumi Shigechiyo^?, 1880 (or June 29, 1865) – February 21, 1986) was a Japanese centenarian who was titled the oldest living person after the death of Niwa Kawamoto, also from Japan. His case was first verified by Guinness World Records, who titled him the oldest man ever, but Guinness have in recent years backed away from their previous statement; in the Guinness World Records Book 2012, Christian Mortensen is titled "the oldest verified man ever", and Izumi is not mentioned.

+Shirali Baba Muslimov (also Mislimov) (Azerbaijani: Şirəli Müslümov, Ширəли Mүcлүмов, شیرعلی مسلموف, pronounced [ʃiɾæˈli mysˈlymov]) (allegedly 26 March 1805 – 2 September 1973) was a Talyshshepherd from the village of Barzavu in the Lerik region of Azerbaijan, a mountainous area near the Iranian border. He was claiming to be the oldest person who ever lived when he died on September 2 (or 4), 1973 at the alleged age of 168. This is 46 years older than French woman Jeanne Calment, who has had the longest confirmed lifespan in history at 122. Shirali Muslimov is an interesting case. Some say his age is for real, most dispute his extreme longevity. Muslimov was a Talysh shepherd from the village of Barzavu in the Lerik region of Azerbaijan, a mountainous area near the Iranian border.

The only evidence of Muslimov’s age is a passport that states his birth date in 1805. So there could be some truth to it. What is more likely however is that he has been confused with someone else, possibly his father or grandfather. It would be nice to believe though. Imagine a healthy 168 years of life. In the photo above on the right, Muslimov was allegedly over 160 years old.

+In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth (Greek λαβύρινθος labyrinthos, possibly the building complex at Knossos) was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete atKnossos. Its function was to hold the Minotaur, a mythical creature that was half man and half bull and was eventually killed by the Athenian hero Theseus. Daedalus had so cunningly made the Labyrinth that he could barely escape it after he built it.^[1] Theseus was aided by Ariadne, who provided him with a skein of thread, literally the "clew", or "clue", so he could find his way out again.

+Amy Lee Grant (born November 25, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, author, media personality and actress, best known for performing Christian music. She has been referred to as "The Queen of Christian Pop". As of 2009, Grant remains the best-selling contemporary Christian music singer ever,^{[citation needed]} having sold over 30 million units worldwide.^[1]

+Brodie knob-

Named after "bridge jumper" Steve Brodie (1863–1901), a brodie knob (alternate spelling brody knob) is a knob that attaches to the steering wheel of an automobile. The knob swivels, and is intended to make steering with one hand less difficult. Brodie knobs are also known as necker knobs, because they allow steering with one hand while necking with the passenger. One disadvantage of the knob is that after letting go of the steering wheel after going around a corner, the steering wheel spins rapidly and the knob can hit the user's forearm or elbow. Other names include suicide knob, granny knob, and steering wheel spinner.

+ In New Zealand in the 1930s, farmers reportedly had trouble with exploding trousers as a result of attempts to control ragwort, an agricultural weed.^[1]  Farmers had been spraying sodium chlorate, a government recommended weedkiller, onto the ragwort, and some of the spray had ended up on their clothes. Sodium chlorate is a strong oxidizing agent, and reacted with the organic fibres (i.e. the wool and the cotton) of the clothes. Reports had farmers' trousers variously smoldering and bursting into flame, particularly when exposed to heat or naked flames.^[2] One report had trousers that were hanging on a washing line starting to smoke. There were also several reports of trousers exploding while farmers were wearing them, causing severe burns. The history was written up by James Watson of Massey University in a widely reported article, "The Significance of Mr. Richard Buckley's Exploding Trousers",^[3] and which later won him an Ig Nobel Prize.

+ Senecio /sɨˈniːʃi.oʊ/^[1] is a genus of the daisy family (Asteraceae) that includes ragworts and groundsels. The flower heads are normally rayed, completely yellow, and the heads are borne in branched clusters.

+ Tollens' reagent is a chemical reagent most commonly used to determine whether a known carbonyl-containing compound is an aldehyde or a ketone. It is usually ammoniacal silver nitrate, but can also be other mixtures, as long as aqueous diamminesilver(I) complex is present. It was named after its discoverer, the German chemistBernhard Tollens.

+ The Scoville scale is the measurement of the pungency (spicy heat) of chili peppers.

+ High-performance liquid chromatography (sometimes referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography), HPLC (or just LC), is a chromatographic technique used to separate a mixture of compounds in analytical chemistry and biochemistry with the purpose of identifying, quantifying or purifying the individual components of the mixture. HPLC is considered an instrumental technique of analytical chemistry (as opposed to a gravitimetric technique).

+ The Trinidad Scorpion Moruga Blend (Capsicum chinense), endemic to the district of Moruga in Trinidad and Tobago, is currently the world's hottest Chili pepper cultivated.^[1] The New Mexico State University's Chilli Pepper Institute has identified the Trinidad Scorpion Moruga Blend as the newest hottest chili pepper as of February 2012.^[2][3] According to the Institute, the Trinidad Scorpion Moruga Blend ranks as high as 2,009,231 SHU on the Scoville scale, making it the hottest chili pepper in the world to date.

+ Resiniferatoxin (RTX) is a naturally occurring, ultrapotent capsaicin analog^[1] that activates the vanilloid receptor in a subpopulation of primary afferent sensory neurons involved in nociception (the transmission of physiological pain).^[2][3] RTX causes an ion channel in the plasma membrane of sensory neurons — the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 — to become permeable to cations, most particularly the calcium cation; this evokes a powerful irritant effect followed by desensitization and analgesia.^[4][5] Resiniferatoxin has a rating of 16,000,000,000 on the Scoville Scale, the measurement of the piquancy (spicy heat) of chili peppers, making it one of the highest rated substances known.

+ Tinyatoxin (TTX or TTN) is a highly irritable analog of resiniferatoxin and capsaicin. It can be found in Euphorbia poissonii.

+ Capsaicin (/kæpˈseɪ.ɨsɪn/; 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide, is the active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. It is an irritant for mammals, including humans, and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact. Capsaicin and several related compounds are called capsaicinoids and are produced as secondary metabolites by chili peppers, probably as deterrents against certain mammals and fungi.^[2] Pure capsaicin is a volatile, hydrophobic, colorless, odorless, crystalline to waxy compound.

+ Dihydrocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid and analog and congener of capsaicin in chili peppers (Capsicum). Like capsaicin it is an irritant.^[1] Dihydrocapsaicin accounts for about 22% of the total capsaicinoid mixture and has nearly, but not quite, the same pungency as capsaicin. Pure dihydrocapsaicin is a lipophilic colorless odorless crystalline to waxy compound. It is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide and 100% ethanol.

+ Nonivamide, also called pelargonic acid vanillylamide or PAVA, is an organic compound and a capsaicinoid. It is an amide of pelargonic acid (n-nonanoic acid) and vanillyl amine. It is present in chili peppers,^[1] but is commonly manufactured synthetically. It is more heat-stable than capsaicin.

+ Nordihydrocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid and analog and congener of capsaicin in chili peppers (Capsicum). Like capsaicin, it is an irritant. Nordihydrocapsaicin accounts for about 7% of the total capsaicinoids mixture and has about half the pungency of capsaicin. Pure nordihydrocapsaicin is a lipophiliccolorless odorless crystalline to waxy compound. On the Scoville scale it has 9,100,000 SHU (Scoville heat units), significantly higher than pepper spray.

+ Homocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid and analog and congener of capsaicin in chili peppers (Capsicum). Like capsaicin it is an irritant. Homocapsaicin accounts for about 1% of the total capsaicinoids mixture and has about half the pungency of capsaicin. Pure homocapsaicin is a lipophilic colorless odorless crystalline to waxy compound. On the Scoville scale it has 8 600 000 SHU (Scoville heat units).

+ Homodihydrocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid and analog and congener of capsaicin in chili peppers (Capsicum). Like capsaicin it is an irritant. Homodihydrocapsaicin accounts for about 1% of the total capsaicinoids mixture and has about half the pungency of capsaicin. Pure homodihydrocapsaicin is a lipophilic colorless odorless crystalline to waxy compound. It produces "numbing burn" in the throat and is one of the most prolonged and difficult to rinse out. On the Scoville scale it has 8,600,000 SHU (Scoville heat units).

+ Shogaol, also known as (6)-shogaol, is a pungent constituent of ginger similar in chemical structure to gingerol. Like zingerone, it is produced when ginger is dried or cooked.

+ Piperine is the alkaloid^[1] responsible for the pungency of black pepper and long pepper, along with chavicine (an isomer of piperine). It has also been used in some forms of traditional medicine and as aninsecticide. Piperine forms monoclinic needles, is slightly soluble in water (40 MG/L (18°C)) and more so in alcohol (1G/15ML), ether (1G/36ML) or chloroform (1G/1.7ML): the solution in alcohol has a pepper-like taste. It yields salts only with strong acids.

+ Piperidine (Azinane after the Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature) is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH₂)₅NH. This heterocyclic amine consists of a six-membered ring containing fivemethylene bridges (-CH
2-) and one amine bridge (-NH-). It is a colorless fuming liquid with an odor described as ammoniacal, pepper-like;^[2] the name comes from the genus name Piper, which is the Latin word for pepper.

+ Gingerol, or sometimes [6]-gingerol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin and piperine, the compounds which give chilli peppers and black pepper their respective spicyness.^[1] It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.

+ Capsinoids, which include capsiate, dihydrocapsiate, and nordihydrocapsiate, are substances naturally present in chili peppers. Although they are structurally similar to capsaicin, the substance that causes pungency in hot peppers, they largely lack that characteristic. Capsinoids have an estimated “hot taste threshold” which is about 1/1000 that of capsaicin. Capsinoids were not reported in the scientific literature until 1989,^[1] when biologists first isolated them in a unique variety of chili peppers, CH-19 Sweet, which does not contain capsaicin. Capsinoids include capsiate, dihydrocapsiate and nordihydrocapsiate.

+ Summerwind, formerly known as Lamont Mansion, is a ruined mansion on the shores of West Bay Lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin. It is reputed to be one of the most haunted locations in the state. As a result of abandonment, the elements, and fire, little of the mansion currently remains standing. For a while it was popular with paranormal tourists. Summerwind's ruins are located on private land and are closed to the public. The mansion was featured on an episode of A Haunting. The show is aired on Destination America.

+ The Clapham Wood Mystery is the name given to a collection of unusual events which are associated with Clapham Wood, West Sussex, England, resulting in the area developing its own lore in popular culture.^[1][2] Events have included reports of people making unusual sightings or experiencing unusual phenomena, and of family pets disappearing or sickening.^[2] There have also been several human deaths associated with the location.

+ The Bridgewater Triangle refers to an area of about 200 square miles (520 km²) within southeastern Massachusetts in the United States,^[1] claimed to be a site of alleged paranormal phenomena, ranging from UFO's to poltergeists and orbs, balls of fire and other spectral phenomena, various "bigfoot" sightings, giant snakes and "thunderbirds", as well as the mutilation of cattle and other livestock.

+ Mary Hardy Reeser (1884–1951) of St. Petersburg, Florida was a suspected victim of spontaneous human combustion.

+ The Amityville Horror was a time in December 1975, George and Kathy Lutz and Kathy's three children moved into 112 Ocean Avenue, a large Dutch Colonial house in Amityville, a suburban neighborhood located on the south shore ofLong Island, New York. Thirteen months before the Lutzes moved in, Ronald DeFeo, Jr. had shot and killed six members of his family at the house. After 28 days, the Lutzes left the house, claiming to have been terrorized by paranormal phenomena while living there.

+Thule (/ˈθjuːliː/;^[1][2][3] Greek: Θούλη, Thoule), also spelled Thula, Thila, or Thyïlea, is, in classical European literature and maps, a region in the far north. Though often considered to be an island in antiquity, modern interpretations of what was meant by Thule often identify it as Norway,^[2][4] an identification supported by modern calculations.^[5] Other interpretations include Orkney, Shetland, andScandinavia. In the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance, Thule was often identified as Iceland or Greenland.

+Saint Brendan’s Isle, also spelled St Brendan’s Isle, is a phantom island, or mythical island, supposedly situated in the North Atlantic somewhere west of Northern Africa. It is named after the Saint Brendan who founded the Clonfert monastery and monastic school. It is said to have been discovered by the saint and his followers while they were traveling across the ocean, evangelizing to islands. It appeared on numerous maps in Christopher Columbus' time. It is referred to as La isla de San Borondón or isla de Samborombón in Spanish.

+Frisland, also called Frischlant, Friesland, Freezeland, Frislandia, or Fixland, is a mythical island that appeared on virtually all of the maps of the North Atlantic from the 1560s through the 1660s. It is not to be confused with the similarly named Friesland in the Netherlands.

+Bus, Buss, or Busse Island was a phantom island in the North Atlantic Ocean. It was recorded as discovered during the third expedition of Martin Frobisher in September 1578 by sailors aboard the shipEmanuel of Bridgwater (a "busse") and was indicated on maps as existing between Ireland and mythical Frisland at about 57° N. The island was then named for the type of vessel that its discoverers used.

+Antillia (or Antilia) is a legendary island that was reputed, during the 15th-century age of exploration, to lie in the Atlantic Ocean, far to the west of Portugal and Spain. The island also went by the name of Isle of Seven Cities (Ilha das Sete Cidades (Portuguese), Septe Cidades).

+The Isle of Demons is a legendary land once believed to exist on Quirpon Island, Newfoundland in Canada. It was generally shown as two islands. It began appearing on maps in the beginning of the 16th century, and disappeared in the mid-17th century.

+Brasil, also known as Hy-Brasil or several other variants,^[1] is a phantom island which was said to lie in the Atlantic Ocean west of Ireland. In Irish myths it was said to be cloaked in mist, except for one day each seven years, when it became visible but still could not be reached. It probably has similar roots to other mythical islands said to exist in the Atlantic, such as Atlantis, Saint Brendan's Island, and theIsle of Mam. The etymology of the names Brasil and Hy-Brasil are unknown, but in Irish tradition it is thought to come from the Irish Uí Breasail (meaning "descendants (i.e., clan) of Breasal"), one of the ancient clans of northeastern Ireland. cf. Old Irish: Í: island; bres: beauty, worth, great, mighty.

+The DShK 1938 (ДШК, for Дегтярёва-Шпагина Крупнокалиберный, Degtyaryova-Shpagina Krupnokaliberny, 'Degtyaryov-Shpagin Large-Calibre') is a Soviet heavy machine gun firing the12.7×108mm cartridge. The weapon was also used as a heavy infantry machine gun, in which case it was frequently deployed with a two-wheeled mounting and a single-sheet armour-plate shield. It took its name from the weapons designers Vasily Degtyaryov, who designed the original weapon, and Georgi Shpagin, who improved the cartridge feed mechanism. It is sometimes nicknamed Dushka (lit. "Sweetie", "Dear"), from the abbreviation.

+Louis Phélypeaux (1643–1727), marquis de Phélypeaux (1667), comte de Maurepas (1687), comte de Pontchartrain (1699), known as the chancellor de Pontchartrain, was a French politician.

+The Nimrod Islands were a group of islands first reported in 1828 by Captain Eilbeck of the ship Nimrod while sailing from Port Jackson around Cape Horn. Their reported location was east of Emerald Island and west of Dougherty Island, at approximately 56°S 158°W.

+The Crocker Land Expedition was an ill-fated 1913 expedition to investigate Crocker Land, a huge island supposedly sighted by the explorer Robert Peary from the top of Cape Colgate in 1906. The island was later shown to have been a hoax.

+Bruxism refers to excessive grinding of the teeth and/or excessive clenching of the jaw.^[1] Bruxism is an oral parafunctional activity;^[1] i.e., not an activity related to normal function such as eating or talking. Bruxism is a common problem: reports of prevalence range from 8–31% in the general population.^[2] Even elevated levels of bruxism may cause minimal symptoms, and therefore a bruxer may not be aware of the condition.

+Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease (WED), is a neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move one's body to stop uncomfortable or odd sensations.^[1] It most commonly affects the legs, but can affect the arms, torso, head, and even phantom limbs.^[2] Moving the affected body part modulates the sensations, providing temporary relief.

+Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder (Non-24) is a chronic circadian rhythm sleep disorder, classified within Chapter VI, Diseases of the Nervous System, in the ICD-10. It can be defined as "a chronic steady pattern comprising one- to two-hour daily delays in sleep onset and wake times in an individual living in society".^[1] The pattern of delay persists literally "around the clock", typically taking a few weeks to complete one cycle.

+Kleine–Levin syndrome, KLS, or Sleeping Beauty syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring periods of excessive amounts of sleeping and eating. At the onset of an episode the patient becomes drowsy and sleeps for most of the day and night (hypersomnolence), waking only to eat or go to the bathroom. When awake, the patient’s whole demeanor is changed, often appearing “spacey” or childlike.

+Somniloquy or sleep-talking is a parasomnia that refers to talking aloud while asleep. It can be quite loud, ranging from simple sounds to long speeches, and can occur many times during sleep. Listeners may or may not be able to understand what the person is saying.

+Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder caused by the brain's inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally. It often begins mildly and progresses over a period of time until it reaches full manifestation.^[1] People with narcolepsy often experience disturbed nocturnal sleep and an abnormal daytime sleep pattern, which often is confused with insomnia. Narcoleptics, when falling asleep, generally experience the REM stage of sleep within 5 minutes, while most people do not experience REM sleep until an hour or so later.^[2] REM sleep is where most dreams occur.

+Sleep sex, or sexsomnia, is a condition in which a person will engage in sexual acts while still asleep. 

+Countess Elizabeth Báthory de Ecsed (Báthory Erzsébet in Hungarian, Alžbeta Bátoriová in Slovak; 7 August 1560 – 21 August 1614) was a countess from the renowned Báthory family of nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary. She has been labelled the most prolific female serial killer in history and is remembered as the "Blood Countess," though the precise number of victims is debated.

+Talaat Pasha (also transliterated as Tala'at Pasha or Talat Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: طلعت پاشا), born Mehmed Talaat (Ottoman Turkish: محمد طلعت, Turkish: Mehmed Talât or Mehmet Talat) (1874–1921) was one of the leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress that controlled the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.

+Josef Rudolf Mengele (German: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈmɛŋələ] (  listen); 16 March 1911 – 7 February 1979) was a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz. He earned doctorates in anthropology from Munich University and in medicine from Frankfurt University.

+The 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking was one of the elite Panzer divisions of the thirty eight Waffen SS divisions. It was recruited from foreign volunteers, from Denmark, Norway, Sweden,Finland, Estonia, the Netherlands and Belgium under the command of German officers. 

+A unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) is a variant declaration of independence that is established when the government of a constituent entity of a sovereign state declares itself independent from that state, and declares itself a sovereign state, without having a formal agreement with the state that the constituent entity declared its secession from.

+The Independent Democratic Union (Unión Democrata Independiente, UDI) is a Chilean right-wing, conservative political party, founded in 1983. Its main inspirer was the lawyer, politician and law professor Jaime Guzmán, a civilian Augusto Pinochet's collaborator, and a senator from 1990 until his assassination on April 1, 1991.

+The Mexican Unidad de Inversion (ISO 4217 code MXV) is an index unit of funds used in Mexico. It can be traded in many currency markets because its value changes with respect to currencies. Unlike currencies, it is designed to retain its purchasing power and not be subject to inflation. The Mexican credit system (especially mortgages) uses the UDI rather than the peso because of its stability.

+Unified Display Interface (UDI) was a digital video interface specification based on Digital Visual Interface. It was intended to be a lower cost implementation while providing compatibility with existingHigh-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and DVI displays. Unlike HDMI, which is aimed at high-definition multimedia consumer electronics devices such as television monitors and DVD players, UDI was specifically targeted towards computer monitor and video card manufacturers and did not support the transfer of audio data.

+The Uniform Driver Interface (UDI) is a defunct project developed by several companies to define a portable interface for device drivers.

+Apple Disk Images are disk image files commonly used by the Mac OS X operating system. When opened, an Apple disk image is "mounted" as a volume within the Finder. Several Apple proprietary disk image formats can be used to create these images, including the Universal Disk Image Format (UDIF) and the New Disk Image Format (NDIF). Apple disk images usually have the .dmg file extension.

+The Unique Device Identification (UDI) System is intended to assign a unique identifier to medical devices within the United States. It was signed into law on September 27, 2007, as part of the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007. This act includes language related to the establishment of a Unique Device Identification System. 

+Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video display interface developed by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). The digital interface is used to connect a video source to a display device, such as a computer monitor.

+An armless wonder was a person without arms who was exhibited, usually at a circus sideshow. Typically (but not exclusively) a woman, she would perform various tricks using her feet and toes, such as smoking a cigarette or writing. Frequently, she would have a supply of visiting cards which, for an extra charge, she would sign with her feet and give to onlookers.

+Freaks is a 1932 American Pre-Code horror film about sideshow performers, directed and produced by Tod Browning and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with a cast mostly composed of actualcarnival (funfair) performers. The film was based on Tod Robbins' 1923 short fiction story "Spurs". 

+A bearded lady or bearded woman is a woman who has a visible beard. These women have long been a phenomenon of legend, curiosity, ridicule, and more recently, political statement^{[citation needed]} andfashion statement.

+Annie Jones (c. 1860 – 1902) was an American bearded woman, born in Virginia. She toured with showman P. T. Barnum as a circus attraction. It is unconfirmed if this was a case of hirsutism or an unrelated genetic condition that affects children of both sexes and continues into adult years.

+Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, businessman, scam artist and entertainer, remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the circusthat became the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.

+Hirsutism is the excessive hairiness^[1] on women^[2] in those parts of the body where terminal hair does not normally occur or is minimal - for example, a beard or chest hair. It refers to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair) and it is therefore primarily of cosmetic and psychological concern.

+A bed of nails is an oblong piece of wood, the size of a bed, with nails pointing upwards out of it.^[1] It appears to the spectator that anyone lying on this "bed" would be injured by the nails, but this is not so. Assuming the nails are numerous enough, the weight is distributed between them such that the pressure exerted by each nail is not enough to break the person's skin.

+Bee bearding is the practice of wearing several hundred thousand honey bees on the face, usually as a sideshow-type demonstration at agricultural shows. Hive bees are attracted into position by a queen in a small cage worn under the chin.

+Body modification (or body alteration, called body mutilation by detractors) is the deliberate altering of the human anatomy or phenotype.^[1] It is often done for aesthetics, sexual enhancement, rites of passage, religious beliefs, to display group membership or affiliation, to create body art, for shock value, and as self-expression, among others reasons.

+Chapeaugraphy, occasionally anglicised to chapography, is a panhandling trick in which a ring-shaped piece of felt is manipulated to look like various types of hats. The act originated in 1618 with Parisian street performer Tabarin, the most famous of the charlatans who combined a French version of commedia dell'arte with a quack medicine show.

+Commedia dell'Arte (Italian pronunciation: [komˈmɛːdja delˈlarte]) is a form of theater characterized by masked "types" which began in Italy in the 16th century and was responsible for the advent of the actress and improvised performances based on sketches or scenarios. 

+Entomophagy (from Greek ἔντομον éntomon, "insect", and φᾰγεῖν phagein, "to eat") is the consumption of insects as food. Insects are eaten by many animals, but the term is generally used to refer to human consumption of insects; animals that eat insects are known as insectivores.

+The Fiji mermaid (also Feejee mermaid) was an object comprising the torso and head of a juvenile monkey sewn to the back half of a fish, covered in papier-mâché. It was a common feature of sideshows, which was presented as the mummified body of a creature that was supposedly half mammal and half fish, a version of traditional mermaid stories.

+Sirenomelia, alternatively known as Mermaid Syndrome, is a very rare congenital deformity in which the legs are fused together, giving them the appearance of a mermaid's tail.

+Fire breathing is the act of creating a fireball by breathing a fine mist of fuel over an open flame. The proper technique and the correct fuel create the illusion of danger to enhance the novelty of fire breathing, while reducing the risk to health and safety. When using the correct fuel, it will only light when sprayed into a fine mist increasing the surface area of the fuel so that the fuel/oxygen/heat ratio is balanced enough to cause combustion.

+A fire eater is an entertainer, often a street artist or part of a sideshow. The performer places flaming objects into their mouth and extinguishes them by cutting off oxygen. They also practice controlling and transferring the flame.

+A flea circus refers to a circus sideshow attraction in which fleas are attached (or appear to be attached) to miniature carts and other items, and encouraged to perform circus acts within a small housing.

+Hyalophagia or hyalophagy (from Greek hyalos = glass + phagein = to eat) is the eating of glass. Primarily a pathological disorder, it is also considered a form of pica. Hyalophagia is very dangerous as the sharp glass may wound the stomach,intestines, and throat as it passes through the system. Possible causes include vitamin or mineral deficiency, underlying physical or mental illness or stress.

+Pica (/ˈpaɪkə/ py-kə) is characterized by an appetite for substances largely non-nutritive, such as clay, chalk, dirt, or sand.

+A cabinet of curiosities was an encyclopedic collection in Renaissance Europe of types of objects whose categorial boundaries were yet to be defined. They were also known by various names such as Cabinet of Wonder, and in German Kunstkammer ("art-room") or Wunderkammer ("wonder-room"). Modern terminology would categorize the objects included as belonging to natural history (sometimes faked), geology, ethnography, archaeology, religious or historical relics, works of art (including cabinet paintings) and antiquities. "The Kunstkammer was regarded as a microcosm or theater of the world, and a memory theater.

+Thomas Noakes, later known as Tom Norman, (7 May 1860–24 August 1930) was an English businessman and showman. He started his working life as a butcher in Sussex and at 17 moved to London. After viewing an exhibition of an "Electric Lady" next door to his place of work, he went into business with the lady's manager and began his career as a showman of human oddities. 

+The East End of London, also known simply as the East End, is the area of London, England, east of the medieval walled City of London and north of the River Thames. Although not defined by universally accepted formal boundaries, the River Lea can be considered another boundary.

+Amylophagia is a condition involving the compulsive consumption of excessive amounts of purified starch.

+Coprophagia /kɒp.rə.ˈfeɪ.dʒi.ə/^[1] or coprophagy is the consumption of feces, from the Greek κόπρος copros, "feces" and φαγεῖν phagein, "to eat". Many animal species practice coprophagia as a matter of course; other species do not normally consume feces but may do so under unusual conditions.

+Geophagy is the practice of eating earthy or soil-like substances such as clay, and chalk.

+Mucophagy is feeding on mucus of fishes or invertebrates. It may also refer to consumption of mucus or dried mucus in primates.

+Pagophagia is a form of the disorder pica involving the compulsive consumption of ice or iced drinks.

+Self-cannibalism is the practice of eating oneself, also called autocannibalism,^[1] or autosarcophagy.^[2] A similar term which is applied differently is autophagy, which specifically denotes the normal process of self-degradation by cells. While almost an exclusive term for this process, autophagy nonetheless has occasionally made its way into more common usage.

+The Ouroboros or Uroborus^[a] is an ancient symbol depicting a serpent or dragon eating its own tail.

+Trichophagia (Greek: τριχοφαγία, from τρίχα, tricha “hair” + φάγειν, phagein “to eat”) is the compulsive eating of hair associated with trichotillomania (hair pulling).

+Trichotillomania (pronounced /ˌtrɪkəˌtɪləˈmeɪniə/ trik-ə-til-ə-may-nee-ə, also known as trichotillosis) is the compulsive urge to pull out (and in some cases, eat) one's own hair leading to noticeable hair loss, distress, and social or functional impairment.

+François Henri Hallopeau (17 January 1842, Paris – March 1919) was a French dermatologist.

+Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (also known as "Hallopeau–Siemens variant of epidermolysis bullosa"^[1] and "Hallopeau–Siemens disease"^[2]) is a skin condition resulting from mutations in the gene encoding type VII collagen, COL7A1, characterized by debilitating oral lesions that produce pain, scarring, and microstomia.

+Pemphigus vegetans of Hallopeau is a disease of localized pemphigus vulgaris.^[1]

It is named for François Henri Hallopeau.

+A trichobezoar is a bezoar (a mass found trapped in the gastrointestinal system) formed from the ingestion of hair. 

+Urophagia is the consumption of urine. There are various reasons that humans may consume urine. Urine was used in several ancient cultures for various health, healing, and cosmetic purposes, practices which are still used by some people of these cultures today. In Euro-American culture, these practices are known as urine therapy, a form of alternative medicine.

+In alternative medicine, the term urine therapy or urotherapy, (also urinotherapy or uropathy) refers to various applications of human urine for medicinal or cosmetic purposes, including drinking of one's own urineand massaging one's skin with one's own urine. 

+Xylophagia is a condition involving the consumption of wood. It is one form of the eating disorder known as pica. People who suffer from this eating disorder usually consume things like paper, pencils, tree bark or other items made of wood. In addition to psychological disorders, people may eat wood as part of their religious beliefs.

+Michel Lotito (June 15, 1950 - June 25, 2007^{[citation needed]}) was a French entertainer, born in Grenoble, famous for deliberately consuming indigestible objects. He came to be known as Monsieur Mangetout ("Mister Eats All").

+Tarrare (c. 1772 – 1798), sometimes spelled Tarare, was a French showman and soldier, noted for his unusual eating habits. 

+Charles Domery (c. 1778 – after 1800), also known as Charles Domerz, was a Polish soldier, noted for his unusually large appetite.

+The Sick and Hurt Commissioners (also known as the Sick and Hurt Board, but formally and fully titled The Commissioners for taking Care of Sick and Wounded Seamen and for the Care and Treatment of Prisoners of War) were responsible for medical services in the British Royal Navy from 1715 to 1806. They were a separate (but subsidiary) body to the Navy Board, supplying surgeons to naval ships, and running shore and ship hospitals; they were also responsible for prisoners of war.

+A gurn or chuck is a distorted facial expression, and a verb to describe the action. A typical gurn might involve projecting the lower jaw as far forward and up as possible, and covering the upper lip with the lower lip, though there are other possibilities.

+Shemale (also she-male) is a term used (but not exclusively) in sex work to describe trans women with male genitalia and augmented female breasts from breast augmentation and/or use of hormones.^[1] Using the term she-male for a transsexual woman is considered highly offensive, for it implies that she is working 'in the (sex) trade.

+A suspension is the act of suspending a human body from hooks that have been put through body piercings. These piercings are temporary and are performed just prior to the actual suspension.

+A human blockhead is a carnival or sideshow performer who hammers a nail or other implement (such as an awl or screwdriver) into his or her nasal cavity via the nostril. The stunt is often shocking to audiences, who believe that the nail is being hammered into the skull itself. In reality, the stunt plays on the anatomical misconception that the nasal cavity goes upward, rather than straight back.

+The human dartboard is a contemporary sideshow act in which one person throws darts at another person. Usually the thrower is the target's assistant or a member of the audience. 

+Erik Sprague (born June 12, 1972^[1]) better known as The Lizardman, is a freak show and sideshow performer, best known for his body modification, including his sharpened teeth, full-body tattoo of green scales, bifurcated tongue, subdermal implants and recently, green-inked lips.

+Jarno "Jarppi" Leppälä is a Finnish media personality and member of The Dudesons stuntgroup.

+Circus della Morte, formerly the Bizzaro Future Circus, is North Texas' first performing circus sideshow. They are currently based around Dallas.

+Human zoos (also called ethnological expositions or Negro Villages) were 19th- and 20th-century public exhibits of humans, usually in a so-called natural or primitive state. 

+Midget (from midge, a sand fly^[2]) is a term that is widely considered pejorative^[3][1][4][5] for a person of unusually short stature, often one with the medical condition dwarfism,^[4] particularly proportionate dwarfism.

+A midway at a fair (commonly an American fair such as a county or state fair) is the location where amusement rides, entertainment and fast food booths are concentrated.

+Pickled punks is the carny term for human fetuses preserved in jars of formaldehyde and used as sideshow attractions. Most pickled punks display some sort of anatomical abnormality, such as conjoined twins or polycephaly; however, the deformities present are as varied as the nature of human inflictions. 

+Formaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH₂O or HCHO. It is the simplest aldehyde, hence its systematic name methanal. The common name of the substance comes from its similarity and relation to formic acid.

+Shallow Diving is an Extreme Sport, whereby enthusiasts attempt to dive from the greatest height into the shallowest depth of water, without sustaining injury. It is typically associated with travelling circuses along with the Strong man, performing animals, clowns and other such attractions.

+In America, a sideshow is an extra, secondary production associated with a circus, carnival, fair or other such attraction.

+Snake charming is the practice of pretending to hypnotise a snake by playing an instrument called pungi. A typical performance may also include handling the snakes or performing other seemingly dangerous acts, as well as other street performance staples, like juggling and sleight of hand.

+Sword swallowing is an ancient performance art in which the performer passes a sword through the mouth and down the esophagus to the stomach. This feat is not swallowing in the traditional sense; the natural processes that constitute swallowing do not take place, but are repressed in order to keep the passage from the mouth to the stomach open for the sword.

+In the 19th century, the term strongman referred to an exhibitor of strength (before strength sports were codified into weightlifting, powerlifting etc., becoming actual athletic competitions) or circus performers of similar ilk who displayed feats of strength such as the bent press (not to be confused with the bench press, which did not exist at the time), supporting large amounts of weight held overhead at arm's length, steel bending, chain breaking, etc.

+The Cotswold Olimpick Games is an annual public celebration of games and sports now held on the Friday after Spring Bank Holiday near Chipping Campden, in the Cotswolds of England. The Games probably began in 1612, and have continued on and off to the present day. They were started by a local lawyer, Robert Dover, with the approval of King James. Dover's motivation in organising the Games may have been his belief that physical exercise was necessary for the defence of the realm, but he may also have been attempting to bring rich and poor together; the Games were attended by all classes of society, including royalty on one occasion.

+MXC (Most Extreme Elimination Challenge) is an American comedy television program that aired on Spike TV from 2003–07. It is a re-edit of footage from the Japanese game show Takeshi's Castlewhich originally aired in Japan from 1986–89. The re-edit created a new storyline, as a dub was added that centered on the game show hosts narrating the action as people tried to win points for their teams by surviving through different challenges.

+Gabriel J. Iglecias (born July 15, 1976), known professionally as Gabriel Iglesias, is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, producer and voice actor. He is known for his shows I'm Not Fat… I’m Fluffy and Hot & Fluffy. He employs storytelling, effected voices and sound effects in his act, whose other trademarks include references to his weight and his use of Hawaiian shirts.

+Citizen Corps is a program under the Department of Homeland Security that provides training for the population of the United States to assist in the recovery after a disaster or terrorist attack. Each local Citizen Corps Council partners with organizations, volunteers and businesses to organize responders, volunteers and professional first responders for an efficient response so efforts aren't wasted by being duplicated. By training in Incident Command, volunteers know who to report to and how the incident is organized.

+Mermaids: The Body Found is a docufiction^[1] that originally aired on May 27, 2012, on Animal Planet and June 17 on Discovery Channel. The show attempts to describe mermaids in a scientific manner, interwoven with the testimonies of the scientists who discovered its existence.^[2] A sequel broadcast called Mermaids: The New Evidence aired May 26, 2013.

+The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the air force branch of the Australian Defence Force. The RAAF was formed in March 1921.^[1] It continues the traditions of the Australian Flying Corps (AFC), which was formed on 22 October 1912.^[2][3] The RAAF has taken part in many of the 20th century's major conflicts including World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. More recently the RAAF participated in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and is still involved with the War in Afghanistan (2001–present). 

+Christiaan Huygens, FRS (/ˈhaɪɡənz/ or /ˈhɔɪɡənz/; Dutch: [ˈɦœy̆ɣə(n)s] ( listen)) (Latin: Hugenius) (14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a prominent Dutch mathematician and natural philosopher. He is known particularly as an astronomer, physicist, probabilist and horologist.

+Sir George Cayley, 6th Baronet of Brompton (27 December 1773 – 15 December 1857) was a prolific English engineer and one of the most important people in the history of aeronautics. Many consider him the first true scientific aerial investigator and the first person to understand the underlying principles and forces of flight.

+Thomas Payne (c1718 - 1799) was a well-known bookseller in 18th century London. He was born in Brackley, Northamptonshire. From 1750 he ran a shop at Mews Gate in Castle Street near Leicester Fields. The premises were notoriously small, but exceptionally popular with the literati of that period. Referred to as the "Literary Coffee House", the shop became a sort of club during the day for discussions on all subjects. 

+Thomas Payne (by 1507-60), was an English politician. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Gloucester in October 1553, April 1554 and 1558.

+A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century. Zeppelin's ideas were first outlined in 1874^[1] and formulated in detail in 1893.^[2] They were patented in Germany in 1895 and in the United States on 14 March 1899.^[3] After the outstanding success of the Zeppelin design, the term zeppelin in casual use came to refer to all rigid airships. 

+Big Bertha (German: Dicke Bertha) — literal translation "Thick (or fat) Bertha" — is the name of a type of super-heavy howitzer developed by the famous armaments manufacturer Krupp inGermany on the eve of World War I. Its official designation was the L/12, i.e., the barrel was 12 calibre in length, 42-cm (16.5 inch) Type M-Gerät 14 (M-Equipment 1914) Kurze Marine-Kanone("short naval gun", a name intended to camouflage the weapon's real purpose).

+The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English, and SDN in its other official languages) was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.^[1] Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars throughcollective security and disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration.

+The Nuremberg Laws (German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany introduced at the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. After the takeover of power in 1933 byHitler, Nazism became an official ideology incorporating antisemitism as a form of scientific racism.

+In Hawaiian mythology, Kapo is a goddess of fertility, sorcery and dark powers who can assume any shape she wills. She is the mother of Laka, although some versions have them as the same goddess. She is the sister of Kāne Milohai, Kamohoaliʻi,Pele, Nāmaka and Hiʻiaka.

+A kapo or prisoner functionary (German: Funktionshäftling) was a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. Also called "prisoner self-administration", the prisoner functionary system minimized costs by allowing camps to function with fewer SS personnel.

+The Tichborne case was a legal cause célèbre that captivated Victorian England in the 1860s and 1870s. It concerned the claims by an individual sometimes referred to as Thomas Castro or as Arthur Orton, but usually termed "the Claimant", to be the missing heir to the Tichborne baronetcy. He failed to convince the courts, was convicted of perjury and served a long prison sentence.

+Encephalitis (from Ancient Greek ἐνκέφαλος enképhalos “brain”,^[1] composed of ἐν “in” and κέφαλος “head”, and the medical suffix -itis “inflammation”) is an acute inflammation of the brain. Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencephalitis. Symptoms include headache, fever, confusion, drowsiness, and fatigue. More advanced and serious symptoms include seizures or convulsions, tremors,hallucinations, and memory problems.

+The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of Czechoslovakia's areas along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation "Sudetenland" was coined. The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany, among the major powers of Europe without the presence of Czechoslovakia. Today, it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Germany. 

+The concept of Western betrayal refers to the view that United Kingdom and France failed to meet their legal, diplomatic, military and moral obligations with respect to Czechoslovakia during the Munich Agreement and subsequent occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany, as well as to Poland on the eve of the World War II.

+Josef Rudolf Mengele (German: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈmɛŋələ] ( listen); 16 March 1911 – 7 February 1979) was a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz. He earned doctorates in anthropology from Munich University and in medicine from Frankfurt University. He initially gained notoriety for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced laborer, but is far more infamous for performing human experiments on camp inmates, including children, for which Mengele was called the "Angel of Death".

+Raoul Wallenberg (August 4, 1912 – July 17, 1947?^[1][2][3][4]) was a Swedish architect, businessman, diplomat and humanitarian. He is widely celebrated for his successful efforts to rescue tens of thousands to about one hundred thousand Jews in Nazi-occupied Hungary during the Holocaust from Hungarian Fascists and the Nazis during the later stages of World War II. 

+The Appel reaction is an organic reaction that converts an alcohol into an alkyl chloride using triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride.^[1] The use of carbon tetrabromide or bromine as a halide source will yield alkyl bromides, whereas usingmethyl iodide or iodine gives alkyl iodides. The reaction is credited to and named after Rolf Appel,^[2] it had however been described earlier.

+Rolf Appel was an inorganic chemist who worked in the area of organophosphorus chemistry. Appel was born in 1921 and died in 2012.

+Challah (plural: challot/challos) (Hebrew: חלה‎) is a special Jewish braided bread eaten on Sabbath and holidays.

+Shewa (Ge'ez ሽዋ šawā, modern šewā also spelled Shoa) is a historical region of Ethiopia, formerly an autonomous kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire. The Ethiopian modern capital Addis Ababa is located at its center.

+Sahle Selassie (c. 1795 – 22 October 1847) was a Meridazmach (and later Negus) of Shewa (1813–1847), an important noble of Ethiopia. He was a younger son of Wossen Seged. Sahle Selassie was the father of Haile Melekot, Seyfe Sahle Selassie, and Darge Sahle Selassie

+Shoah foundations are organizations that are formed to further the remembrance of the Holocaust of World War II. There are currently two major foundations that are internationally active.

+Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah is a Shoah Foundation that was formed in 2000, with recovered money from the property taken from French Jews during World War II. 

+The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold Warin 1991. The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its dependent and central European allies off from open contact with the west and non-communist areas. On the East side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the former Soviet Union.

+Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип, pronounced [ɡǎʋrilɔ prǐntsip]; 25 July [O.S. 13 July] 1894^[2] – 28 April 1918) was the man who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.^[3] Princip and his accomplices were arrested and implicated a number of members of the Serbian military, leading Austria-Hungary to issue a démarche to Serbia known as the July Ultimatum.

+Nicholas II (Russian: Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов, tr. Nikolay II, Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov [nʲɪkɐˈlaj ftɐˈroj, nʲɪkɐˈlaj əlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪtɕ rɐˈmanəf]) (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland.^[2] His official short title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias.^[3] As with other Russian Emperors he is commonly known by the monarchical title Tsar (though Russia formally ended the Tsardom in 1721). He is known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Churchand has been referred to as Saint Nicholas the Martyr.

+Franz Ferdinand (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

+Lady with an Ermine is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci, from around 1489–1490. The subject of the portrait is identified as Cecilia Gallerani, and was probably painted at a time when she was the mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, and Leonardo was in the service of the Duke.

+Abrasax (Gk. ΑΒΡΑΣΑΞ, which is far more common in the sources than the variant form Abraxas, ΑΒΡΑΞΑΣ) was a word of mystic meaning in the system of the Gnostic Basilides, being there applied to the “Great Archon” (Gk., megas archōn), the princeps of the 365 spheres (Gk., ouranoi).^[1] The 7 letters spelling its name represent each of the 7 classic planets—Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.

+Two versions of the formerly lost Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit, also inappropriately called the Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians^[1] (which is quite distinct from the Greek Gospel of the Egyptians), were among the codices in the Nag Hammadi library, discovered in 1945.

+The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum Hall effect) is a quantum-mechanical version of the Hall effect, observed in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall conductivity σ takes on the quantized values

where  is the channel current,  is the Hall voltage, e is the elementary charge and h is Planck's constant.

+AAC Honey Badger PDW is an AR-15 based assault rifle / PDW in caliber .300 AAC Blackout produced by Advanced Armament Corporation, a subsidiary of Freedom Group. The weapon is named after the honey badger.

+300 AAC Blackout, SAAMI short name 300 BLK, also known as 7.62×35mm is a rifle cartridge developed in the United States and originally chambered in the M4 rifle.

+Christopher Jordan Dorner (June 4, 1979 – February 12, 2013)^[4][5] was a former LAPD police officer and United States Navy Reserve officer who was charged in connection with a series of shooting attacks on police officers and their families from February 3–12, 2013. The attacks left four people dead, including two police officers, and left three police officers wounded. Dorner was the subject of one of the largest manhunts in LAPD history,^[6] spanning two U.S. states and Mexico.

+Anthony Edward Sowell (born August 19, 1959) is an American serial killer, identified in press reports as the "Cleveland Strangler". He was arrested in October 2009 as a suspect in the murders of eleven women whose bodies were discovered at his Cleveland, Ohio, duplex at 12205 Imperial Avenue, located in the Mt. Pleasant neighborhood.

+          The Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (also known as the G-20, G20, and Group of Twenty) is a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 20 major economies: 19 countries plus the European Union, which is represented by the President of the European Council and by the European Central Bank.^[2] The G-20 heads of government orheads of state have also periodically conferred at summits since their initial meeting in 2008.

+The term "new world order" has been used to refer to any new period of history evidencing a dramatic change in world political thought and the balance of power. Despite various interpretations of this term, it is primarily associated with the ideological notion of global governance only in the sense of new collective efforts to identify, understand, or address worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual nation-states to solve.

+Bloop is the name given to an ultra-low frequency and extremely powerful underwater sound detected by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 1997. The sound is consistent with the noises generated by icequakes in large icebergs.

+A spectrogram, or sonogram, is a visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies in a sound.^[1] Spectrograms are sometimes called spectral waterfalls, voiceprints, or voicegrams.

+Sonar (originally an acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name "sonar": passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels; active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water.

+The aquatic ape hypothesis (AAH) or aquatic ape theory (AAT) is a hypothesis about human evolution, which posits that the ancestors of modern humans spent a period of time adapting to a semiaquatic existence.^[1][2] AAH emerged from the observation that some traits that set humans apart from other primates have parallels in aquatic mammals. It was first proposed by German pathologist Max Westenhöfer in 1942, and then independently by English marine biologist Alister Hardy in 1960. After Hardy, the most prominent proponent has been Welsh writer Elaine Morgan, who has written several books on the topic.

+The Fiji mermaid (also Feejee mermaid) was an object comprising the torso and head of a juvenile monkey sewn to the back half of a fish, covered in papier-mâché. It was a common feature of sideshows, which was presented as the mummified body of a creature that was supposedly half mammal and half fish, a version of traditional mermaid stories.

+Earth X is a 1999 comic book limited series written by Jim Krueger with art by John Paul Leon and published by Marvel Comics. Based on Alex Ross' notes, the series features a dystopian future version of the Marvel Universe.

+An armless wonder was a person without arms who was exhibited, usually at a circus sideshow. Typically (but not exclusively) a woman, she would perform various tricks using her feet and toes, such as smoking a cigarette or writing. Frequently, she would have a supply of visiting cards which, for an extra charge, she would sign with her feet and give to onlookers.

+Herbert George Ponting, FRGS (21 Mar 1870–1935) was a professional photographer. He is best known as the expedition photographer and cinematographer for Robert Falcon Scott's Terra Nova Expedition to the Ross Sea and South Pole (1910–1913). In this role, he captured some of the most enduring images of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.

+Cape Evans (77°38′S 166°24′ECoordinates: 77°38′S 166°24′E) is a rocky cape on the west side of Ross Island, forming the north side of the entrance to Erebus Bay. It was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04, under Robert Falcon Scott, who named it the "Skuary" after the birds.

+The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration was an era beginning at the end of the 19th century and closing with Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, the survivors stepping ashore in Wellington, New Zealand February 9th 1917.^[1]Historian Aant Elzinga gives the much later date of 1945, considering World War II to be the turning point in Antarctic research.^[2] During this period the Antarctic continent became the focus of an international effort that resulted in intensive scientific and geographical exploration and in which 17 major Antarctic expeditions were launched from ten countries.

+Captain Lawrence Edward Grace ("Titus") Oates (17 March 1880 – 17 March 1912)^[1] was an English Cavalry officer with the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons, and later on in his life an Antarctic explorer, who died during the Terra Nova Expedition. Oates, afflicted with gangrene and frostbite, walked from his tent into a blizzard. His death is seen as an act of self-sacrifice when, aware his ill health was compromising his three companions' chances of survival, he chose certain death.

+Terra Nova was a whaler and polar expedition ship. She is best known for carrying the 1910 British Antarctic Expedition, Scott's last expedition.

+The fakir, or faqir (/fəˈkɪər/; Arabic: فقیر‎ (noun of faqr)), derived from faqr (Arabic: فقر‎, "poverty"), is a Muslim Sufi ascetic in the Middle East and South Asia. The Faqirs were wandering Dervishes teachingIslam and living on alms.

+A Dervish or Darvesh^[1] (from Persian درویش, Darvīsh^[2] via Turkish,^[3] Somali: Daraawiish, Arabic: درويش‎, Darwīš) is someone treading a Sufi Muslim ascetic path or "Tariqah", known for their extreme poverty and austerity. In this respect, Dervishes are most similar to mendicant friars in Christianity or Hindu/Buddhist/Jain sadhus.

+Mughal painting is a particular style of South Asian painting, generally confined to miniatures either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums, which emerged from Persian miniaturepainting, with Indian Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist influences, and developed largely in the court of the Mughal Empire (16th - 19th centuries), and later spread to other Indian courts, both Muslim and Hindu, and later Sikh.

+Alms (/ɑːmz/, /ɑːlmz/) or almsgiving is a religious rite which, in general, involves giving materially to another as an act of religious virtue. It exists in a number of religions and regions. The word, in the modern English language, comes from the Old English ælmesse, ælmes, from Late Latin eleemosyna, from Greek ἐλεημοσύνη eleēmosynē "pity, alms", from ἐλεήμων eleēmōn "merciful", from ἔλεος eleos"pity".

+Bee bearding is the practice of wearing several hundred thousand honey bees on the face, usually as a sideshow-type demonstration at agricultural shows. Hive bees are attracted into position by a queen in a small cage worn under the chin.

+The bee beetles are scarab beetles of the subfamily Trichiinae, which is sometimes included in the Cetoniinae as a tribe. They have hairy sides of the elytra like their relatives, and the upper sides of the elytra are usually yellow with prominent black blotches which form incomplete bands.

+The family Scarabaeidae as currently defined consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide. The species in this large family are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family is fairly unstable, with numerous competing theories, and new proposals appearing quite often. 

+Scarifying (also scarification modification) involves scratching, etching, burning / branding, or superficially cutting designs, pictures, or words into the skin as a permanent body modification.

+Stephen Crane (November 1, 1871 – June 5, 1900) was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.

+Chapeaugraphy, occasionally anglicised to chapography, is a panhandling trick in which a ring-shaped piece of felt is manipulated to look like various types of hats. The act originated in 1618 with Parisian street performer Tabarin, the most famous of the charlatans who combined a French version of commedia dell'arte with a quack medicine show.

+Entomology (from Greek ἔντομος, entomos, "that which is cut in pieces or engraved/segmented", hence "insect"; and -λογία, -logia^[1]) is the scientific study of insects, a branch of arthropodology, which in turn is a branch of biology. In the past the term "insect" was more vague, and historically the definition of entomology included the study of terrestrial animals in other arthropod groups or other phyla, such as arachnids, myriapods, earthworms, land snails, and slugs.

+An insectivore is a type of carnivore with a diet that consists chiefly of insects and similar small creatures.^[1] An alternate term is entomophage^[2]:455, which also refers to the human practice of eating insects. 

+Drosera capensis, commonly known as the Cape sundew, is a small rosette-forming carnivorous species of perennial^[1] sundew native to the Cape in South Africa. Because of its size, easy to grow nature, and the copious amounts of seed it produces, it has become one of the most common sundews in cultivation. D. capensis produces strap-like leaves, up to 3.5 cm long (not including the petiole) and 0.5 cm wide,^[2] which, as in all sundews, are covered in brightly coloured tentacles which secrete a sticky mucilage that traps arthropods. 

+A fire eater is an entertainer, often a street artist or part of a sideshow. The performer places flaming objects into their mouth and extinguishes them by cutting off oxygen. They also practice controlling and transferring the flame.

+A flea circus refers to a circus sideshow attraction in which fleas are attached (or appear to be attached) to miniature carts and other items, and encouraged to perform circus acts within a small housing.

+Hieronymus Bosch (/ˌhaɪ.əˈrɒnɨməs ˈbɒʃ/; Dutch: [ɦijeˈɾoːnimʏs ˈbɔs]; born Jheronimus van Aken [jeˈɾoːnimʏs vɑn ˈaːkə(n)];^[1] c. 1450 – 9 August 1516), was an Early Netherlandish painter. His work is known for its use of fantastic imagery to illustrate moral and religious concepts and narratives.

+Roslyn Walker (b. 19 March 1981 Brislington, Bristol, England) is an escape artist and stuntman famous for recreating Harry Houdini's most technically challenging escape stunts including the suspended straitjacket escape^[1] and the world famous Mirror Handcuff Challenge.

+Shemale (also she-male) is a term used (but not exclusively) in sex work to describe trans women with male genitalia and augmented female breasts from breast augmentation and/or use of hormones.^[1] Using the term she-male for a transsexual woman is considered highly offensive, for it implies that she is working 'in the (sex) trade.'"

+Leopold von Singer (May 3, 1877 – March 5, 1951) was the manager of the Singer Midgets, a popular vaudeville group in the first half of the twentieth century.

+Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, businessman, scam artist and entertainer, remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the circusthat became the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.

+Chang (Chinese: 昌; pinyin: Chāng; Thai: จัน, Jan, RTGS: Chan) and Eng (Chinese: 恩; pinyin: Ēn; Thai: อิน In) Bunker (May 11, 1811 – January 17, 1874) were conjoined twin brothers whose condition and birthplace became the basis for the term "Siamese twins".

+Robert Laurence Binyon, CH (10 August 1869 – 10 March 1943)^[1] was an English poet, dramatist and art scholar. His most famous work, For the Fallen, is well known for being used in Remembrance Sunday services.

+William Strang (3 February 1859—12 April 1921) was a renowned Scottish painter and engraver.

+The Waco siege, also known as the Waco massacre,^[4] was a siege of a compound belonging to the religious group Branch Davidians by American federal and Texas state law enforcement and military between February 28 and April 19, 1993.^.

⁺David Koresh (born Vernon Wayne Howell; August 17, 1959 – April 19, 1993) was the American leader of the Branch Davidians religious sect, believing himself to be its final prophet. Howell legally changed his name to David Koresh on May 15, 1990, Persian name of Cyrus the Great (کوروش, Kurosh). A 1993 raid by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, and the subsequent siege by the FBI ended with the burning of the Branch Davidian ranch outside of Waco, Texas, in McLennan County. Koresh, 54 other adults, and 28 children were found dead after the fire.

+A sect is a subgroup of a religious, political or philosophical belief system, usually an offshoot of a larger religious group. Although in past it was mostly used to refer to religious groups, it has since expanded and in modern culture can refer to any organization that breaks away from a larger one to follow a different set of rules and principles.

+The occult (from the Latin word occultus "clandestine, hidden, secret") is "knowledge of the hidden".^[1] In common English usage, occult refers to "knowledge of the paranormal", as opposed to "knowledge of the measurable",^[2][3] usually referred to as science.

+Millennialism (from millennium, Latin for "thousand years"), or chiliasm in Greek, is a belief held by some Christian denominations that there will be a Golden Age or Paradise on Earth in which "Christ will reign" for 1000 years prior to the final judgment and future eternal state (the "World to Come" of the New Heavens and New Earth). This belief is derived primarily from the Book of Revelation 20:1–6. Millennialism as such is a specific form of Millenarianism.

+The New Age movement is a Western spiritual movement that developed in the second half of the 20th century. Its central precepts have been described as "drawing on both Eastern and Western spiritual and metaphysical traditions and infusing them with influences from self-help and motivational psychology, holistic health, parapsychology, consciousness research and quantum physics".^[2]The term New Age refers to the coming astrological Age of Aquarius.^.

⁺A UFO religion is any religion in which the existence of extraterrestrial (ET) entities operating unidentified flying objects (UFOs) are an element of belief. Typically, adherents of such religions believe the ETs to be interested in the welfare of humanity which either already is, or eventually will become, part of a preexisting ET civilization.

+Raëlism (also Raelianism or the Raëlian Movement) is a UFO religion that was founded in 1974 by Claude Vorilhon, now known as Raël. It is numerically the world's second largest UFO religion, after Scientology.^[2] An adherent of Raelism is a Raelian.

+Doomsday cult is an expression used to describe groups who believe in Apocalypticism and Millenarianism, and can refer both to groups that prophesy catastrophe and destruction, and to those that attempt to bring it about.^[1] The expression was first used by sociologist John Lofland in his 1966 study of a group of Unification Church members in California, Doomsday Cult: A Study of Conversion, Proselytization, and Maintenance of Faith.

+A cult suicide is a mass suicide by the members of groups that have been described as cults. ^[1] In some cases, all or nearly all members have committed suicide at the same time and place.

+Peoples Temple was a religious organization founded in 1955 by Jim Jones. By the mid-1970s it included over a dozen locations in California including its headquarters in San Francisco.

+The Branch Davidians (also known as "The Branch") are a religious group that originated in 1955 from a schism in the Davidian Seventh Day Adventists ("Davidians"), a reform movement that began as an offshoot from the Seventh-day Adventist Church ("Adventists") around 1930.

+Davidian Seventh-day Adventist refers to the official title given to the adherents of a layman’s reform movement that arose from within the Seventh-day Adventist church. The late Victor T. Houteff, a Bulgarian immigrant who became a convert to the Seventh-day Adventist faith in 1919, founded the movement in the 1930s. 

+Church Universal and Triumphant (CUT) is an international New Age religious organization founded in 1975 by Elizabeth Clare Prophet. It is an outgrowth (and is now the corporate parent) of The Summit Lighthouse, founded in 1958 by Prophet's husband, Mark L. Prophet.

+Anton Szandor LaVey^[1] (born Howard Stanton Levey; April 11, 1930 – October 29, 1997) was an American author, occultist, and musician. He was the founder of the Church of Satan as well as the author of The Satanic Bible and the founder of LaVeyan Satanism, a synthesized system of his understanding of human nature and the insights of philosophers who advocated materialism andindividualism, for which he claimed no supernatural or theistic inspiration.

+The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God was a breakaway religious movement from the Roman Catholic Church founded by Credonia Mwerinde, Joseph Kibweteere and Bee Tait in Uganda. It was formed in the late 1980s after Mwerinde, a brewer of banana beer, and Kibweteere, a politician, claimed that they had visions of the Virgin Mary. The five primary leaders were Joseph Kibweteere, Joseph Kasapurari, John Kamagara, Dominic Kataribabo, and Credonia Mwerinde. 

+Credonia Mwerinde (born 1952) was the high priestess and co-founder of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, a sect that splintered from the Roman Catholic Church in Uganda.

+Joseph Kibweteere (died 17 March 2000) was the leader of a suicidal cult that splintered from the Roman Catholic Church in Uganda.

+Heaven's Gate was an American UFO religion doomsday cult based in San Diego, California, founded in the early 1970s and led by Marshall Applewhite (1931–1997) and Bonnie Nettles (1927–1985).^[1] On March 26, 1997, police discovered the bodies of 39 members of the group who had committed mass suicide^[2] in order to reach what they believed was an alien space craft following the Comet Hale–Bopp, which was then at its brightest.

+The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity, also known as the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification and commonly called the Unification Church orUnificationism,^[1][2] is a new religious movement founded in South Korea in 1954 by Sun Myung Moon. (Moonie is a colloquial term sometimes used to refer to members of the church, the term being derived from Moon's name.^[3]) Since its founding, the church has expanded throughout the world. It is most prominent in East Asia.

+Sun Myung Moon (Korean 문선명; born Mun Yong-myeong; 25 February 1920 – 3 September 2012) was a Korean religious leader best known as the founder of the Unification Church and for his claim that he was a messiah.^[1] He was also known as a media mogul and an anti-communist activist.

+Panic attacks are periods of intense fear or apprehension that are of sudden onset^[1] and of variable duration from minutes to hours. Panic attacks usually begin abruptly, may reach a peak within 10 minutes, but may continue for much longer if the sufferer had the attack triggered by a situation from which they are not able to escape. 

+Suicidal ideation is a medical term for thoughts about or an unusual preoccupation with suicide. The range of suicidal ideation varies greatly from fleeting to detailed planning, role playing, self-harm andunsuccessful attempts, which may be deliberately constructed to fail or be discovered, or may be fully intended to result in death. Although most people who undergo suicidal ideation do not go on to make suicide attempts, a significant proportion do.

+Remorse is an emotional expression of personal regret felt by a person after he or she has committed an act which they deem to be shameful, hurtful, or violent. Remorse is closely allied toguilt and self-directed resentment. When a person regrets an earlier action or failure to act, it may be because of remorse or in response to various other consequences, including being punished for the act or omission. 

+In psychology and psychiatry, anhedonia (/ˌænhiˈdoʊniə/ an-hee-doh-nee-ə; Greek: ἀν- an-, "without" + ἡδονή hēdonē, "pleasure") is defined as the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, e.g. exercise, hobbies, sexual activities or social interactions. While earlier definitions of anhedonia emphasized pleasurable experience, more recent models have highlighted the need to consider different aspects of enjoyable behavior, such as motivation or desire to engage in an activity ("motivational anhedonia"), as compared to the level of enjoyment of the activity itself ("consummatory anhedonia").

+Théodule-Armand Ribot (December 18, 1839 – December 9, 1916), French psychologist, was born at Guingamp, and was educated at the Lycée de St Brieuc.

+Insomnia, or sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder in which there is an inability to fall asleep or to stay asleep as long as desired.^[1][2] While the term is sometimes used to describe a disorder demonstrated by polysomnographic evidence of disturbed sleep, insomnia is often practically defined as a positive response to either of two questions: "Do you experience difficulty sleeping?" or "Do you have difficulty falling or staying asleep?"

+In medicine, comorbidity is either the presence of one or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder, or the effect of such additional disorders or diseases.

+Angst means fear or anxiety (anguish is its Latinate equivalent, and anxious, anxiety are of similar origin). The word angst was introduced into English from Danish angst (first known use: circa 1942)^[1] viaexistentialist Søren Kierkegaard. It is used in English to describe an intense feeling of apprehension, anxiety, or inner turmoil. In other Germanic languages (such as German, Dutch and Danish) the word angst is not a loanword as it is in English, but has been in existence long, and is used regularly to express fear.

+Psychomotor agitation is a series of unintentional and purposeless motions that stem from mental tension and anxiety of an individual. This includes pacing around a room, wringing one's hands, pulling off clothing and putting it back on and other similar actions. In more severe cases, the motions may become harmful to the individual, such as ripping, tearing or chewing at the skin around one's fingernails or lips to the point of bleeding.

+Ricin /ˈraɪsɪn/, from the castor oil plant Ricinus communis, is a highly toxic, naturally occurring carbohydrate-binding protein of the type known as lectins. A dose the size of a few grains of table salt can kill an adult human.^[1] The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of ricin is around 22 micrograms per kilogram (1.78 mg for an average adult, around ¹⁄₂₂₈ of a standard aspirin tablet/0.4 g gross) in humans if exposure is from injection or inhalation.^[2] Oral exposure to ricin is far less toxic and a lethal dose can be up to 20–30 milligrams per kilogram.

+biz is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is intended for registration of domains to be used by businesses. The name is a phonetic spelling of the first syllable of business.

+N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide, abbreviated DEET, is a slightly yellow oil. It is the most common active ingredient in insect repellents. It is intended to be applied to the skin or to clothing, and provides protection against mosquito bites, tick bites, flea bites, chiggers, and any other insect that can transmit disease.

+The Trombiculidae (/trɒmbɨˈkjuːlɨdiː/ (also called berry bugs, harvest mites, red bugs, scrub-itch mites and aoutas) are a family of mites.^[3] In their larval stage, those species which bite their host and "causes intense irritation"^[4] or "a wheal, usually with severe itching and dermatitis,"^[5][6] are called chiggers.^[7] The term "chigger" is often confused with the term "jigger", the chigoe flea (Tunga penetrans) - the name chigger originated as a corruption of chigoe. 

+The Seagaia Ocean Dome (シーガイアオーシャンドーム Shīgaia Ōshan Dōmu^?), was the world's largest Polynesia-themed indoor waterpark, located in Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan. The Ocean Dome, which was a part of the Sheraton Seagaia Resort, measured 300 metres in length and 100 metres in width, and was listed on the Guinness World Records. It opened in 1993, and visitor numbers peaked in 1995 at 1.25 million a year. Depending on the season, entrance cost was ¥2600 per adult and ¥1600 for children (roughly 30 and 20 USD in 1995 respectively). 

+Tropical Islands Resort is a tropical theme park in Krausnick, in the district of Dahme-Spreewald in Brandenburg, Germany.^[1] It is located in the former CargoLifter airship hangar (known as the Aerium), the biggest free-standing hall in the world. The hall belonged to the company CargoLifter until its insolvency in 2002.

+Tephra is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size or emplacement mechanism.

+The Hewlett-Packard Company or HP is an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. It provides products, technologies, software, solutions and services to consumers, small- and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) and large enterprises, including customers in the government, health and education sectors.

+Ken Kutaragi (久夛良木 健 Kutaragi Ken^?, born August 8, 1950) is the former Chairman and chief executive officer of Sony Computer Entertainment (SCEI), the video game division of Sony Corporation. He is known as "The Father of the PlayStation", and its successors and spinoffs, including the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, and the PlayStation 3 and in some extent developing in 2012 PlayStation Vita and in 2013 PlayStation 4.

+Inspector Morse is a fictional character in the eponymous series of detective novels by British author Colin Dexter, as well as the 33-episode 1987–2000 television adaptation of the same name, in which the character was portrayed by John Thaw. Morse is a senior CID (Criminal Investigation Department) officer with the fictional Oxford City Police force in Oxford, England.

+Anne Boleyn (/ˈbʊlɪn/, /bəˈlɪn/ or /bʊˈlɪn/);^[3][4] (c. 1501^[1] – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII and Marquess of Pembroke in her own right.^[5]Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France, largely as a maid of honour to Claude of France.

+The English Reformation^[1] was a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

+Parker Brothers is an American toy and game manufacturer and brand. Since 1883, the company has published more than 1,800 games;^[1] among their best known products are Monopoly, Cluedo(licensed from the British publisher and known as Clue in North America), Sorry!, Risk, Trivial Pursuit, Ouija, Aggravation, and Probe. Parker Brothers is currently a subsidiary of Hasbro.

+The Neanderthals or Neandertals (/niˈændərˌθɔːlz/, /niˈændərˌtɔːlz/, /niˈændərˌtɑːlz/, /neɪˈɑːndərˌtɑːlz/ or /niˈændərθəlz/)^[1] are an extinct species or subspecies of the genus Homo which is closely related to modern humans. They are known from fossils, dating from the Pleistocene period, which have been found in Europe and parts of western and central Asia. The species is named after Neandertal("Neander's Valley"), the location in Germany where it was first discovered.

+John Alexander "Jack" French VC (15 July 1914 – 4 September 1942) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

+Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (pronounced [ˈmoːɦənd̪aːs ˈkərəmtʃənd̪ ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi] ( listen); 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi or Bapu (Father of Nation), was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom across the world.

+Quinine (US /ˈkwaɪnaɪn/, UK /ˈkwɪniːn/ or /kwɪˈniːn/ kwin-een) is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic (fever-reducing), antimalarial, analgesic (painkilling), and anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste. It is a stereoisomer of quinidine which, unlike quinine, is an antiarrhythmic. Quinine contains two major fused-ring systems: the aromatic quinoline and the bicyclic quinuclidine.

+William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American film actor. Though arguably best known for his role as Rhett Butler in the epic Gone with the Wind (1939), which earned him his third nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor, he was also nominated for Mutiny on the Bounty (1935), and he won for It Happened One Night (1934).^[1] His other notable films includeManhattan Melodrama (1934) and The Misfits (1961).

+Messier 87 (also known as M87, Virgo A or NGC 4486) is a supergiant elliptical galaxy. It was discovered in 1781 by the French astronomer Charles Messier, who cataloged it as a nebulous feature. The second brightest galaxy within the northern Virgo Cluster, it is located about 16.4 million parsecs (53.5 million light-years) from Earth.^[3][5] Unlike a disk-shaped spiral galaxy, Messier 87 has no distinctive dust lanes and it has an almost featureless, ellipsoidal shape that diminishes in luminosity with distance from the center.

+The Tumansky M-87 was a Soviet air-cooled aircraft radial engine that was developed in the late 1930s.

+The M-87 Orkan is an Yugoslavian self-propelled multiple rocket launcher. The generic M-87 project was configured with 12 launch tubes mounted on FAP 2832 truck. It has a range of about 50km, able to deliver war heads, anti-tank and anti-personnel mines. Very few of these were ever built, The Orkan project was finished at a pre-production level in the early 90's.

+The McDonnell Douglas MD-80 is a family of twin-engine, short- to medium-range, single-aisle commercial jet airliners. The MD-80 series were lengthened and updated from the DC-9. The airliner family can seat from 130 up to 172 passengers depending on variant and seating configuration.

+The NSV (Russian НСВ Никитина-Соколова-Волкова) is a 12.7 mm caliber heavy machine gun of Soviet origin, named after the designers, G. I. Nikitin (Г. И. Никитин), Y. S. Sokolov (Ю. М. Соколов) and V. I. Volkov (В. И. Волков). It was designed to replace the DShK machine gun and was adopted by the Soviet Army in 1971. It is no longer being manufactured in Russia; the manufacturing license for the NSV ended up in Kazakhstan after the break-up of the Soviet Union, but the new Kord machine gun has been developed instead and is used to replace worn-out units. The NSV has been manufactured in Bulgaria, India, Poland and Yugoslavia under license.

+M-87 is the designation of a former state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan, which prior to 1960 ran east–west between the towns of Fenton and Holly. The highway served as a connector between US Highway 23 (US 23) and the former routing of US 10, which ran along what is now the Interstate 75 (I-75) corridor. The highway connected the downtown areas of each community as well as running through then-rural areas of Genesee and Oakland counties. The trunkline was decommissioned in late 1960, removing it from the system.

+Zoffy (ゾフィー Zofī^?) is a fictional alien superhero featured in the Ultra Series. He first appeared in the final episode of Ultraman (Episode 39, "Farewell, Ultraman"), thus becoming the very second Ultra-Being from the Land of Light in the Nebula M78to appear on Earth after Ultraman himself.

+The nebula Messier 78 (also known as M 78 or NGC 2068) is a reflection nebula in the constellation Orion. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780 and included by Charles Messier in his catalog of comet-like objects that same year.

+The Ultra Series (ウルトラシリーズ Urutora Shirīzu^?) is the collective name for all the shows produced by Tsuburaya Productions featuring Ultraman, his many brethren, and the myriad Ultra Monsters. The Ultra Series is one of the prominent tokusatsu superhero genre productions from Japan, along with Toei produced series Kamen Rider, Super Sentai, and the Metal Heroes. The Ultra franchise is also one of the most well known examples of the daikaiju genre, which also includes Toho's Godzilla films, and Daiei Film's Gamera series.

+John Stith Pemberton (July 8, 1831 – August 16, 1888) was a Confederate veteran and an American pharmacist, and is best known for being the inventor of Coca-Cola.

+

Birth:  Jun. 21, 1857 Death:  May 29, 1941 Inventor. He was the creator of the "Dr. Pepper" soft drink. Born in Brooklyn, New York to British immigrants, he went to England after his early education, where he attended a college in Stowmarket. He returned to Brooklyn during the Westward Expansion, and attended medical school at the University of Texas in Galveston, Texas. Graduating with an M.D., he decided to work as a pharmacist, moving to Waco, Texas to join W. B. Morrison in his Old Corner Drug Store. He soon noticed that patrons of the soda fountain soon were tired of the standard fountain flavors. He confirmed this by his own taste experiments which led him to concoct a series of mixtures to find a more original drink. After exhaustive testing of combinations of fruit extracts from the fountain, he finally discovered one that was particularly pleasing. Carefully measuring the different syrups and fine tuning the product as he went, he invited Morrison to try his new drink, which Morrison loved. When the product as offered to their fountain patrons as a test, the reaction was overwhelming. Charles Alderton's drink caught on fast and soon customers were asking for "Doc Alderton's drink." Morrison came up with the name for it, naming it "Dr. Pepper", after the father of a girl he had once courted. After 100 years the soda is still much the same product Charles Alderton created, and is one of the most popular sodas today.

 

+The "Cha Cha Slide" is a song often played at dance clubs, school dances/proms, parties, ice and roller skating rinks, bar mitzvahs and weddings in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand,Ireland and the United Kingdom (where the song reached number one in March 2004), created by Chicago's DJ Casper (Willie Perry aka Mr. C the Slide Man). The Cha Cha Slide is a contemporary American folk line dance with called instructions.

+Keller Williams (born February 4, 1970) is an American musician from Fredericksburg, Virginia, who began performing in the early 1990s. He is also known by the names K-Dub or just Keller (Touch It) Williams, when performing. Williams' music combines elements of bluegrass, folk, alternative rock, reggae, electronica/dance, jazz, funk, and other assorted genres. He is often described as a 'one-man jam-band' due to his frequent use of live phrase looping with multiple instruments.

+I LIKE TYPING IN CAPS

Apparently its from the movie, Batman and Robin, when Mr. Freeze responds toBatman when he says,"What are you doing?"

Freeze says: "Chillin' like a villain"

Mr. Freeze is corny like that, always utilizing cold related jokes.

 

+Tad (often styled as TAD) was an American grunge band from Seattle, Washington led by Tad Doyle. Among the first of the many bands which came out of Seattle in the grunge era, Tad was notable for the fact that its music was inspired far more by '70s metal than the punk which influenced many other grunge bands.^[3] Although their commercial success was limited, their music is still highly regarded amongst grunge fans.

+The United States Military Academy at West Point (USMA), also known as West Point, Army, The Academy, or simply, The Point, is a four-year coeducational federal service academy located inWest Point, New York. The academy sits on scenic high ground overlooking the Hudson River, 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City. The entire central campus is a national landmark and home to scores of historic sites, buildings, and monuments.

+Henry Ossian Flipper (21 March 1856 – 3 May 1940) was an American soldier, former slave, and the first African American to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Pointin 1877, earning a commission as a 2nd Lieutenant in the US Army.

+The Cadet Chapel at the United States Military Academy is a place of Protestant denomination worship for many members of the United States Corps of Cadets. The chapel is a classic example of gothic revival architecture, with its cross-shaped floor plan, soaring arches, and ornate stone carvings. It hosts the largest chapel pipe organ in the world,^[1] which boasts some 23,000 individual pipes.

+The Man in the Iron Mask (French: L'Homme au Masque de Fer) is a name given to a prisoner arrested as Eustache Dauger in 1669 or 1670, and held in a number of jails, including the Bastilleand the Fortress of Pignerol (today Pinerolo). He was held in the custody of the same jailer, Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint-Mars, for a period of 34 years. He died on 19 November 1703 under the name of Marchioly, during the reign of Louis XIV of France (1643–1715). The possible identity of this man has been thoroughly discussed and has been the subject of many books, because no one ever saw his face, which was hidden by a mask of black velvet cloth.

+In the common law legal system, an expungement proceeding is a type of lawsuit in which a first time offender of a prior criminal conviction seeks that the records of that earlier process be sealed, thereby making the records unavailable through the state or Federal repositories. If successful, the records are said to be "expunged". Black's Law Dictionary defines "expungement of record" as the "Process by which record of criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed from the state or Federal repository."^[1] While expungement deals with an underlying criminal record, it is a civil action in which the subject is the petitioner or plaintiff asking a court to declare that the records be expunged.

+A data aggregator is an organization such as Acxiom and ChoicePoint involved in compiling information from detailed databases on individuals and selling that information to others.

+The Isabella quarter or Columbian Exposition quarter was a United States commemorative coin struck in 1893. Congress authorized the piece at the request of the Board of Lady Managers of theWorld's Columbian Exposition. The quarter depicts the Spanish queen Isabella I of Castile, who sponsored Columbus's voyages to the New World.

+Presbyterianism is a branch of Protestant Christianity that typically adheres to the Calvinist theological tradition and whose congregations are organized according to a Presbyterian polity. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ and rejects transubstantiation. That is, the belief that the elements of bread and wine are changed into the physical flesh and blood of Jesus. Rather, they believe Christ is present in the communion elements in a spiritual sense. Presbyterianism originated primarily in France and Switzerland and spread to Scotland, where it was very successful. Scotland ensured Presbyterian "church government" in the Acts of Union in 1707^[1] which created the kingdom of Great Britain.

+Phishing is the act of attempting to acquire information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details (and sometimes, indirectly, money) by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Communications purporting to be from popular social web sites, auction sites, online payment processors or IT administrators are commonly used to lure the unsuspecting public. Phishing emails may contain links to websites that are infected with malware.^[1] Phishing is typically carried out by email spoofing^[2] or instant messaging,^[3] and it often directs users to enter details at a fake website whose look and feel are almost identical to the legitimate one.

+The Branch Davidians (also known as "The Branch") are a religious group that originated in 1955 from a schism in the Davidian Seventh Day Adventists ("Davidians"), a reform movement that began as an offshoot from the Seventh-day Adventist Church ("Adventists") around 1930. The majority of those who accepted the reform message had been disfellowshipped (removed from membership) from the Seventh-day Adventist Church because of aberrant teachings. The Branch Davidians have many theological beliefs in common with Messianic Judaism.

+In Christian theology, the Christian Church, or Church Universal, is traditionally divided into:

the Church Militant (Ecclesia Militans), comprising Christians on earth who are living; Christian militia, who struggle against sin, the devil and "..the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places" (Ephesians 6:12).

the Church Triumphant (Ecclesia Triumphans), comprising those who are in Heaven, and

the Church Suffering, a.k.a. Church Padecent or Church Penitent (Ecclesia Penitens) or Church Expectant (Ecclesia Expectans), comprising those Christians presently in Purgatory. This latter term is only applicable to Roman Catholic theology.

+The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God was a breakaway religious movement from the Roman Catholic Church founded by Credonia Mwerinde, Joseph Kibweteere and Bee Tait in Uganda. It was formed in the late 1980s after Mwerinde, a brewer of banana beer, and Kibweteere, a politician, claimed that they had visions of the Virgin Mary. 

+Peoples Temple was a religious organization founded in 1955 by Jim Jones. By the mid-1970s it included over a dozen locations in California including its headquarters in San Francisco. It is best known for the events of November 18, 1978, in Guyana, in which 920 people died at the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project (informally, and now commonly, called "Jonestown") and nearby airstrip atPort Kaituma, and Georgetown in an organized mass suicide/killing.

+The Church of Satan is an organization dedicated to the acceptance of the carnal self, as articulated in The Satanic Bible, written in 1969 by Anton Szandor LaVey.

+Heaven's Gate was an American UFO religion doomsday cult based in San Diego, California, founded in the early 1970s and led by Marshall Applewhite (1931–1997) and Bonnie Nettles (1927–1985).^[1] On March 26, 1997, police discovered the bodies of 39 members of the group who had committed mass suicide^[2] in order to reach what they believed was an alien space craft following the Comet Hale–Bopp, which was then at its brightest.

+The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity, also known as the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification and commonly called the Unification Church orUnificationism,^[1][2] is a new religious movement founded in South Korea in 1954 by Sun Myung Moon. (Moonie is a colloquial term sometimes used to refer to members of the church, the term being derived from Moon's name.^[3]) Since its founding, the church has expanded throughout the world. It is most prominent in East Asia.

+Hak Ja Han (Korean: 한학자, Hanja: 韓鶴子) or Hakja Han Moon (born January 6, 1943 lunar calendar^[1]) is an influential member of the Unification Church^[2][3] and the widow of the church's founder, Sun Myung Moon.

+Suicidal ideation is a medical term for thoughts about or an unusual preoccupation with suicide. The range of suicidal ideation varies greatly from fleeting to detailed planning, role playing, self-harm andunsuccessful attempts, which may be deliberately constructed to fail or be discovered, or may be fully intended to result in death. Although most people who undergo suicidal ideation do not go on to make suicide attempts, a significant proportion do.

+Panic attacks are periods of intense fear or apprehension that are of sudden onset^[1] and of variable duration from minutes to hours. Panic attacks usually begin abruptly, may reach a peak within 10 minutes, but may continue for much longer if the sufferer had the attack triggered by a situation from which they are not able to escape.

+A limited symptom attack (LSA), also referred to as a limited symptom panic attack (LPA), is a milder, less comprehensive form of panic attack, with fewer than 4 panic related symptoms being experienced (APA 1994). For example, a sudden episode of intense dizziness or trembling accompanied by fear that something terrible is about to happen. 

+Deprogramming is an attempt to force a person to abandon allegiance to a religious, political, economic, or social group.^[1][2] Methods and practices may involve kidnapping and coercion.^[3] The person in question is taken against his/her will, which has led to controversies over freedom of religion, kidnapping and civil rights, as well as the violence which is sometimes involved.

+Exit counseling, also termed strategic intervention therapy, cult intervention or thought reform consultation, is an intervention designed to persuade an individual to leave a group perceived to be a cult.

+Theodore Roosevelt ("Ted") Patrick, Jr. (born 1930) is widely considered to be the "father of deprogramming."^[1] Some criminal proceedings against Patrick have resulted in felony convictions for kidnapping and unlawful imprisonment.

+The Christian countercult movement is a social movement of Christian ministries and individual Christian countercult activists who oppose religious sects thought to either partially abide or do not at all abide by the teachings that are written within the Bible. These religious sects are also known among Christians as cults.^[1] They are also known as discernment ministries.

+Osama bin Laden, the founder and head of the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda, was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011, shortly after 1:00 am PKT^[1][2] (20:00 UTC, May 1) by Navy SEALs of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU or SEAL Team Six). The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was carried out in a Central Intelligence Agency-led operation. In addition to DEVGRU, participating units included the U.S. Army Special Operations Command's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) and CIA operatives.^[3][4] The raid on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, was launched from Afghanistan.^[5] After the raid, U.S. forces took bin Laden's body to Afghanistan for identification, then buried it at sea within 24 hours of his death. The official mission code name was Operation Neptune Spear.^[3] Neptune's spear is the trident, which appears on the U.S. Navy's Special Warfare insignia, with the three prongs of the trident representing the operational capacity of SEALs on sea, air and land.

+The code name Geronimo controversy came about after media reports that the U.S. operation to kill Osama bin Laden used the code name "Geronimo" to refer to either the overall operation, to fugitive bin Laden himself or to the act of killing or capturing bin Laden.

+In the United Kingdom, representative peers were those peers elected by the members of the Peerage of Scotland and the Peerage of Ireland to sit in the British House of Lords. Members of the Peerage of England, Peerage of Great Britain and Peerage of the United Kingdom held the right to sit in the House of Lords; they did not elect a limited group of representatives.

+Charles Agar, 1st Earl of Normanton (22 December 1736 – 14 July 1809), was an Anglo-Irish Protestant clergyman. He served as Archbishop of Dublin from 1801 to 1809

+Paratroopers from Strike Force Geronimo detained two suspected Al Qaeda insurgents during an air assault and raid 10 July northwest of Iskandariyah.

+Iraq Body Count project (IBC) is a web-based effort to record civilian deaths resulting from the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq. Included are deaths attributable to coalition and insurgent military action, sectarian violence and criminal violence, which refers to excess civilian deaths caused by criminal action resulting from the breakdown in law and order which followed the coalition invasion. As of December 2012, the IBC has recorded 110,937-121,227 civilian deaths. The IBC has a media-centered approach to counting and documenting the deaths. Other sources have provided differing estimates of deaths, some much higher. See Casualties of the Iraq War.

+Al-Qaeda (/ælˈkaɪdə/ al-ky-də; Arabic: القاعدة‎ al-qāʿidah, Arabic: [ælqɑːʕɪdɐ], translation: "The Base" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden at some point between August 1988^[18] and late 1989,^[19] with its origins being traceable to the Soviet War in Afghanistan.^[20] It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless army^[21] and a radical Sunni Muslim movement calling for global Jihad and a strict interpretation of sharia law.

+Salafist jihadism (Arabic: السلفية الجهادية) is a jihadist movement or ideology among Salafi Muslims. The term was coined by scholar Gilles Kepel^[1][2] to describe the beliefs of Salafi who became interested in violent jihad starting in the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often referred to as "Salafi jihadis" or "Salafi jihadists".

+The 1998 United States embassy bombings were a series of attacks that occurred on August 7, 1998, in which hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous truck bomb explosions at the United States embassies in the East African capitals of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya. The date of the bombings marked the eighth anniversary of the arrival of American forces in Saudi Arabia.

+The City of Dar es Salaam (Arabic: دار السلام‎ Dār as-Salām , literally "The abode of peace"), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. It is also the country's richest city and a regionally important economic centre. The city of Dar es Salaam is located within the Dar es Salaam Region, an administrative province within Tanzania, and consists of three local government areas or administrative districts: Kinondoni to the north, Ilala in the centre of the region, and Temeke to the south.

+The 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack killed 202 people (including 88 Australians, 38 Indonesians, 27 Britons, 7 Americans and 5 Swedish citizens).^[1] A further 240 people were injured.

+The Iraqi insurgency refers to the ongoing warfare in mainly central Iraq, which began after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and lasted throughout the ensuing Iraq War.

+The 2003 invasion of Iraq lasted from 19 March 2003 to 1 May 2003, and signaled the start of the conflict that later came to be known as the Iraq War, which was incited under WMD pretext and dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United States. The invasion consisted of 21 days of major combat operations, in which a combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Poland, invaded Iraq and deposed the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. 

+Asymmetric warfare is war between belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly, or whose strategy or tactics differ significantly.

+An insurgency is an armed rebellion against a constituted authority (for example, an authority recognized as such by the United Nations) when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized asbelligerents.^[1] An insurgency can be fought via counter-insurgency warfare, and may also be opposed by measures to protect the population, and by political and economic actions of various kinds aimed at undermining the insurgents' claims against the incumbent regime.^[2] The nature of insurgencies is an ambiguous concept.

+A belligerent (lat. bellum gerere, "to wage war") is an individual, group, country or other entity which acts in a hostile manner, such as engaging in combat. Belligerent comes from Latin, literally meaning "one who wages war".^[1] Unlike the colloquial use of belligerent to mean aggressive, its formal use does not necessarily imply that the belligerent country is an aggressor.

+A counter-insurgency or counterinsurgency^[1] (COIN) operation involves actions taken by the recognized government of a nation to contain or quell an insurgency taken up against it.^[2] In the main, the insurgents seek to destroy or erase the political authority of the defending authorities in a population they seek to control, and the counter-insurgent forces seek to protect that authority and reduce or eliminate the supplanting authority of the insurgents.

+Counter-terrorism (also spelled counterterrorism) incorporates the practices, tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, militaries, police departments and corporations adopt to attack terrorist threats and/or acts, both real and imputed.

+Foreign internal defense (FID) is a term used by a number of Western militaries, including the United States, France and the United Kingdom, to describe an approach to combating actual or threatened insurgency in a foreign state called the Host Nation (HN). The term counter-insurgency is more commonly used worldwide than FID. FID involves military deployment of counter-insurgency specialists.

+Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants including, but not limited to, armed civilians (or "irregulars") use military tactics, such as ambushes, sabotage, raids,petty warfare, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to dominate a larger and less-mobile traditional army, or strike a vulnerable target, and withdraw almost immediately.

+Petty warfare is composed of those lesser actions in war, "such as reconnaissance, ambushes, patrolling, and fighting in broken ground."

+Irregular warfare is warfare in which one or more combatants are irregular military rather than regular forces. Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare, and so is asymmetric warfare.

+Raid, also known as depredation, is a military tactic or operational warfare mission which has a specific purpose and is not normally intended to capture and hold terrain, but instead finish with the raiding force quickly retreating to a previous defended position prior to the enemy forces being able to respond in a co-ordinated manner or formulate a counter-attack. Within the tactical mission, a raiding group may consist of personnel specially trained in this tactic (such as commandos or guerrilla fighters), regular soldiers, or any organized group of combatants.

+Mujahideen (Arabic: مجاهد‎ muǧāhid, nominative plural مجاهدون muǧāhidūn, oblique plural مجاهدين muǧāhidīn "strugglers" or "people doing jihad") is a term that Muslims use to describe those they see as Muslims who struggle in the path of Allah.^[1][2]The word is from the same Arabic triliteral root as jihad ("struggle"). In recent years, Mujahideen has been most closely associated by the west with radical Islam, encompassing several militant groups and struggles.

+The Kurdish–Turkish conflict^[note] is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and various Kurdish insurgent groups,^[39] which have demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan,^[24][40] or to have autonomy^[41][42] and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.^[43] The main rebel group is the Kurdistan Workers' Party^[44] or PKK (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan), which is considered a terrorist organisation by Turkey, the United States,^[45] the European Union^[46] and NATO.

+The Kurdistan Workers' Party (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan or پارتی کار که‌رانی کوردستان Parti Karkerani Kurdistan), commonly known as PKK, also known as KGK and formerly known as KADEK(Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan) or KONGRA-GEL (Kurdistan People's Congress),^[7] is a Kurdish organization which has since 1984 been fighting an armed struggle against the Turkish state for an autonomous Kurdistan and cultural and political rights for the Kurds in Turkey.

+Sectarian violence and/or sectarian strife is violence inspired by sectarianism, that is, between different sects of one particular mode of ideology or religion within a nation/community. Religious segregation often plays a role in sectarian violence.

+Kurdistan (Kurdish: هه‌رێمی کوردستان‎‎ Herêmî Kurdistan; Arabic: إقليم كردستان العراق‎ Iqlīm Kurdistān Al-‘Irāq), also known as the Kurdistan Region or Southern Kurdistan, is an autonomous region of northeastern Iraq.^[2] It borders Iran to the east, Turkey to the north, Syria to the west and the rest of Iraq to the south. The regional capital is Arbil, known in Kurdish as Hewlêr. (The word Hewlêr is ametathesis of the non-Semitic name Arbel.)^[3] The region is officially governed by the Kurdistan Regional Government.

+Al-Iskandariya or Alexandria (الإسكندرية, also given as Iskandariyah, Iskanderiyah, Iskanderiya, Iskanderiyeh or Sikandariyeh or Al Askandariyah) is an ancient city in central Iraq, one of a number of towns in the Near East named after Alexander the Great (Iskander in Arabic). It is largely populated by Shia and Sunni Muslims, and is located about 25 miles (40 km) south of Baghdad, near the Euphrates River.

+The 501st Airborne Infantry Regiment is the first airborne unit by designation in the United States military. It has been assigned to the 4th Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 25th Infantry Division, U.S. Army, and is located in Fort Richardson, Alaska, to serve as a strategic front to the Department of Defense's Pacific Command. Only the 4th Brigade Combat Team is on airborne status, not the entire 25th Infantry Division.

+The term Special Mission Unit (SMU), is sometimes used to describe designated Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) units. They are tasked with "special missions", sometimes referring to unconventional warfare, counter-terrorist activities,direct action, Special reconnaissance, and/or black operations.

+A black operation or black op is a covert operation by a government, a government agency, or a military organization. This can include activities by private companies or groups. A black operation typically involves activities that are highlyclandestine and often outside of standard military/intelligence protocol, sometimes against the law. Key features of a black operation are that it is clandestine, it has negative overtones, and it is not attributable to the organization carrying it out.^[1] The main difference between a black operation and one that is merely clandestine is that a black operation involves a significant degree of deception, to conceal who is behind it or to make it appear that some other entity is responsible ("false flag" operations).

+The Mossad (Hebrew: הַמוֹסָד‎, IPA: [ha moˈsad]; Arabic: الموساد‎, al-Mōsād; literally meaning "the Institute"), short for HaMossad leModiʿin uleTafkidim Meyuḥadim (Hebrew: המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים‎, meaning "Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations"; Arabic: الموساد للاستخبارات والمهام الخاصة‎ al-Mōsād lil-Istikhbārāt wal-Mahāmm al-Khāṣṣah), is the national intelligence agency of Israel. It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with Aman (military intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security).

+Special reconnaissance (SR) is conducted by small units of highly trained military personnel, usually from special forces units or military intelligence organizations, who operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy.

+Commando is a soldier or operative of an elite light infantry or special operations forces often specializing in amphibious landings, parachuting or abseiling. Originally "a commando" was a type of combatunit, as opposed to an individual in that unit. In other languages, commando and kommando denote a "command", including the sense of a military or an elite special operations unit.

+Afrikaans /æfrɪˈkɑːns/^[2] is a West Germanic language, spoken natively in South Africa, Namibia and to a lesser extent in Botswana and Zimbabwe. It is an offshoot of several Dutch dialects^[3]spoken by the mainly Dutch settlers of what is now South Africa, where it gradually began to develop independently in the course of the 18th century. 

+The Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) is a component command of the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) and is charged to study special operations requirements and techniques to ensure interoperability and equipment standardization, plan and conduct special operations exercises and training, and develop Joint Special Operations Tactics. It was established in 1980 on recommendation of Col. Charlie Beckwith, in the aftermath of the failure of Operation Eagle Claw.

+Operation Eagle Claw (or Operation Evening Light or Operation Rice Bowl)^[2] was an American military operation ordered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter to attempt to end the Iran hostage crisis by rescuing 52 Americans held captive at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran on 24 April 1980. Its failure, and the humiliating public debacle that ensued, damaged American prestige worldwide. Carter and many experts concluded that the failure to free the hostages played a major role in Reagan's victory in the 1980 U.S. presidential election.

+A haboob (Arabic: هَبوب‎ "blasting/drafting") is a type of intense dust storm carried on an atmospheric gravity current. Haboobs occur regularly in arid regions throughout the world.

+Unconventional warfare (abbreviated UW) is the opposite of conventional warfare. Where conventional warfare is used to reduce an opponent's military capability, unconventional warfare is an attempt to achieve military victory through acquiescence, capitulation, or clandestine support for one side of an existing conflict.

+Michael Vincent Hayden (born March 17, 1945) is a retired United States Air Force four-star general and former Director of the National Security Agency and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. From April 21, 2005 to May 26, 2006 he was the Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence, a position which once made him "the highest-ranking military intelligence officer in the armed forces".

+The NSA warrantless surveillance controversy (AKA "Warrantless Wiretapping") concerns surveillance of persons within the United States during the collection of foreign intelligence by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) as part of the war on terror. Under this program, referred to by the Bush administration as the "terrorist surveillance program",^[1] part of the broader President's Surveillance Program, the NSA was authorized by executive order to monitor, without search warrants, the phone calls, Internet activity (Web, e-mail, etc.), text messaging, and other communication involving any party believed by the NSA to be outside the U.S., even if the other end of the communication lies within the U.S. Critics, however, claimed that it was in an effort to attempt to silence critics of the Bush Administration and their handling of several hot button issues during its tenure.

+The nuclear program of Iran was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program.^[1] The participation of the United States and Western European governments in Iran's nuclear program continued until the 1979 Iranian Revolution that toppled the Shah of Iran.

+The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957. Though established independently of the United Nations through its own international treaty, the IAEA Statute,^[1] the IAEA reports to both the UN General Assembly and Security Council.

+"Regime change" is the replacement of one regime with another. Use of the term dates to at least 1925.

+A coup d'état (/ˌkuːdeɪˈtɑː/; plural: coups d'état), also known as a coup, a putsch, or an overthrow, is the sudden deposition of a government,^[1][2][3][4] usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to depose the extant government and replace it with another body, civil or military.

+The average United States Navy SEAL spends over a year in a series of formal training environments before being awarded the Special Warfare Operator Naval Rating and the Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) 5326 Combatant Swimmer (SEAL) or, in the case of commissioned naval officers, the designation Naval Special Warfare (SEAL) Officer. All Navy SEALs must attend and graduate from their rating's 24-week "A" School known as Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) school, a basic parachutist course and then the 26-week SEAL Qualification Training program.

+Michael Patrick Murphy (May 7, 1976 – June 28, 2005) was a United States Navy SEAL lieutenant and the first person to be awarded the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the War in Afghanistan. He was also the first member of the U.S. Navy to receive the award since the Vietnam War. His other posthumous awards included theSilver Star and Purple Heart.

+The United States Phil Bucklew Naval Special Warfare Center (NSWC, also known as "The Center") is a component command of the Naval Special Warfare Command and is sited withinNaval Amphibious Base Coronado, California.

+A quark–gluon plasma (QGP) or quark soup^[1] is a (possible) phase of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which exists at extremely high temperature and/or density. This phase consists of asymptotically free quarks and gluons, which are several of the basic building blocks of matter.

+In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is a theory of the strong interaction (color force), a fundamental force describing the interactions between quarks and gluons which make uphadrons (such as the proton, neutron or pion). 

+Color confinement, often simply called confinement, is the physics phenomenon that color charged particles (such as quarks) cannot be isolated singularly, and therefore cannot be directly observed.

+In physics, asymptotic freedom is a property of some gauge theories that causes bonds between particles to become asymptotically weaker as energy increases and distance decreases.

+In particle physics, the strong interaction (also called the strong force, strong nuclear force, nuclear strong force or color force) is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature, the others being electromagnetism, the weak interaction and gravitation. At atomic scale, it is about 100 times stronger than electromagnetism, which in turn is orders of magnitude stronger than the weak force interaction and gravitation.

+A radiogenic nuclide is a nuclide that is produced by a process of radioactive decay. It may itself be radioactive, or stable.

+Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a technique used to date materials such as rocks, usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates.

+Uranium–lead (U–Pb) dating is one of the oldest^[1] and most refined of the radiometric dating schemes, with a routine age range of about 1 million years to over 4.5 billion years, and with routine precisions in the 0.1–1 percent range.^[2] The method relies on two separate decay chains, the uranium series from ²³⁸U to ²⁰⁶Pb, with a half-life of 4.47 billion years and the actinium series from ²³⁵U to ²⁰⁷Pb, with a half-life of 704 million years.

+Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope, or an atom with a variation, through a reaction, metabolic pathway, or cell.

+Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon study of the relative and absolute concentrations of the elements and their isotopes in the Earth. Variations in the abundance of these isotopes, typically measured with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, cavity ring-down spectrometer, or an accelerator mass spectrometer, can reveal information about the age of a rock or the source of air or water. Isotope ratios can even shed light on chemical processes in the atmosphere. Broadly, the field of isotope geochemistry is divided into two branches: stable and radiogenic isotope geochemistry.

+Radioactive decay, also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity, is the process by which a nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting particles of ionizing radiation.

+In physics, an inverse-square law is any physical law stating that a specified physical quantity or intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity. In equation form:

+In the various subfields of physics, there exist two common usages of the term flux, both with rigorous mathematical frameworks. A simple and ubiquitous concept throughoutphysics and applied mathematics is the flow of a physical property in space, frequently also with time variation. It is the basis of the field concept in physics and mathematics, with two principle applications: in transport phenomena and surface integrals.

+Mithridatism is the practice of protecting oneself against a poison by gradually self-administering non-lethal amounts. The word derives from Mithridates VI, the King of Pontus, who so feared being poisoned that he regularly ingested small doses, aiming to develop immunity.

+Pontus (pron.: /ˈpɒntəs/; Greek: Πόντος, "sea"^[1]) is a historical Greek designation for a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in modern-day northeastern Turkey. The name was applied to the coastal region in antiquity by the Greeks who colonized the area, and derived from the Greek name of the Black Sea: Πόντος Εύξεινος Pontos Euxeinos ("Hospitable Sea"^[2]), or simply Pontos. Having originally no specific name, the region east of the river Halys was spoken of as the country εν Πόντοι en Pontôi, "on the [Euxeinos] Pontos", and hence acquired the name of Pontus, which is first found in Xenophon's Anabasis. 

+In physical cosmology, baryogenesis is the generic term for hypothetical physical processes that produced an asymmetry between baryons and antibaryons in the very early universe, resulting in the substantial amounts of residual matter that make up the universe today.

+Statistical physics is the branch of physics that uses methods of probability theory and statistics, and particularly the mathematical tools for dealing with large populations and approximations, in solving physical problems. It can describe a wide variety of fields with an inherently stochastic nature. 

+Thermodynamics is a branch of natural science concerned with heat and its relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables (such as temperature, internal energy, entropy, and pressure) that characterize materials and radiation, and explains how they are related and by what laws they change with time.

+The term phenomenology in science is used to describe a body of knowledge that relates empirical observations of phenomena to each other, in a way that is consistent with fundamental theory, but is not directly derived from theory.

+Heterophenomenology ("phenomenology of another not oneself") is a term coined by Daniel Dennett to describe an explicitly third-person, scientific approach to the study of consciousness and other mental phenomena. It consists of applying thescientific method with an anthropological bent, combining the subject's self-reports with all other available evidence to determine their mental state. The goal is to discover how the subject sees the world him- or herself, without taking the accuracy of the subject's view for granted.

+In science, an empirical relationship is one based solely on observation rather than theory. An empirical relationship requires only confirmatory data irrespective of theoretical basis. Sometimes theoretical explanations for what were initially empirical relationships are found, in which case the relationships are no longer considered empirical. 

+In the theory of relativity, time dilation is an actual difference of elapsed time between two events as measured by observers either moving relative to each other or differently situated from gravitational masses.
+Absorption is a disposition or personality trait in which a person becomes absorbed in his/her mental imagery, particularly fantasy.

+In physics, one thinks of atomic spectral lines from two viewpoints.

An emission line is formed when an electron makes a transition from a particular discrete energy level E₂ of an atom, to a lower energy level E₁, emitting a photon of a particular energy and wavelength. A spectrum of many such photons will show an emission spike at the wavelength associated with these photons.

An absorption line is formed when an electron makes a transition from a lower, E₁, to a higher discrete energy state, E₂, with a photon being absorbed in the process. These absorbed photons generally come from background continuum radiation and a spectrum will show a drop in the continuum radiation at the wavelength associated with the absorbed photons.

+Free carrier absorption occurs when a material absorbs a photon and a carrier is excited from a filled state to an unoccupied state (in the same band). This is different from interband absorption in semiconductors because the electron being excited is a conduction electron (i.e. it can move freely). In interband absorption, the electron is being raised from a valence (nonconducting) band to a conducting one.

+Post-scarcity (also styled postscarcity) is a hypothetical form of economy or society in which goods, services and information are free,^[1] or practically free. This would require an abundance of fundamental resources (matter, energy and intelligence), in conjunction with sophisticated automated systems capable of converting raw materials into finished goods.

+In a chemical reaction, a reactant is considered to be in abundance if the quantity of that substance is high and virtually unchanged by the reaction. Abundance differs from excess in that a reactant in excess is simply any reactant other than thelimiting reagent;^[1] the amount by which a reactant is in excess is often specified, such as with terms like "twofold excess", indicating that there is twice the amount of reactant necessary for the limiting reagent to be completely reacted. In this case, should the reaction go to completion, the quantity of the reactant in excess will have halved.

+In number theory, an abundant number or excessive number is a number for which the sum of its proper divisors is greater than the number itself. 12 is the first abundant number. Its proper divisors are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 for a total of 16. The amount by which the sum exceeds the number is the abundance. 12 has an abundance of 4, for example.

+The Rat Pack was a group of actors originally centered on Humphrey Bogart. In the mid-1960s it was the name used by the press and the general public to refer to a later variation of the group, after Bogart's death, that called itself "the Summit" or "the Clan," featuring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop, who appeared together on stage and in films in the early 1960s, including the movie Ocean's 11.^[1] Sinatra, Martin and Davis were regarded as the group's lead members.

+Capacitance is the ability of a body to store an electrical charge. Any object that can be electrically charged exhibits capacitance. A common form of energy storage device is a parallel-platecapacitor. In a parallel plate capacitor, capacitance is directly proportional to the surface area of the conductor plates and inversely proportional to the separation distance between the plates.

+In geometry, a hypercube is an n-dimensional analogue of a square (n = 2) and a cube (n = 3). It is a closed, compact, convex figure whose 1-skeleton consists of groups of opposite parallel line segments aligned in each of the space's dimensions, perpendicular to each other and of the same length. A unit hypercube's longest diagonal in n-dimensions is equal to  .

 

Hypercube elements          m012345678910nγ_nn-cubeNames
Schläfli symbol
Coxeter-DynkinVerticesEdgesFacesCells
(3-faces)4-faces5-faces6-faces7-faces8-faces9-faces10-faces0γ₀0-cubePoint
-1          1γ₁1-cubeLine segment
{}
21         2γ₂2-cubeSquare
Tetragon
{4}
441        3γ₃3-cubeCube
Hexahedron
{4,3}
81261       4γ₄4-cubeTesseract
Octachoron
{4,3,3}
16322481      5γ₅5-cubePenteract
Decateron
{4,3,3,3}
32808040101     6γ₆6-cubeHexeract
Dodecapeton
{4,3,3,3,3}
6419224016060121    7γ₇7-cubeHepteract
Tetradeca-7-tope
{4,3,3,3,3,3}
12844867256028084141   8γ₈8-cubeOcteract
Hexadeca-8-tope
{4,3,3,3,3,3,3}
2561024179217921120448112161  9γ₉9-cubeEnneract
Octadeca-9-tope
{4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3}
51223044608537640322016672144181 10γ₁₀10-cubeDekeract
icosa-10-tope
{4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3}
1024512011520153601344080643360960180201

+In physics, the term dielectric strength has the following meanings:

Of an insulating material, the maximum electric field strength that it can withstand intrinsically without breaking down, i.e., without experiencing failure of its insulating properties.

For a given configuration of dielectric material and electrodes, the minimum electric field that produces breakdown.

the maximum electric stress the dielectric material can withstand without breakdown.

+Background radiation is the ubiquitous ionizing radiation that the general population is exposed to, including natural and artificial sources.

+A dielectric is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. When a dielectric is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in a conductor, but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization.

+A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. 

+A terminal is the point at which a conductor from an electrical component, device or network comes to an end and provides a point of connection to external circuits. 

+The Andromeda Galaxy (/ænˈdrɒmɨdə/) is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years (2.4×10¹⁹ km) from Earth^[4] in the Andromeda constellation. Also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224, it is often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts. The Andromeda Galaxy is the nearest spiral galaxy to our Milky Way galaxy, but not the closest galaxy overall. It gets its name from the area of the sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda, which was named after the mythological princess Andromeda. 

+Andromeda Shun (アンドロメダ星座（アンドロメダ）の瞬 Andoromeda no Shun^?) is a protagonist in the Saint Seiya media franchise, which originated in the manga of the same name, written and illustrated by Masami Kurumada, that subsequently inspired an anime series, soundtracks, OVAs, films, video games, and other collectibles.

+In geochemistry and geonuclear physics, primordial nuclides'^{[needs IPA]}, also known as primordial isotopes, are nuclides found on the Earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed. Primordial nuclides are residues from the Big Bang, from cosmogenic sources, and from ancient supernova explosions which occurred before the formation of the solar system.

+Cosmogenic nuclides (or cosmogenic isotopes) are rare isotopes created when a high-energy cosmic ray interacts with the nucleus of an in situ solar system atom, causing cosmic ray spallation. These isotopes are produced within earth materials such as rocks or soil, in Earth's atmosphere, and in extraterrestrial items such as meteorites. 

+In situ (/ɪn ˈsɪtjuː/ or /ɪn ˈsaɪtʃuː/) is a Latin phrase that translates literally to 'In position'.

+Abdul Qadeer Khan^{[note 1]} (Urdu: ڈاکٹر عبد القدیر خان‎; b. 1 April 1936); DEngr, NI (twice), HI, FPAS; also respectfully known by some in Pakistan as Mohsin-e-Pakistan (in Urdu: محسن پاکِستان; lit: Savior of Pakistan), more popularly known as Dr. A. Q. Khan, is a Pakistani nuclear scientist and a metallurgical engineer, colloquially regarded as the founder of HEU based Gas-centrifuge uranium enrichmentprogram for Pakistan's integrated atomic bomb project.

+Thermococcus litoralis (T. litoralis) is a species of Archaea that is found around deep-sea hydrothermal vents as well as shallow submarine thermal springs and oil wells.^[2][3][4] It is an anaerobic organotrophhyperthermophile that is between 0.5–3.0 µm in diameter.

+A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic platesare moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots.

+In organic chemistry, a thiol (pron.: /ˈθaɪˌɔːl/, /ˈθaɪˌɒl/)^[1] is an organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl (–C–SH or R–SH) group (where R represents an alkane, alkene, or other carbon-containing group of atoms).

+A portmanteau ( ⁱ/pɔrtˈmæntoʊ/, /ˌpɔrtmænˈtoʊ/; plural portmanteaux or portmanteaus) or portmanteau word is a combination of two (or more) words or morphemes, and their definitions, into one new word.

+A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments— from 60°C (140°F) upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is above 80°C (176°F). 

+An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. It could possibly react negatively and may even die if oxygen is present. Most such species are unicellular microbes, though some are near-microscopic metazoa^[vague] and some deep-sea worms.

+An organotroph is an organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates. 

+Primary nutritional groups are groups of organisms, divided according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction.

+Taq polymerase (pron.: /ˌtæk ˈpɒlɨməreɪz/) is a thermostable DNA polymerase named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus from which it was originally isolated by Thomas D. Brock in 1965.^[1] It is often abbreviated to "Taq Pol" (or simply "Taq"), and is frequently used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying short segments of DNA.

+Exonucleases are enzymes that work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the end (exo) of a polynucleotide chain. A hydrolyzing reaction that breaks phosphodiester bonds at either the 3’ or the 5’ end occurs. Its close relative is the endonuclease, which cleaves phosphodiester bonds in the middle (endo) of a polynucleotide chain. 

+An S-layer (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope commonly found in bacteria, as well as among archaea.

+Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negativebacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals.

+The term endotoxin was coined by Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer, who distinguished between exotoxin, which he classified as a toxin that is released by bacteria into the environment, and endotoxin, which he considered to be a toxin kept "within" the bacterial cell and to be released only after destruction of the bacterial cell wall.

+Giant tube worms, Riftia pachyptila, are marine invertebrates in the phylum Annelida^[1] (formerly grouped in phylum Pogonophora and Vestimentifera) related to tube worms commonly found in theintertidal and pelagic zones. Riftia pachyptila lives over a mile deep, and up to several miles deep, on the floor of the Pacific Ocean near black smokers, and it can tolerate extremely high hydrogen sulfide levels.

+Cytokines (Greek cyto-, cell; and -kinos, movement) are small signaling molecules used for cell signaling. Cytokines can be classified as proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins; the term "cytokine" encompasses a large and diverse family of regulators produced throughout the body by cells of diverse embryological origin.

+Interferons (IFNs) are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or tumor cells. They allow for communication between cells to trigger the protective defences of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors.

+In analytic geometry, an asymptote (/ˈæsɪmptoʊt/) of a curve is a line such that the distance between the curve and the line approaches zero as they tend to infinity.

+Inventions of the Third Reich

 

 

D D-IX E Extermination camp F Fanta J Jerrycan L List of Olympic torch relays M Meillerwagen

M cont. Methadone P Plankalkül S Sarin V V-1 flying bomb V-2 Volksempfänger

Z Z3 (computer) Z1 (computer) Z2 (computer) Z4 (computer)

 

+D-IX was a cocaine-based experimental drug cocktail developed by the Nazis in 1944 for military application.^[1] Nazi doctors found that equipment-laden test subjects who had taken the drug could march 55 miles (88.5 kilometers) without resting before they collapsed.

+Extermination camps (or death camps) were camps built by Nazi Germany during World War II (1939–45) to systematically kill millions of people by gassing and extreme work under starvation conditions. While there were victims from many groups, Jews were the main targets.

+Methamphetamine (USAN) (pron.: /ˌmɛθæmˈfɛtəmiːn/), also known as metamfetamine (INN),^[2] meth, ice, clouds ^[3] crystal,^[4] glass,^[4] tik,^[5] N-methylamphetamine, methylamphetamine, anddesoxyephedrine, is a psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs. The researcher who uncovered the project, Wolf Kemper, said: "The aim was to use D-IX to redefine the limits of human endurance."

+Fanta is a global brand of fruit-flavored carbonated soft drinks created by the Coca-Cola Company. There are over 100 flavors worldwide. The drink originated in Germany in 1941.

+A jerrycan (also written as jerry can or jerrican) is a robust fuel container originally made from pressed steel. It was designed in Germany in the 1930s for military use to hold 20 litres (5.3 U.S. gal) of fuel. The development of the jerrycan was a significant improvement on earlier designs, which required tools and funnels to use.

+The Olympic torch relay is the ceremonial relaying of the Olympic Flame from Olympia, Greece, to the site of an Olympic Games. It was first performed at the 1936 Berlin Games,^[1] and has taken place prior to every Games since.

+The Meillerwagen (English: Meiller Vehicle) was a German World War II trailer used to transport a V-2 rocket from the 'transloading point'^[1][a] of the Technical Troop Area to the 'launching point', to erect the missile on the Brennstand (English: firing stand),^[b] and to act as the service gantry for fuelling and launch preparation. The unofficial 'Meillerwagen'^[c] name was often used in official documents and refers to a parts supplier for the trailer, Meiller-Kipper GmbH of Munich, Germany (founded 1850).

+The V-1 flying bomb (German: Vergeltungswaffe 1,^[3] Fieseler Fi 103 by the RLM's airframe number) — also known as the Buzz Bomb or Doodlebug — was an early pulse-jet-powered predecessor of the cruise missile.

+Crossbow was the code name of the World War II campaign of Anglo-American "operations against all phases of the German long-range weapons programme—operations against research and development of the weapons, their manufacture, transportation and their launching sites, and against missiles in flight".

+Test Stand VII (German: Prüfstand VII, P-7) was the principal V-2 rocket testing facility at Peenemünde Airfield and was capable of static firing of rocket motors up to 200 tons thrust. 

+Peenemünde (German pronunciation: [peːnəˈmʏndə], English: mouth of the Peene [River]) is a village with a seaport on the westmost extremity of a long sand-spit in the northwestern part of Usedom (an island) on the Baltic Sea coast of Germany.

+The Volksempfänger (German for "people's receiver") was a range of radio receivers developed by engineer Otto Griessing at the request of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels.

+Bakelite (pron.: /ˈbeɪkəlaɪt/ bay-kə-lyt), or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, is an early plastic. It is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from an elimination reaction ofphenol with formaldehyde. It was developed by Belgian-born chemist Leo Baekeland in New York in 1907.

+Sarin, or GB, is an organophosphorus compound with the formula [(CH₃)₂CHO]CH₃P(O)F. It is a colorless, odorless liquid,^[4] used as a chemical weapon owing to its extreme potency as a nerve agent.

+Organophosphorus compounds are degradable organic compounds containing carbon–phosphorus bonds (thus excluding phosphate and phosphite esters, which lack this kind of bonding), used primarily in pest control as an alternative tochlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment. 

+An organochloride, organochlorine, chlorocarbon, chlorinated hydrocarbon, chloroalkane, or chlorinated solvent is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine.

+Plankalkül (German pronunciation: [ˈplaːnkalkyːl], "Plan Calculus") is a computer language designed for engineering purposes by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945. It was the first high-level non-von Neumann programming language to be designed for a computer.

+The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938. It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched tape.

+The Z2 was a mechanical and relay computer created by Konrad Zuse in 1939. 

+The Z3 was an electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computing machine.

+The Z4 was the world's first commercial digital computer, designed by German engineer Konrad Zuse and built by his company Zuse Apparatebau between 1942 and 1945.

+Methadone (also known as Symoron, Dolophine, Amidone, Methadose, Physeptone, Heptadon and many other names) is a synthetic opioid. It is used medically as an analgesic and a maintenanceanti-addictive and reductive preparation for use by patients with opioid dependency. 

+The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. The DSM is used in the United States and to various degrees around the world.

+Distributed Shared Memory (DSM), in Computer Architecture is a form of memory architecture where the (physically separate) memories can be addressed as one (logically shared) address space.

+Dynamic spectrum management (DSM), also referred to as dynamic spectrum access (DSA), is a set of techniques based on theoretical concepts in network information theory and game theory that is being researched and developed to improve the performance of a communication network as a whole.

+The Watergate scandal was a political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s as a result of the June 17, 1972, break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement. 

+The Iran–Contra affair (Persian: ایران-کنترا‎, Spanish: caso Irán-Contra), also referred to as Irangate, Contragate or the Iran-Contra scandal, was a political scandal in the United States that came to light in November 1986. During the Reagan administration, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo.^[1] Some U.S. officials also hoped that the arms sales would secure the release of hostages and allow U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras.

+The Space Race was a mid-to-late 20th century competition between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA) for supremacy in space exploration. Between 1957 and 1975, the Cold Warrivalry between the two nations focused on attaining firsts in space exploration, which were seen as necessary for national security and symbolic of technological and ideological superiority. 

+The Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) (Russian: Экспериментальный полёт «Союз» — «Аполлон», Eksperimantalniy polyot Soyuz-Apollon, lit. "Experimental flight Soyuz-Apollo"), in July 1975, was the first joint U.S.–Soviet space flight, and the last flight of an Apollo spacecraft.

+Ale is one of the oldest beverages humans have produced, dating back to at least the 5th millennium BC and recorded in the written history of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. As almost any cereal containing certain sugars can undergo spontaneous fermentation due to wild yeasts in the air, it is possible that beer-like beverages were independently developed throughout the world soon after a tribe or culture had domesticated cereal. 

+In 1843 painter David Octavius Hill joined engineer Robert Adamson to form Scotland's first photographic studio.^[1] During their brief partnership that ended with Adamson's untimely death, Hill & Adamson produced "the first substantial body of self-consciously artistic work using the newly invented medium of photography."

+The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693. Despite being generally known as the Salem witch trials, the preliminary hearings in 1692 were conducted in a variety of towns across the province: Salem Village (now Danvers),Ipswich, Andover and Salem Town.

+Catatonia is a state of neurogenic motor immobility, and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor. It was first described, in 1874, by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum in Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein.

+Posttraumatic stress disorder^{[note 1]} (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder with characteristic symptoms that can develop after the direct experience of an extremely traumatic stressor such as the threat of a violent death or serious injury. 

+Bipolar disorder (also known as bipolar affective disorder, manic-depressive disorder, or manic depression) is a psychiatric diagnosis for a mood disorder. Individuals with bipolar disorder experience episodes of a frenzied state known as mania, typically alternating with episodes of depression.

+Stupor is the lack of critical cognitive function and level of consciousness wherein a sufferer is almost entirely unresponsive and only responds to base stimuli such as pain.

+Hypertensive encephalopathy is a neurological dysfunction induced by malignant hypertension. The term "hypertensive encephalopathy" was introduced to describe this type of encephalopathy by Oppenheimer and Fishberg in 1928.^[1] It describes cerebral conditions, typically reversible, caused by sudden and sustained severe elevation of blood pressure. 

+A hypertensive emergency (formerly called "malignant hypertension") is severe hypertension (high blood pressure) with acute impairment of one or more organ systems (especially the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and/or the renal system)^[1] that can result in irreversible organ damage. 

+Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum (28 December 1828, Driesen – 15 April 1899, Görlitz) was a German psychiatrist.

+Hyman George Rickover (January 27, 1900 – July 8, 1986) was a four-star admiral of the United States Navy who directed the original development of naval nuclear propulsion and controlled its operations for three decades as director of Naval Reactors. 

+A neutrino (pron.: /njuːˈtriːnoʊ/; Italian pronunciation: [neuˈtriːno]) is an electrically neutral, weakly interacting elementary subatomic particle^[1] with half-integer spin. The neutrino (meaning "small neutral one" in Italian) is denoted by the Greek letter ν (nu). All evidence suggests that neutrinos have mass but that their mass is tiny even by the standards of subatomic particles. Their mass has never been measured accurately.

+A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated transparent liquid (most often liquid hydrogen) used to detect electrically charged particles moving through it. It was invented in 1952 by Donald A. Glaser,^[1] for which he was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics.

+Donald Arthur Glaser (September 21, 1926 – February 28, 2013) was an American physicist, neurobiologist, and the winner of the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the bubble chamberused in subatomic particle physics.

+A neuroscientist (sometimes also called a neurobiologist) is an individual who studies the scientific field of neuroscience or any of its related sub-fields. Neuroscience (neurobiology) as a distinct discipline separate from anatomy, neurology,physiology, psychology, or psychiatry is fairly recent, aided in large part by the advent of newer, faster computing methods and neuroimaging techniques.

+Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon predicted by Bruno Pontecorvo^[1] whereby a neutrino created with a specific lepton flavor (electron, muon or tau) can later be measured to have a different flavor. The probability of measuring a particular flavor for a neutrino varies periodically as it propagates. Neutrino oscillation is of theoretical and experimental interest since observation of the phenomenon implies that the neutrino has a non-zero mass, which is not part of the original Standard Model of particle physics.

+Theoretical physics is a branch of physics which employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena.

+Abstraction is a process by which concepts are derived from the usage and classification of literal ("real" or "concrete") concepts, first principles, or other methods. 

+In physics, the Lorentz transformation (or transformations) is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz. It was the result of attempts by Lorentz and others to explain how the speed of light was observed to be independent of the reference frame, and to understand the symmetries of the laws of electromagnetism.

+A crop circle is a sizable pattern created by the flattening of a crop such as wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rapeseed.

+The Mowing-Devil: or, Strange News out of Hartford-shire is the title of an English woodcut pamphlet published in 1678. The pamphlet tells of a farmer who, refusing to pay the price demanded by a labourer to mow his field, swore that he would rather that the Devil mowed it instead.

+China Burma India Theater (CBI) was an umbrella term, used by the United States military during World War II for the China and Southeast Asian or India-Burma (IBT) theaters. Operational command of Allied forces (including US forces) in the CBI was officially the responsibility of the Supreme Commanders for South East Asia or China.

+An Enigma machine is any of a family of related electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used for the encryption and decryption of secret messages. Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I.

+Edwin Binney (1866–1934) is best known for his invention (along with his cousin C. Harold Smith) of the Crayola crayon.

+The total harmonic distortion, or THD, of a signal is a measurement of the harmonic distortion present and is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency. THD is used to characterize the linearity of audio systems and the power quality of electric power systems.

+Matrix decoding is an audio technology where a finite number of discrete audio channels (e.g., 2) are decoded into a larger number of channels on play back (e.g., 5). The channels are generally, but not always, arranged for transmission or recording by an encoder, and decoded for playback by a decoder.

+Cheech & Chong are a Grammy Award-winning comedy duo consisting of Richard "Cheech" Marin and Tommy Chong who found a wide audience in the 1970s and 1980s for their films and stand-uproutines, which were based on the hippie and free love era, and especially drug and counterculture movements, most notably their love for cannabis.

+Anti-Virus Guard (AVG) is a family of anti-virus and Internet security software for the Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, and FreeBSD computing platforms, developed by AVG Technologies, a publicly traded Czech company formerly known as Grisoft.

+iContact Corporation is an international online service provider of email marketing and social media marketing to small, mid-sized, and premier businesses located in Raleigh, NC. iContact allows customers to create, track, and send HTML-based emails and social media messages.

+Salesforce.com Inc. is a global enterprise software company headquartered in San Francisco, California. Though best known for its customer relationship management (CRM) product, Salesforce has also expanded into the "social enterprise arena" through acquisitions.^[3] It is currently ranked the most innovative company in America by Forbes magazine,^[4] as well as number 27 in Fortune's magazine's 100 Best Companies to Work For in 2012.

+Grover Cleveland "Cleve" Backster, Jr. (born February 27, 1924)^[1] is a best known for his experiments with biocommunication in plant and animal cells using a polygraph machine in the 1960s which led to his theory of "primary perception." Backster began his career as an Interrogation Specialist with the CIA, and went on to become Chairman of the Research and Instrument Committee of the Academy for Scientific Interrogation. He is currently director of the Backster School of Lie Detection in San Diego, California. He was born in Lafayette, New Jersey.

+The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the passage of an electric current through that conductor; the inverse quantity is electrical conductance, the ease at which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion of friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is measured insiemens (S).

+Acharya Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose,^[1] CSI,^[2] CIE,^[3] FRS^[4] (Bengali: জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু Jôgodish Chôndro Boshu; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937) was a Bengali polymath, physicist, biologist,botanist, archaeologist, as well as an early writer of science fiction.^[5] He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent.^[6] IEEE named him one of the fathers of radio science.^[7] He is also considered the father of Bengali science fiction. He also invented thecrescograph.

+Ingo Douglas Swann, (14 September 1933, Telluride, Colorado^[2] – 31 January 2013, New York City^[3]) was a psychic, artist, and author, best known for his work as a co-creator along with Russell Targand Harold Puthoff^[4] of the discipline of Remote Viewing, specifically the Stargate Project, writing several books on remote viewing and related topics.

+Remote viewing (RV) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target using subjective means, in particular, extra-sensory perception (ESP) or "sensing with mind".

+The term clairvoyance (from French clair meaning "clear" and voyance meaning "vision") is used to refer to the ability to gain information about an object, person, location or physical event through means other than the known human senses,^[1][2] a form of extra-sensory perception. A person said to have the ability of clairvoyance is referred to as a clairvoyant ("one who sees clearly").

+The Stargate Project^[1] was the umbrella code name of one of several sub-projects established by the U.S. Federal Government to investigate claims of psychic phenomena with potential military and domestic applications, particularly "remote viewing": the purported ability to psychically "see" events, sites, or information from a great distance.

+The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, read I-Triple-E) is a professional association headquartered in New York City that is dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence.

+A polymath (Greek: πολυμαθής, polymathēs, "having learned much"),^[1] sometimes (if male) referred to as a Renaissance man, is a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas. In less formal terms, a polymath (or polymathic person) may simply be someone who is very knowledgeable. Most ancient scientists were polymaths by today's standards.^[2] The term was first used in the seventeenth century but the related term, polyhistor, is an ancient term with similar meaning.

+The Bengali people are an ethnic community native to the historic region of Bengal (now divided between Bangladesh and India) in South Asia. They speak Bengali (বাংলা Bangla), which is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit and Sanskrit languages. 

+A crescograph is a device for measuring growth in plants. It was invented in the early 20th century by Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose - an Indian polymath, physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist.

+The ZPU is a towed anti-aircraft gun based on the Soviet 14.5 mm KPV heavy machine gun. It entered service with the Soviet Union in 1949 and is used by over 50 countries worldwide.

+The Very-low-drag bullet (VLD) is primarily a small arms ballistics development of the 1980s–1990s, driven by shooters' desire for bullets that will give a higher degree of accuracy and kinetic efficiency, especially at extended ranges. To achieve this the projectile must minimize air resistance in flight. Demand has been greatest from military snipers, long range target shooters, including F-class and benchrest competitors, but hunters have also benefited. Most very-low-drag bullets are used in high powered rifles.

+The spitzer bullet, also commonly referred to as a spire point bullet, is primarily a small arms ballistics development of the late 19th and early 20th century, driven by military desire for aerodynamic bulletdesigns that will give a higher degree of accuracy and kinetic efficiency, especially at extended ranges.

+External ballistics is the part of the science of ballistics that deals with the behaviour of a non-powered projectile in flight. External ballistics is frequently associated with firearms, and deals with the behaviour of the bullet after it exits the barrel and before it hits the target, so it lies between transitional ballistics and terminal ballistics..

+The KPV-14.5 heavy machine gun (Krupnokaliberniy Pulemyot Vladimirova, in Russian as Крупнокалиберный Пулемёт Владимирова, or КПВ) is a Soviet designed 14.5x114mm-caliberheavy machine gun, which first entered service as an infantry weapon (designated PKP) in 1949. In the 1960s the infantry version was taken out of production because it was too big and heavy. It was later redesigned for anti-aircraft use, because it showed excellent results as an AA gun, with a range of 3,000 meters horizontally and 2,000 meters vertically against low flying planes.

+BTR (БТР), from Bronetransportyor (Russian: бронетранспортёр; Ukrainian: бронетранспортер; literally "armoured transporter"), is any of a series of Soviet or post-Soviet military armoured personnel carriers.

+The BRDM-2 (Boyevaya Razvedyvatelnaya Dozornaya Mashina, Боевая Разведывательная Дозорная Машина, literally "Combat Reconnaissance/Patrol Vehicle" †^[4]) is an amphibious armoured patrol car used by Russia and the former Soviet Union. It was also known under designations BTR-40PB, BTR-40P-2 and GAZ 41-08. 

+An amphibious vehicle (or simply amphibian), is a vehicle that is a means of transport, viable on land as well as on (or under) water. 

+Amphibious warfare is a type of offensive military operation which uses naval ships to project ground and air military power onto a hostile or potentially hostile shore.^[1] Through history the operations were conducted using ship's boats as the primary method of delivering troops to shore. 

+Amphibious fish are fish that are able to leave water for extended periods of time. About 11 distantly related genera of fish are considered amphibious.

+The Ethiopian Amphibious Rat or Ethiopian Water Mouse (Nilopegamys plumbeus) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.

+Amphinectomys savamis, also known as the Ucayali Water Rat^[2] or Amphibious Rat,^[3] is a rodent from Peruvian Amazonia. It is placed as the only member of genus Amphinectomys in the tribeOryzomyini of family Cricetidae. It is similar to Nectomys, but its discoverers considered it to be different enough (with more expansive interdigital webbing and a significantly broader interorbital region) to require its own genus. 

+Lundomys molitor, also known as Lund's Amphibious Rat^[3] or the Greater Marsh Rat,^[4] is a semiaquatic rat species from southeastern South America. Its distribution is now restricted to Uruguay and nearby Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, but it previously ranged northward into Minas Gerais, Brazil, and southward into eastern Argentina. The Argentine form may have been distinct from the living form from Brazil and Uruguay.

+The Vorkuta Gulag was a Soviet era prison camp located in the Pechora River Basin, in the Komi Republic, part of the Siberian region of Russia, located 1,200 miles from Moscow and 100 miles above the Arctic Circle. Vorkuta Gulag was established in 1932 to exploit the resources of the Pechora Coal Basin, the second largest coal basin in the former U.S.S.R.. The city of Vorkuta was established to support the camp.

+Vorkuta (Russian: Воркута́; Komi: Вӧркута, Vörkuta; Nenets for place teems with bears) is a coal-mining town in the Komi Republic, Russia, situated just north of the Arctic Circle in the Pechora coal basin at the Usa River. Population: 70,548 (2010 Census);^[4] 84,917 (2002 Census);^[7] 115,646 (1989 Census).

+The Vorkuta Uprising was a major uprising of the concentration camp inmates at the Vorkuta Gulag in Vorkuta, Russia in July–August 1953, shortly after the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria. The uprising was violently stopped by the camp administration after two weeks of bloodless standoff. Vorkuta Rechlag (River Camp) or Special Camp No. 6 consisted of 17 separate "departments" engaged in construction of coal mines, coal mining and forestry. In 1946 it housed 62,700 inmates, 56,000 in July 1953. A substantial portion of the camp guards were former convicts.

+Ivan Ivanovich Maslennikov (Russian: Иван Иванович Масленников; September 16, 1900, Chalykla, Saratov Oblast - April 16, 1954, Moscow), General of the Army, was a Soviet military and NKVD commander of Army and Front level during World War II. A career Red Army officer, Maslennikov was transferred to NKVD system in 1928, and remained there until the German invasion of 1941, progressing from a counter-guerrilla squadron commander to the chief of NKVD troops. After a mixed career in field troops of World War II and three post-war years, Maslennikov returned to NKVD in 1948 and stayed there, despite political changes, until his suicide in 1954.

+Operation Barbarossa (German: Fall Barbarossa, literally "Case Barbarossa") was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during the Second World War.^[17][18]Beginning on 22 June 1941, over four million soldiers of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 2,900 km (1,800 mi) front,^[19] the largest invasion in the history of warfare. In addition to troops, Barbarossa used 600,000 motor vehicles and 750,000 horses.

+The Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del), abbreviated NKVD (НКВД   listen (help·info)) was a law enforcement agency of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the All Union Communist Party. It was closely associated with the Soviet secret police which at times was part of the agency and is known for its political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin.

+Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants including, but not limited to, armed civilians (or "irregulars") use military tactics, such as ambushes, sabotage, raids,petty warfare, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to dominate a larger and less-mobile traditional army, or strike a vulnerable target, and withdraw almost immediately.

+The Second Boer War (Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Tweede Vryheidsoorlog or Tweede Boereoorlog) was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902 between the British Empire and the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State.

+Sydir Artemovych Kovpak (Ukrainian: Сидір Артемович Ковпак; Russian: Си́дор Арте́мьевич Ковпа́к, Sidor Artеmуevich Kovpak), June 7, 1887 – December 11, 1967) was a prominentSoviet partisan leader in Ukraine.

+Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (Russian: Серге́й Па́влович Королёв,^[3] Ukrainian: Сергі́й Па́влович Корольо́в, Serhiy Pavlovych Korolov, also transliterated as Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov; 12 January [O.S. 30 December 1906] 1907 – 14 January 1966) was the lead Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer in the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s.

+The Kurdish–Turkish conflict^[note] is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and various Kurdish insurgent groups,^[39] which have demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan,^[24][40] or to have autonomy^[41][42] and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.

+The Third of May 1808 (also known as El tres de mayo de 1808 en Madrid, or Los fusilamientos de la montaña del Príncipe Pío,^[3] or Los fusilamientos del tres de mayo^[1]) is a painting completed in 1814 by the Spanish painter Francisco Goya, now in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. In the work, Goya sought to commemorate Spanish resistance to Napoleon's armies during the occupation of 1808 in the Peninsular War.

+The Peninsular War^[a] was a military conflict between France and the allied powers of Spain^[3] the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war was set in motion when French and Spanish armies occupied Portugal in 1807 and began in earnest in 1808, when France turned on its ally, Spain. 

+The Soviet partisans were members of a resistance movement which fought a guerrilla war against the Axis occupation of the Soviet Union during World War II.

+The Partisans^{[Note 1][6]} or the National Liberation Army,^{[Note 2]} officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia,^{[Note 3][7]} was Europe's most effective anti-Nazi resistance movement^[8][9]. It was led by Yugoslav revolutionary communists^[10] during World War II. Its commander was Marshal Josip Broz Tito.

+The Viet Cong (Việt cộng (  listen)), or National Liberation Front, was a political organization and army in South Vietnam and Cambodia that fought the United States and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War (1959–1975), and emerged on the winning side.

+The Geneva Conference (April 26 – July 20, 1954^[1]) was a conference which took place in Geneva, Switzerland, whose purpose was to attempt to find a way to unify Vietnam and discuss the possibility of restoring peace in Indochina.^[2] The Soviet Union, the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and the People’s Republic of China were participants throughout the whole conference while different countries concerned with the two questions were also represented during the discussion of their respective questions,^[3] which included the countries that sent troops through the United Nations to the Korean War and the various countries that ended the First Indochina War between France and the Việt Minh.

+Mỹ Tho (  listen) is the capital city, center of economics, education and technology of Tien Giang province, located in the Mekong Delta region of South Vietnam.^[1] It has a population of approximately 169,000 in 2006^[2] and 220,000 in 2012.

+The Tuareg (also spelled Twareg or Touareg; endonym Imuhagh) are a Berber people with a traditionally nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. They are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa.

+Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep. "Pastoralism" generally has a mobile aspect, moving the herds in search of fresh pasture and water (in contrast to pastoral farming, in which non-nomadic farmers grow crops and improve pastures for their livestock).

+Animal husbandry is the dynamic set of relationships between humans and animals, in which qualities considered to be advantageous to humans are improved. 

+A nomad (Greek: νομάς, nomas, plural νομάδες, nomades; meaning one roaming about for pasture, pastoral tribe), commonly known as an itinerant in modern-day contexts, is a member of a community of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. There are an estimated 30–40 million nomads in the world.

+The occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany occurred as part of the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 (Operation Barbarossa) and ended in August 1944 with the SovietOperation Bagration.It was originally part of the Reichskommissariat Ostland but, in 1943 collaborators were allowed to set up a client state that would last until the Soviets regained control of the region.

+The Belarusian Central Rada (Belarusian: Беларуская Цэнтральная Рада, Biełaruskaja Centralnaja Rada, The Belarusian Central Council; German: Weißruthenischer Zentralrat) was nominally the government of Belarus from 1943–44.^[1] It was a collaborationist government established by Nazi Germany within the occupation and colonial administration of Reichskommissariat Ostland.

+Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) was the civilian occupation regime established by Germany in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), the north-eastern part of Poland and the west part of the Belarusian SSR during World War II. It was also known initially as Reichskommissariat Baltenland ("Baltic Land").^[1] The political organization for this territory—after an initial period ofmilitary administration before its establishment—was that of a German civilian administration, nominally under the authority of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (German:Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete) led by Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg, but was in reality controlled by the Nazi official Hinrich Lohse, its appointed Reichskommissar.

+Detachment 101 of the Office of Strategic Services operated in the China-Burma-India Theater of World War II. On January 17, 1946, it was awarded a Presidential Distinguished Unit Citation by Dwight Eisenhower, who wrote:^[1]

“The courage and fighting spirit displayed by its officers and men in offensive action against overwhelming enemy strength reflect the highest tradition of the armed forces of the United States.”

+The Presidential Unit Citation (PUC), originally called the Distinguished Unit Citation, is awarded to units of the United States Armed Forces, and those of allied countries, for extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy on or after 7 December 1941 (the date of the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of American involvement in World War II).

+The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces.

+The Cipher Bureau otherwise known as The Black Chamber was the United States' first peacetime cryptanalytic organization, and a forerunner of the National Security Agency. 

+Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to loosen" or "to untie") is the art and science of analyzing information systems in order to study the hidden aspects of the systems.^[1]Cryptanalysis is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cryptographic key is unknown.

+China Burma India Theater (CBI) was an umbrella term, used by the United States military during World War II for the China and Southeast Asian or India-Burma (IBT) theaters. Operational command of Allied forces (including US forces) in the CBI was officially the responsibility of the Supreme Commanders for South East Asia or China. However: US forces in practice were usually overseen by General Joseph Stilwell, the Deputy Allied Commander in China; the term "CBI" was significant in logistical, materiel and personnel matters and; it was and is commonly used within the US for these theaters.

+The Hump was the name given by Allied pilots in the Second World War to the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains over which they flew military transport aircraft from India to China to resupply the Chinese war effort of Chiang Kai-shek and the units of the United States Army Air Forces based in China. Creating an airlift presented the USAAF a considerable challenge in 1942: it had no units trained or equipped for moving cargo, and no airfields existed in India for basing the large number of transports that would be required. 

+The Presidential Unit Citation (PUC), originally called the Distinguished Unit Citation, is awarded to units of the United States Armed Forces, and those of allied countries, for extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy on or after 7 December 1941 (the date of the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of American involvement in World War II).

+Morale (also known as esprit de corps) is the capacity of a group's members to maintain belief in an institution or goal, particularly in the face of opposition or hardship. Morale is often referenced by authority figures as a generic value judgment of the willpower, obedience, and self-discipline of a group tasked with performing duties assigned by a superior.

+In cryptography, Fialka (M-125) is the name of a Cold War-era Soviet cipher machine. 

+Colossus was the world's first electronic digital computer that was at all programmable. The Colossus computers were used by British codebreakers during World War II to help in thecryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Without them, the Allies would have been deprived of the very valuable intelligence that was obtained from reading the vast quantity of encrypted high-leveltelegraphic messages between the German High Command (OKW) and their army commands throughout occupied Europe. 

+Operation 40 was a Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored undercover operation in the early 1960s, which was active in the United States and the Caribbean (including Cuba), Central America, and Mexico. It was approved by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in March 1960, after the January 1959 Cuban Revolution, and was presided over by Vice-president Richard Nixon. The group included Frank Sturgis (who would later become one of the Watergate burglars); Felix Rodriguez (a CIA officerwho later was involved in the capture and summary execution of Che Guevara); Luis Posada Carriles (held in the US in 2010 on charges of illegal immigration, he is demanded by Venezuela for his key role in the execution of the 1976 Cubana Flight 455 bombing); Orlando Bosch (founder of the counterrevolutionary Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations, that organized the 1976 murder of Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier); Rafael 'Chi Chi' Quintero; Virgilio Paz Romero; Pedro Luis Diaz Lanz; Bernard Barker; Porter Goss; and Barry Seal. Members took part in the April 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion directed against the government of Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro.

+Kwajalein Atoll (/ˈkwɑːdʒəlɨn/; Marshallese: Kuwajleen [kʷuɒ͡æzʲ(æ)lʲɛːnʲ]),^[1] is part of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). The southernmost and largest island in the atoll is named Kwajalein Island, which English-speaking residents often call by the shortened name, Kwaj (/ˈkwɑːdʒ/).

+A quark–gluon plasma (QGP) or quark soup^[1] is a (possible) phase of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which exists at extremely high temperature and/or density. This phase consists of asymptotically free quarks and gluons, which are several of the basic building blocks of matter.

+In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is a theory of the strong interaction (color force), a fundamental force describing the interactions between quarks and gluons which make uphadrons (such as the proton, neutron or pion).

+Color confinement, often simply called confinement, is the physics phenomenon that color charged particles (such as quarks) cannot be isolated singularly, and therefore cannot be directly observed.

+In physics, asymptotic freedom is a property of some gauge theories that causes bonds between particles to become asymptotically weaker as energy increases and distance decreases.

+In particle physics, the strong interaction (also called the strong force, strong nuclear force, nuclear strong force or color force) is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature, the others being electromagnetism, the weak interaction and gravitation. At atomic scale, it is about 100 times stronger than electromagnetism, which in turn is orders of magnitude stronger than the weak force interaction and gravitation.

+A radiogenic nuclide is a nuclide that is produced by a process of radioactive decay. It may itself be radioactive, or stable.

+Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a technique used to date materials such as rocks, usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates.

+Uranium–lead (U–Pb) dating is one of the oldest^[1] and most refined of the radiometric dating schemes, with a routine age range of about 1 million years to over 4.5 billion years, and with routine precisions in the 0.1–1 percent range.^[2] The method relies on two separate decay chains, the uranium series from ²³⁸U to ²⁰⁶Pb, with a half-life of 4.47 billion years and the actinium series from ²³⁵U to ²⁰⁷Pb, with a half-life of 704 million years.

+Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope, or an atom with a variation, through a reaction, metabolic pathway, or cell.

+Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon study of the relative and absolute concentrations of the elements and their isotopes in the Earth. Variations in the abundance of these isotopes, typically measured with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, cavity ring-down spectrometer, or an accelerator mass spectrometer, can reveal information about the age of a rock or the source of air or water. Isotope ratios can even shed light on chemical processes in the atmosphere. Broadly, the field of isotope geochemistry is divided into two branches: stable and radiogenic isotope geochemistry.

+Radioactive decay, also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity, is the process by which a nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting particles of ionizing radiation.

+In physics, an inverse-square law is any physical law stating that a specified physical quantity or intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity. In equation form:

+In the various subfields of physics, there exist two common usages of the term flux, both with rigorous mathematical frameworks. A simple and ubiquitous concept throughoutphysics and applied mathematics is the flow of a physical property in space, frequently also with time variation. It is the basis of the field concept in physics and mathematics, with two principle applications: in transport phenomena and surface integrals.

+Mithridatism is the practice of protecting oneself against a poison by gradually self-administering non-lethal amounts. The word derives from Mithridates VI, the King of Pontus, who so feared being poisoned that he regularly ingested small doses, aiming to develop immunity.

+Pontus (pron.: /ˈpɒntəs/; Greek: Πόντος, "sea"^[1]) is a historical Greek designation for a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in modern-day northeastern Turkey. The name was applied to the coastal region in antiquity by the Greeks who colonized the area, and derived from the Greek name of the Black Sea: Πόντος Εύξεινος Pontos Euxeinos ("Hospitable Sea"^[2]), or simply Pontos. Having originally no specific name, the region east of the river Halys was spoken of as the country εν Πόντοι en Pontôi, "on the [Euxeinos] Pontos", and hence acquired the name of Pontus, which is first found in Xenophon's Anabasis.

+In physical cosmology, baryogenesis is the generic term for hypothetical physical processes that produced an asymmetry between baryons and antibaryons in the very early universe, resulting in the substantial amounts of residual matter that make up the universe today.

+Statistical physics is the branch of physics that uses methods of probability theory and statistics, and particularly the mathematical tools for dealing with large populations and approximations, in solving physical problems. It can describe a wide variety of fields with an inherently stochastic nature.

+Thermodynamics is a branch of natural science concerned with heat and its relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables (such as temperature, internal energy, entropy, and pressure) that characterize materials and radiation, and explains how they are related and by what laws they change with time.

+The term phenomenology in science is used to describe a body of knowledge that relates empirical observations of phenomena to each other, in a way that is consistent with fundamental theory, but is not directly derived from theory.

+Heterophenomenology ("phenomenology of another not oneself") is a term coined by Daniel Dennett to describe an explicitly third-person, scientific approach to the study of consciousness and other mental phenomena. It consists of applying thescientific method with an anthropological bent, combining the subject's self-reports with all other available evidence to determine their mental state. The goal is to discover how the subject sees the world him- or herself, without taking the accuracy of the subject's view for granted.

+In science, an empirical relationship is one based solely on observation rather than theory. An empirical relationship requires only confirmatory data irrespective of theoretical basis. Sometimes theoretical explanations for what were initially empirical relationships are found, in which case the relationships are no longer considered empirical.

+In the theory of relativity, time dilation is an actual difference of elapsed time between two events as measured by observers either moving relative to each other or differently situated from gravitational masses.
+Absorption is a disposition or personality trait in which a person becomes absorbed in his/her mental imagery, particularly fantasy.

+In physics, one thinks of atomic spectral lines from two viewpoints.

An emission line is formed when an electron makes a transition from a particular discrete energy level E₂ of an atom, to a lower energy level E₁, emitting a photon of a particular energy and wavelength. A spectrum of many such photons will show an emission spike at the wavelength associated with these photons.

An absorption line is formed when an electron makes a transition from a lower, E₁, to a higher discrete energy state, E₂, with a photon being absorbed in the process. These absorbed photons generally come from background continuum radiation and a spectrum will show a drop in the continuum radiation at the wavelength associated with the absorbed photons.

+Free carrier absorption occurs when a material absorbs a photon and a carrier is excited from a filled state to an unoccupied state (in the same band). This is different from interband absorption in semiconductors because the electron being excited is a conduction electron (i.e. it can move freely). In interband absorption, the electron is being raised from a valence (nonconducting) band to a conducting one.

+Post-scarcity (also styled postscarcity) is a hypothetical form of economy or society in which goods, services and information are free,^[1] or practically free. This would require an abundance of fundamental resources (matter, energy and intelligence), in conjunction with sophisticated automated systems capable of converting raw materials into finished goods.

+In a chemical reaction, a reactant is considered to be in abundance if the quantity of that substance is high and virtually unchanged by the reaction. Abundance differs from excess in that a reactant in excess is simply any reactant other than thelimiting reagent;^[1] the amount by which a reactant is in excess is often specified, such as with terms like "twofold excess", indicating that there is twice the amount of reactant necessary for the limiting reagent to be completely reacted. In this case, should the reaction go to completion, the quantity of the reactant in excess will have halved.

+In number theory, an abundant number or excessive number is a number for which the sum of its proper divisors is greater than the number itself. 12 is the first abundant number. Its proper divisors are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 for a total of 16. The amount by which the sum exceeds the number is the abundance. 12 has an abundance of 4, for example.

+The Rat Pack was a group of actors originally centered on Humphrey Bogart. In the mid-1960s it was the name used by the press and the general public to refer to a later variation of the group, after Bogart's death, that called itself "the Summit" or "the Clan," featuring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop, who appeared together on stage and in films in the early 1960s, including the movie Ocean's 11.^[1] Sinatra, Martin and Davis were regarded as the group's lead members.

+Capacitance is the ability of a body to store an electrical charge. Any object that can be electrically charged exhibits capacitance. A common form of energy storage device is a parallel-platecapacitor. In a parallel plate capacitor, capacitance is directly proportional to the surface area of the conductor plates and inversely proportional to the separation distance between the plates.

+In geometry, a hypercube is an n-dimensional analogue of a square (n = 2) and a cube (n = 3). It is a closed, compact, convex figure whose 1-skeleton consists of groups of opposite parallel line segments aligned in each of the space's dimensions, perpendicular to each other and of the same length. A unit hypercube's longest diagonal in n-dimensions is equal to  .

 

Hypercube elements          m012345678910nγ_nn-cubeNames
Schläfli symbol
Coxeter-DynkinVerticesEdgesFacesCells
(3-faces)4-faces5-faces6-faces7-faces8-faces9-faces10-faces0γ₀0-cubePoint
-1          1γ₁1-cubeLine segment
{}
21         2γ₂2-cubeSquare
Tetragon
{4}
441        3γ₃3-cubeCube
Hexahedron
{4,3}
81261       4γ₄4-cubeTesseract
Octachoron
{4,3,3}
16322481      5γ₅5-cubePenteract
Decateron
{4,3,3,3}
32808040101     6γ₆6-cubeHexeract
Dodecapeton
{4,3,3,3,3}
6419224016060121    7γ₇7-cubeHepteract
Tetradeca-7-tope
{4,3,3,3,3,3}
12844867256028084141   8γ₈8-cubeOcteract
Hexadeca-8-tope
{4,3,3,3,3,3,3}
2561024179217921120448112161  9γ₉9-cubeEnneract
Octadeca-9-tope
{4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3}
51223044608537640322016672144181 10γ₁₀10-cubeDekeract
icosa-10-tope
{4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3}
1024512011520153601344080643360960180201

+In physics, the term dielectric strength has the following meanings:

Of an insulating material, the maximum electric field strength that it can withstand intrinsically without breaking down, i.e., without experiencing failure of its insulating properties.

For a given configuration of dielectric material and electrodes, the minimum electric field that produces breakdown.

the maximum electric stress the dielectric material can withstand without breakdown.

+Background radiation is the ubiquitous ionizing radiation that the general population is exposed to, including natural and artificial sources.

+A dielectric is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. When a dielectric is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in a conductor, but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization.

+A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field.

+A terminal is the point at which a conductor from an electrical component, device or network comes to an end and provides a point of connection to external circuits.

+The Andromeda Galaxy (/ænˈdrɒmɨdə/) is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years (2.4×10¹⁹ km) from Earth^[4] in the Andromeda constellation. Also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224, it is often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts. The Andromeda Galaxy is the nearest spiral galaxy to our Milky Way galaxy, but not the closest galaxy overall. It gets its name from the area of the sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda, which was named after the mythological princess Andromeda.

+Andromeda Shun (アンドロメダ星座（アンドロメダ）の瞬 Andoromeda no Shun^?) is a protagonist in the Saint Seiya media franchise, which originated in the manga of the same name, written and illustrated by Masami Kurumada, that subsequently inspired an anime series, soundtracks, OVAs, films, video games, and other collectibles.

+In geochemistry and geonuclear physics, primordial nuclides'^{[needs IPA]}, also known as primordial isotopes, are nuclides found on the Earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed. Primordial nuclides are residues from the Big Bang, from cosmogenic sources, and from ancient supernova explosions which occurred before the formation of the solar system.

+Cosmogenic nuclides (or cosmogenic isotopes) are rare isotopes created when a high-energy cosmic ray interacts with the nucleus of an in situ solar system atom, causing cosmic ray spallation. These isotopes are produced within earth materials such as rocks or soil, in Earth's atmosphere, and in extraterrestrial items such as meteorites.

+In situ (/ɪn ˈsɪtjuː/ or /ɪn ˈsaɪtʃuː/) is a Latin phrase that translates literally to 'In position'.

+Abdul Qadeer Khan^{[note 1]} (Urdu: ڈاکٹر عبد القدیر خان‎; b. 1 April 1936); DEngr, NI (twice), HI, FPAS; also respectfully known by some in Pakistan as Mohsin-e-Pakistan (in Urdu: محسن پاکِستان; lit: Savior of Pakistan), more popularly known as Dr. A. Q. Khan, is a Pakistani nuclear scientist and a metallurgical engineer, colloquially regarded as the founder of HEU based Gas-centrifuge uranium enrichmentprogram for Pakistan's integrated atomic bomb project.

+Thermococcus litoralis (T. litoralis) is a species of Archaea that is found around deep-sea hydrothermal vents as well as shallow submarine thermal springs and oil wells.^[2][3][4] It is an anaerobic organotrophhyperthermophile that is between 0.5–3.0 µm in diameter.

+A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic platesare moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots.

+In organic chemistry, a thiol (pron.: /ˈθaɪˌɔːl/, /ˈθaɪˌɒl/)^[1] is an organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl (–C–SH or R–SH) group (where R represents an alkane, alkene, or other carbon-containing group of atoms).

+A portmanteau ( ⁱ/pɔrtˈmæntoʊ/, /ˌpɔrtmænˈtoʊ/; plural portmanteaux or portmanteaus) or portmanteau word is a combination of two (or more) words or morphemes, and their definitions, into one new word.

+A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments— from 60°C (140°F) upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is above 80°C (176°F).

+An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. It could possibly react negatively and may even die if oxygen is present. Most such species are unicellular microbes, though some are near-microscopic metazoa^[vague] and some deep-sea worms.

+An organotroph is an organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates.

+Primary nutritional groups are groups of organisms, divided according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction.

+Taq polymerase (pron.: /ˌtæk ˈpɒlɨməreɪz/) is a thermostable DNA polymerase named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus from which it was originally isolated by Thomas D. Brock in 1965.^[1] It is often abbreviated to "Taq Pol" (or simply "Taq"), and is frequently used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying short segments of DNA.

+Exonucleases are enzymes that work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the end (exo) of a polynucleotide chain. A hydrolyzing reaction that breaks phosphodiester bonds at either the 3’ or the 5’ end occurs. Its close relative is the endonuclease, which cleaves phosphodiester bonds in the middle (endo) of a polynucleotide chain.

+An S-layer (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope commonly found in bacteria, as well as among archaea.

+Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negativebacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals.

+The term endotoxin was coined by Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer, who distinguished between exotoxin, which he classified as a toxin that is released by bacteria into the environment, and endotoxin, which he considered to be a toxin kept "within" the bacterial cell and to be released only after destruction of the bacterial cell wall.

+Giant tube worms, Riftia pachyptila, are marine invertebrates in the phylum Annelida^[1] (formerly grouped in phylum Pogonophora and Vestimentifera) related to tube worms commonly found in theintertidal and pelagic zones. Riftia pachyptila lives over a mile deep, and up to several miles deep, on the floor of the Pacific Ocean near black smokers, and it can tolerate extremely high hydrogen sulfide levels.

+Cytokines (Greek cyto-, cell; and -kinos, movement) are small signaling molecules used for cell signaling. Cytokines can be classified as proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins; the term "cytokine" encompasses a large and diverse family of regulators produced throughout the body by cells of diverse embryological origin.

+Interferons (IFNs) are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or tumor cells. They allow for communication between cells to trigger the protective defences of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors.

+In analytic geometry, an asymptote (/ˈæsɪmptoʊt/) of a curve is a line such that the distance between the curve and the line approaches zero as they tend to infinity.

+Inventions of the Third Reich

 

 

D D-IX E Extermination camp F Fanta J Jerrycan L List of Olympic torch relays M Meillerwagen

M cont. Methadone P Plankalkül S Sarin V V-1 flying bomb V-2 Volksempfänger

Z Z3 (computer) Z1 (computer) Z2 (computer) Z4 (computer)

 

+D-IX was a cocaine-based experimental drug cocktail developed by the Nazis in 1944 for military application.^[1] Nazi doctors found that equipment-laden test subjects who had taken the drug could march 55 miles (88.5 kilometers) without resting before they collapsed.

+Extermination camps (or death camps) were camps built by Nazi Germany during World War II (1939–45) to systematically kill millions of people by gassing and extreme work under starvation conditions. While there were victims from many groups, Jews were the main targets.

+Methamphetamine (USAN) (pron.: /ˌmɛθæmˈfɛtəmiːn/), also known as metamfetamine (INN),^[2] meth, ice, clouds ^[3] crystal,^[4] glass,^[4] tik,^[5] N-methylamphetamine, methylamphetamine, anddesoxyephedrine, is a psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs. The researcher who uncovered the project, Wolf Kemper, said: "The aim was to use D-IX to redefine the limits of human endurance."

+Fanta is a global brand of fruit-flavored carbonated soft drinks created by the Coca-Cola Company. There are over 100 flavors worldwide. The drink originated in Germany in 1941.

+A jerrycan (also written as jerry can or jerrican) is a robust fuel container originally made from pressed steel. It was designed in Germany in the 1930s for military use to hold 20 litres (5.3 U.S. gal) of fuel. The development of the jerrycan was a significant improvement on earlier designs, which required tools and funnels to use.

+The Olympic torch relay is the ceremonial relaying of the Olympic Flame from Olympia, Greece, to the site of an Olympic Games. It was first performed at the 1936 Berlin Games,^[1] and has taken place prior to every Games since.

+The Meillerwagen (English: Meiller Vehicle) was a German World War II trailer used to transport a V-2 rocket from the 'transloading point'^[1][a] of the Technical Troop Area to the 'launching point', to erect the missile on the Brennstand (English: firing stand),^[b] and to act as the service gantry for fuelling and launch preparation. The unofficial 'Meillerwagen'^[c] name was often used in official documents and refers to a parts supplier for the trailer, Meiller-Kipper GmbH of Munich, Germany (founded 1850).

+The V-1 flying bomb (German: Vergeltungswaffe 1,^[3] Fieseler Fi 103 by the RLM's airframe number) — also known as the Buzz Bomb or Doodlebug — was an early pulse-jet-powered predecessor of the cruise missile.

+Crossbow was the code name of the World War II campaign of Anglo-American "operations against all phases of the German long-range weapons programme—operations against research and development of the weapons, their manufacture, transportation and their launching sites, and against missiles in flight".

+Test Stand VII (German: Prüfstand VII, P-7) was the principal V-2 rocket testing facility at Peenemünde Airfield and was capable of static firing of rocket motors up to 200 tons thrust.

+Peenemünde (German pronunciation: [peːnəˈmʏndə], English: mouth of the Peene [River]) is a village with a seaport on the westmost extremity of a long sand-spit in the northwestern part of Usedom (an island) on the Baltic Sea coast of Germany.

+The Volksempfänger (German for "people's receiver") was a range of radio receivers developed by engineer Otto Griessing at the request of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels.

+Bakelite (pron.: /ˈbeɪkəlaɪt/ bay-kə-lyt), or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, is an early plastic. It is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from an elimination reaction ofphenol with formaldehyde. It was developed by Belgian-born chemist Leo Baekeland in New York in 1907.

+Sarin, or GB, is an organophosphorus compound with the formula [(CH₃)₂CHO]CH₃P(O)F. It is a colorless, odorless liquid,^[4] used as a chemical weapon owing to its extreme potency as a nerve agent.

+Organophosphorus compounds are degradable organic compounds containing carbon–phosphorus bonds (thus excluding phosphate and phosphite esters, which lack this kind of bonding), used primarily in pest control as an alternative tochlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment.

+An organochloride, organochlorine, chlorocarbon, chlorinated hydrocarbon, chloroalkane, or chlorinated solvent is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine.

+Plankalkül (German pronunciation: [ˈplaːnkalkyːl], "Plan Calculus") is a computer language designed for engineering purposes by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945. It was the first high-level non-von Neumann programming language to be designed for a computer.

+The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938. It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched tape.

+The Z2 was a mechanical and relay computer created by Konrad Zuse in 1939.

+The Z3 was an electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computing machine.

+The Z4 was the world's first commercial digital computer, designed by German engineer Konrad Zuse and built by his company Zuse Apparatebau between 1942 and 1945.

+Methadone (also known as Symoron, Dolophine, Amidone, Methadose, Physeptone, Heptadon and many other names) is a synthetic opioid. It is used medically as an analgesic and a maintenanceanti-addictive and reductive preparation for use by patients with opioid dependency.

+The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. The DSM is used in the United States and to various degrees around the world.

+Distributed Shared Memory (DSM), in Computer Architecture is a form of memory architecture where the (physically separate) memories can be addressed as one (logically shared) address space.

+Dynamic spectrum management (DSM), also referred to as dynamic spectrum access (DSA), is a set of techniques based on theoretical concepts in network information theory and game theory that is being researched and developed to improve the performance of a communication network as a whole.

+The Watergate scandal was a political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s as a result of the June 17, 1972, break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement.

+The Iran–Contra affair (Persian: ایران-کنترا‎, Spanish: caso Irán-Contra), also referred to as Irangate, Contragate or the Iran-Contra scandal, was a political scandal in the United States that came to light in November 1986. During the Reagan administration, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo.^[1] Some U.S. officials also hoped that the arms sales would secure the release of hostages and allow U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras.

+The Space Race was a mid-to-late 20th century competition between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA) for supremacy in space exploration. Between 1957 and 1975, the Cold Warrivalry between the two nations focused on attaining firsts in space exploration, which were seen as necessary for national security and symbolic of technological and ideological superiority.

+The Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) (Russian: Экспериментальный полёт «Союз» — «Аполлон», Eksperimantalniy polyot Soyuz-Apollon, lit. "Experimental flight Soyuz-Apollo"), in July 1975, was the first joint U.S.–Soviet space flight, and the last flight of an Apollo spacecraft.

+Ale is one of the oldest beverages humans have produced, dating back to at least the 5th millennium BC and recorded in the written history of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. As almost any cereal containing certain sugars can undergo spontaneous fermentation due to wild yeasts in the air, it is possible that beer-like beverages were independently developed throughout the world soon after a tribe or culture had domesticated cereal.

+In 1843 painter David Octavius Hill joined engineer Robert Adamson to form Scotland's first photographic studio.^[1] During their brief partnership that ended with Adamson's untimely death, Hill & Adamson produced "the first substantial body of self-consciously artistic work using the newly invented medium of photography."

+The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693. Despite being generally known as the Salem witch trials, the preliminary hearings in 1692 were conducted in a variety of towns across the province: Salem Village (now Danvers),Ipswich, Andover and Salem Town.

+Catatonia is a state of neurogenic motor immobility, and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor. It was first described, in 1874, by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum in Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein.

+Posttraumatic stress disorder^{[note 1]} (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder with characteristic symptoms that can develop after the direct experience of an extremely traumatic stressor such as the threat of a violent death or serious injury.

+Bipolar disorder (also known as bipolar affective disorder, manic-depressive disorder, or manic depression) is a psychiatric diagnosis for a mood disorder. Individuals with bipolar disorder experience episodes of a frenzied state known as mania, typically alternating with episodes of depression.

+Stupor is the lack of critical cognitive function and level of consciousness wherein a sufferer is almost entirely unresponsive and only responds to base stimuli such as pain.

+Hypertensive encephalopathy is a neurological dysfunction induced by malignant hypertension. The term "hypertensive encephalopathy" was introduced to describe this type of encephalopathy by Oppenheimer and Fishberg in 1928.^[1] It describes cerebral conditions, typically reversible, caused by sudden and sustained severe elevation of blood pressure.

+A hypertensive emergency (formerly called "malignant hypertension") is severe hypertension (high blood pressure) with acute impairment of one or more organ systems (especially the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and/or the renal system)^[1] that can result in irreversible organ damage.

+Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum (28 December 1828, Driesen – 15 April 1899, Görlitz) was a German psychiatrist.

+Hyman George Rickover (January 27, 1900 – July 8, 1986) was a four-star admiral of the United States Navy who directed the original development of naval nuclear propulsion and controlled its operations for three decades as director of Naval Reactors.

+A neutrino (pron.: /njuːˈtriːnoʊ/; Italian pronunciation: [neuˈtriːno]) is an electrically neutral, weakly interacting elementary subatomic particle^[1] with half-integer spin. The neutrino (meaning "small neutral one" in Italian) is denoted by the Greek letter ν (nu). All evidence suggests that neutrinos have mass but that their mass is tiny even by the standards of subatomic particles. Their mass has never been measured accurately.

+A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated transparent liquid (most often liquid hydrogen) used to detect electrically charged particles moving through it. It was invented in 1952 by Donald A. Glaser,^[1] for which he was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics.

+Donald Arthur Glaser (September 21, 1926 – February 28, 2013) was an American physicist, neurobiologist, and the winner of the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the bubble chamberused in subatomic particle physics.

+A neuroscientist (sometimes also called a neurobiologist) is an individual who studies the scientific field of neuroscience or any of its related sub-fields. Neuroscience (neurobiology) as a distinct discipline separate from anatomy, neurology,physiology, psychology, or psychiatry is fairly recent, aided in large part by the advent of newer, faster computing methods and neuroimaging techniques.

+Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon predicted by Bruno Pontecorvo^[1] whereby a neutrino created with a specific lepton flavor (electron, muon or tau) can later be measured to have a different flavor. The probability of measuring a particular flavor for a neutrino varies periodically as it propagates. Neutrino oscillation is of theoretical and experimental interest since observation of the phenomenon implies that the neutrino has a non-zero mass, which is not part of the original Standard Model of particle physics.

+Theoretical physics is a branch of physics which employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena.

+Abstraction is a process by which concepts are derived from the usage and classification of literal ("real" or "concrete") concepts, first principles, or other methods.

+In physics, the Lorentz transformation (or transformations) is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz. It was the result of attempts by Lorentz and others to explain how the speed of light was observed to be independent of the reference frame, and to understand the symmetries of the laws of electromagnetism.

+A crop circle is a sizable pattern created by the flattening of a crop such as wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rapeseed.

+The Mowing-Devil: or, Strange News out of Hartford-shire is the title of an English woodcut pamphlet published in 1678. The pamphlet tells of a farmer who, refusing to pay the price demanded by a labourer to mow his field, swore that he would rather that the Devil mowed it instead.

+China Burma India Theater (CBI) was an umbrella term, used by the United States military during World War II for the China and Southeast Asian or India-Burma (IBT) theaters. Operational command of Allied forces (including US forces) in the CBI was officially the responsibility of the Supreme Commanders for South East Asia or China.

+An Enigma machine is any of a family of related electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used for the encryption and decryption of secret messages. Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I.

+Edwin Binney (1866–1934) is best known for his invention (along with his cousin C. Harold Smith) of the Crayola crayon.

+The total harmonic distortion, or THD, of a signal is a measurement of the harmonic distortion present and is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency. THD is used to characterize the linearity of audio systems and the power quality of electric power systems.

+Matrix decoding is an audio technology where a finite number of discrete audio channels (e.g., 2) are decoded into a larger number of channels on play back (e.g., 5). The channels are generally, but not always, arranged for transmission or recording by an encoder, and decoded for playback by a decoder.

+Cheech & Chong are a Grammy Award-winning comedy duo consisting of Richard "Cheech" Marin and Tommy Chong who found a wide audience in the 1970s and 1980s for their films and stand-uproutines, which were based on the hippie and free love era, and especially drug and counterculture movements, most notably their love for cannabis.

+Anti-Virus Guard (AVG) is a family of anti-virus and Internet security software for the Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, and FreeBSD computing platforms, developed by AVG Technologies, a publicly traded Czech company formerly known as Grisoft.

+iContact Corporation is an international online service provider of email marketing and social media marketing to small, mid-sized, and premier businesses located in Raleigh, NC. iContact allows customers to create, track, and send HTML-based emails and social media messages.

+Salesforce.com Inc. is a global enterprise software company headquartered in San Francisco, California. Though best known for its customer relationship management (CRM) product, Salesforce has also expanded into the "social enterprise arena" through acquisitions.^[3] It is currently ranked the most innovative company in America by Forbes magazine,^[4] as well as number 27 in Fortune's magazine's 100 Best Companies to Work For in 2012.

+Grover Cleveland "Cleve" Backster, Jr. (born February 27, 1924)^[1] is a best known for his experiments with biocommunication in plant and animal cells using a polygraph machine in the 1960s which led to his theory of "primary perception." Backster began his career as an Interrogation Specialist with the CIA, and went on to become Chairman of the Research and Instrument Committee of the Academy for Scientific Interrogation. He is currently director of the Backster School of Lie Detection in San Diego, California. He was born in Lafayette, New Jersey.

+The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the passage of an electric current through that conductor; the inverse quantity is electrical conductance, the ease at which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion of friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is measured insiemens (S).

+Acharya Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose,^[1] CSI,^[2] CIE,^[3] FRS^[4] (Bengali: জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু Jôgodish Chôndro Boshu; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937) was a Bengali polymath, physicist, biologist,botanist, archaeologist, as well as an early writer of science fiction.^[5] He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent.^[6] IEEE named him one of the fathers of radio science.^[7] He is also considered the father of Bengali science fiction. He also invented thecrescograph.

+Ingo Douglas Swann, (14 September 1933, Telluride, Colorado^[2] – 31 January 2013, New York City^[3]) was a psychic, artist, and author, best known for his work as a co-creator along with Russell Targand Harold Puthoff^[4] of the discipline of Remote Viewing, specifically the Stargate Project, writing several books on remote viewing and related topics.

+Remote viewing (RV) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target using subjective means, in particular, extra-sensory perception (ESP) or "sensing with mind".

+The term clairvoyance (from French clair meaning "clear" and voyance meaning "vision") is used to refer to the ability to gain information about an object, person, location or physical event through means other than the known human senses,^[1][2] a form of extra-sensory perception. A person said to have the ability of clairvoyance is referred to as a clairvoyant ("one who sees clearly").

+The Stargate Project^[1] was the umbrella code name of one of several sub-projects established by the U.S. Federal Government to investigate claims of psychic phenomena with potential military and domestic applications, particularly "remote viewing": the purported ability to psychically "see" events, sites, or information from a great distance.

+The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, read I-Triple-E) is a professional association headquartered in New York City that is dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence.

+A polymath (Greek: πολυμαθής, polymathēs, "having learned much"),^[1] sometimes (if male) referred to as a Renaissance man, is a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas. In less formal terms, a polymath (or polymathic person) may simply be someone who is very knowledgeable. Most ancient scientists were polymaths by today's standards.^[2] The term was first used in the seventeenth century but the related term, polyhistor, is an ancient term with similar meaning.

+The Bengali people are an ethnic community native to the historic region of Bengal (now divided between Bangladesh and India) in South Asia. They speak Bengali (বাংলা Bangla), which is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit and Sanskrit languages. 

+A crescograph is a device for measuring growth in plants. It was invented in the early 20th century by Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose - an Indian polymath, physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist.

+The ZPU is a towed anti-aircraft gun based on the Soviet 14.5 mm KPV heavy machine gun. It entered service with the Soviet Union in 1949 and is used by over 50 countries worldwide.

+The Very-low-drag bullet (VLD) is primarily a small arms ballistics development of the 1980s–1990s, driven by shooters' desire for bullets that will give a higher degree of accuracy and kinetic efficiency, especially at extended ranges. To achieve this the projectile must minimize air resistance in flight. Demand has been greatest from military snipers, long range target shooters, including F-class and benchrest competitors, but hunters have also benefited. Most very-low-drag bullets are used in high powered rifles.

+The spitzer bullet, also commonly referred to as a spire point bullet, is primarily a small arms ballistics development of the late 19th and early 20th century, driven by military desire for aerodynamic bulletdesigns that will give a higher degree of accuracy and kinetic efficiency, especially at extended ranges.

+External ballistics is the part of the science of ballistics that deals with the behaviour of a non-powered projectile in flight. External ballistics is frequently associated with firearms, and deals with the behaviour of the bullet after it exits the barrel and before it hits the target, so it lies between transitional ballistics and terminal ballistics..

+The KPV-14.5 heavy machine gun (Krupnokaliberniy Pulemyot Vladimirova, in Russian as Крупнокалиберный Пулемёт Владимирова, or КПВ) is a Soviet designed 14.5x114mm-caliberheavy machine gun, which first entered service as an infantry weapon (designated PKP) in 1949. In the 1960s the infantry version was taken out of production because it was too big and heavy. It was later redesigned for anti-aircraft use, because it showed excellent results as an AA gun, with a range of 3,000 meters horizontally and 2,000 meters vertically against low flying planes.

+BTR (БТР), from Bronetransportyor (Russian: бронетранспортёр; Ukrainian: бронетранспортер; literally "armoured transporter"), is any of a series of Soviet or post-Soviet military armoured personnel carriers.

+The BRDM-2 (Boyevaya Razvedyvatelnaya Dozornaya Mashina, Боевая Разведывательная Дозорная Машина, literally "Combat Reconnaissance/Patrol Vehicle" †^[4]) is an amphibious armoured patrol car used by Russia and the former Soviet Union. It was also known under designations BTR-40PB, BTR-40P-2 and GAZ 41-08. 

+An amphibious vehicle (or simply amphibian), is a vehicle that is a means of transport, viable on land as well as on (or under) water. 

+Amphibious warfare is a type of offensive military operation which uses naval ships to project ground and air military power onto a hostile or potentially hostile shore.^[1] Through history the operations were conducted using ship's boats as the primary method of delivering troops to shore. 

+Amphibious fish are fish that are able to leave water for extended periods of time. About 11 distantly related genera of fish are considered amphibious.

+The Ethiopian Amphibious Rat or Ethiopian Water Mouse (Nilopegamys plumbeus) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.

+Amphinectomys savamis, also known as the Ucayali Water Rat^[2] or Amphibious Rat,^[3] is a rodent from Peruvian Amazonia. It is placed as the only member of genus Amphinectomys in the tribeOryzomyini of family Cricetidae. It is similar to Nectomys, but its discoverers considered it to be different enough (with more expansive interdigital webbing and a significantly broader interorbital region) to require its own genus. 

+Lundomys molitor, also known as Lund's Amphibious Rat^[3] or the Greater Marsh Rat,^[4] is a semiaquatic rat species from southeastern South America. Its distribution is now restricted to Uruguay and nearby Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, but it previously ranged northward into Minas Gerais, Brazil, and southward into eastern Argentina. The Argentine form may have been distinct from the living form from Brazil and Uruguay.

+The Vorkuta Gulag was a Soviet era prison camp located in the Pechora River Basin, in the Komi Republic, part of the Siberian region of Russia, located 1,200 miles from Moscow and 100 miles above the Arctic Circle. Vorkuta Gulag was established in 1932 to exploit the resources of the Pechora Coal Basin, the second largest coal basin in the former U.S.S.R.. The city of Vorkuta was established to support the camp.

+Vorkuta (Russian: Воркута́; Komi: Вӧркута, Vörkuta; Nenets for place teems with bears) is a coal-mining town in the Komi Republic, Russia, situated just north of the Arctic Circle in the Pechora coal basin at the Usa River. Population: 70,548 (2010 Census);^[4] 84,917 (2002 Census);^[7] 115,646 (1989 Census).

+The Vorkuta Uprising was a major uprising of the concentration camp inmates at the Vorkuta Gulag in Vorkuta, Russia in July–August 1953, shortly after the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria. The uprising was violently stopped by the camp administration after two weeks of bloodless standoff. Vorkuta Rechlag (River Camp) or Special Camp No. 6 consisted of 17 separate "departments" engaged in construction of coal mines, coal mining and forestry. In 1946 it housed 62,700 inmates, 56,000 in July 1953. A substantial portion of the camp guards were former convicts.

+Ivan Ivanovich Maslennikov (Russian: Иван Иванович Масленников; September 16, 1900, Chalykla, Saratov Oblast - April 16, 1954, Moscow), General of the Army, was a Soviet military and NKVD commander of Army and Front level during World War II. A career Red Army officer, Maslennikov was transferred to NKVD system in 1928, and remained there until the German invasion of 1941, progressing from a counter-guerrilla squadron commander to the chief of NKVD troops. After a mixed career in field troops of World War II and three post-war years, Maslennikov returned to NKVD in 1948 and stayed there, despite political changes, until his suicide in 1954.

+Operation Barbarossa (German: Fall Barbarossa, literally "Case Barbarossa") was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during the Second World War.^[17][18]Beginning on 22 June 1941, over four million soldiers of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 2,900 km (1,800 mi) front,^[19] the largest invasion in the history of warfare. In addition to troops, Barbarossa used 600,000 motor vehicles and 750,000 horses.

+The Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del), abbreviated NKVD (НКВД   listen (help·info)) was a law enforcement agency of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the All Union Communist Party. It was closely associated with the Soviet secret police which at times was part of the agency and is known for its political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin.

+Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants including, but not limited to, armed civilians (or "irregulars") use military tactics, such as ambushes, sabotage, raids,petty warfare, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to dominate a larger and less-mobile traditional army, or strike a vulnerable target, and withdraw almost immediately.

+The Second Boer War (Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Tweede Vryheidsoorlog or Tweede Boereoorlog) was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902 between the British Empire and the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State.

+Sydir Artemovych Kovpak (Ukrainian: Сидір Артемович Ковпак; Russian: Си́дор Арте́мьевич Ковпа́к, Sidor Artеmуevich Kovpak), June 7, 1887 – December 11, 1967) was a prominentSoviet partisan leader in Ukraine.

+Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (Russian: Серге́й Па́влович Королёв,^[3] Ukrainian: Сергі́й Па́влович Корольо́в, Serhiy Pavlovych Korolov, also transliterated as Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov; 12 January [O.S. 30 December 1906] 1907 – 14 January 1966) was the lead Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer in the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s.

+The Kurdish–Turkish conflict^[note] is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and various Kurdish insurgent groups,^[39] which have demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan,^[24][40] or to have autonomy^[41][42] and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.

+The Third of May 1808 (also known as El tres de mayo de 1808 en Madrid, or Los fusilamientos de la montaña del Príncipe Pío,^[3] or Los fusilamientos del tres de mayo^[1]) is a painting completed in 1814 by the Spanish painter Francisco Goya, now in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. In the work, Goya sought to commemorate Spanish resistance to Napoleon's armies during the occupation of 1808 in the Peninsular War.

+The Peninsular War^[a] was a military conflict between France and the allied powers of Spain^[3] the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war was set in motion when French and Spanish armies occupied Portugal in 1807 and began in earnest in 1808, when France turned on its ally, Spain. 

+The Soviet partisans were members of a resistance movement which fought a guerrilla war against the Axis occupation of the Soviet Union during World War II.

+The Partisans^{[Note 1][6]} or the National Liberation Army,^{[Note 2]} officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia,^{[Note 3][7]} was Europe's most effective anti-Nazi resistance movement^[8][9]. It was led by Yugoslav revolutionary communists^[10] during World War II. Its commander was Marshal Josip Broz Tito.

+The Viet Cong (Việt cộng (  listen)), or National Liberation Front, was a political organization and army in South Vietnam and Cambodia that fought the United States and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War (1959–1975), and emerged on the winning side.

+The Geneva Conference (April 26 – July 20, 1954^[1]) was a conference which took place in Geneva, Switzerland, whose purpose was to attempt to find a way to unify Vietnam and discuss the possibility of restoring peace in Indochina.^[2] The Soviet Union, the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and the People’s Republic of China were participants throughout the whole conference while different countries concerned with the two questions were also represented during the discussion of their respective questions,^[3] which included the countries that sent troops through the United Nations to the Korean War and the various countries that ended the First Indochina War between France and the Việt Minh.

+Mỹ Tho (  listen) is the capital city, center of economics, education and technology of Tien Giang province, located in the Mekong Delta region of South Vietnam.^[1] It has a population of approximately 169,000 in 2006^[2] and 220,000 in 2012.

+The Tuareg (also spelled Twareg or Touareg; endonym Imuhagh) are a Berber people with a traditionally nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. They are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa.

+Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep. "Pastoralism" generally has a mobile aspect, moving the herds in search of fresh pasture and water (in contrast to pastoral farming, in which non-nomadic farmers grow crops and improve pastures for their livestock).

+Animal husbandry is the dynamic set of relationships between humans and animals, in which qualities considered to be advantageous to humans are improved. 

+A nomad (Greek: νομάς, nomas, plural νομάδες, nomades; meaning one roaming about for pasture, pastoral tribe), commonly known as an itinerant in modern-day contexts, is a member of a community of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. There are an estimated 30–40 million nomads in the world.

+The occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany occurred as part of the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 (Operation Barbarossa) and ended in August 1944 with the SovietOperation Bagration.It was originally part of the Reichskommissariat Ostland but, in 1943 collaborators were allowed to set up a client state that would last until the Soviets regained control of the region.

+The Belarusian Central Rada (Belarusian: Беларуская Цэнтральная Рада, Biełaruskaja Centralnaja Rada, The Belarusian Central Council; German: Weißruthenischer Zentralrat) was nominally the government of Belarus from 1943–44.^[1] It was a collaborationist government established by Nazi Germany within the occupation and colonial administration of Reichskommissariat Ostland.

+Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) was the civilian occupation regime established by Germany in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), the north-eastern part of Poland and the west part of the Belarusian SSR during World War II. It was also known initially as Reichskommissariat Baltenland ("Baltic Land").^[1] The political organization for this territory—after an initial period ofmilitary administration before its establishment—was that of a German civilian administration, nominally under the authority of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (German:Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete) led by Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg, but was in reality controlled by the Nazi official Hinrich Lohse, its appointed Reichskommissar.

+Detachment 101 of the Office of Strategic Services operated in the China-Burma-India Theater of World War II. On January 17, 1946, it was awarded a Presidential Distinguished Unit Citation by Dwight Eisenhower, who wrote:^[1]

“The courage and fighting spirit displayed by its officers and men in offensive action against overwhelming enemy strength reflect the highest tradition of the armed forces of the United States.”

+The Presidential Unit Citation (PUC), originally called the Distinguished Unit Citation, is awarded to units of the United States Armed Forces, and those of allied countries, for extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy on or after 7 December 1941 (the date of the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of American involvement in World War II).

+The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces.

+The Cipher Bureau otherwise known as The Black Chamber was the United States' first peacetime cryptanalytic organization, and a forerunner of the National Security Agency.

+Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to loosen" or "to untie") is the art and science of analyzing information systems in order to study the hidden aspects of the systems.^[1]Cryptanalysis is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cryptographic key is unknown.

+China Burma India Theater (CBI) was an umbrella term, used by the United States military during World War II for the China and Southeast Asian or India-Burma (IBT) theaters. Operational command of Allied forces (including US forces) in the CBI was officially the responsibility of the Supreme Commanders for South East Asia or China. However: US forces in practice were usually overseen by General Joseph Stilwell, the Deputy Allied Commander in China; the term "CBI" was significant in logistical, materiel and personnel matters and; it was and is commonly used within the US for these theaters.

+The Hump was the name given by Allied pilots in the Second World War to the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains over which they flew military transport aircraft from India to China to resupply the Chinese war effort of Chiang Kai-shek and the units of the United States Army Air Forces based in China. Creating an airlift presented the USAAF a considerable challenge in 1942: it had no units trained or equipped for moving cargo, and no airfields existed in India for basing the large number of transports that would be required. 

+The Presidential Unit Citation (PUC), originally called the Distinguished Unit Citation, is awarded to units of the United States Armed Forces, and those of allied countries, for extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy on or after 7 December 1941 (the date of the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of American involvement in World War II).

+Morale (also known as esprit de corps) is the capacity of a group's members to maintain belief in an institution or goal, particularly in the face of opposition or hardship. Morale is often referenced by authority figures as a generic value judgment of the willpower, obedience, and self-discipline of a group tasked with performing duties assigned by a superior.

+In cryptography, Fialka (M-125) is the name of a Cold War-era Soviet cipher machine. 

+Colossus was the world's first electronic digital computer that was at all programmable. The Colossus computers were used by British codebreakers during World War II to help in thecryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Without them, the Allies would have been deprived of the very valuable intelligence that was obtained from reading the vast quantity of encrypted high-leveltelegraphic messages between the German High Command (OKW) and their army commands throughout occupied Europe. 

+Operation 40 was a Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored undercover operation in the early 1960s, which was active in the United States and the Caribbean (including Cuba), Central America, and Mexico. It was approved by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in March 1960, after the January 1959 Cuban Revolution, and was presided over by Vice-president Richard Nixon. The group included Frank Sturgis (who would later become one of the Watergate burglars); Felix Rodriguez (a CIA officerwho later was involved in the capture and summary execution of Che Guevara); Luis Posada Carriles (held in the US in 2010 on charges of illegal immigration, he is demanded by Venezuela for his key role in the execution of the 1976 Cubana Flight 455 bombing); Orlando Bosch (founder of the counterrevolutionary Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations, that organized the 1976 murder of Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier); Rafael 'Chi Chi' Quintero; Virgilio Paz Romero; Pedro Luis Diaz Lanz; Bernard Barker; Porter Goss; and Barry Seal. Members took part in the April 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion directed against the government of Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro.

+Kwajalein Atoll (/ˈkwɑːdʒəlɨn/; Marshallese: Kuwajleen [kʷuɒ͡æzʲ(æ)lʲɛːnʲ]),^[1] is part of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). The southernmost and largest island in the atoll is named Kwajalein Island, which English-speaking residents often call by the shortened name, Kwaj (/ˈkwɑːdʒ/).

+Incandescence is the emission of light (visible electromagnetic radiation) from a hot body as a result of its temperature.[1] The term derives from the Latin verb incandescere, to glow white.

+Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one chemical element or isotope into another. In other words, atoms of one element can be changed into atoms of other element by 'transmutation'. This occurs either through nuclear reactions (in which an outside particle reacts with a nucleus), or through radioactive decay (where no outside particle is needed).

+Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons. The first nuclei were formed about three minutes after the Big Bang, through the process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis. It was then that hydrogen and helium formed that became the content of the first stars, and is responsible for the present hydrogen/helium ratio of the cosmos.

+In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis, abbreviated BBN) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen during the early phases of the universe. Primordial nucleosynthesis is believed by many scientists to have taken place just a few moments after the Big Bang and is believed to be responsible for the formation of a heavierisotope of hydrogen known as deuterium (H-2 or D), the helium isotopes He-3 and He-4, and the lithium isotopes Li-6 and Li-7. 

+Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element: while all isotopes of a given element share the same number of protons and electrons, each isotope differs from the others in its number of neutrons. The term isotope is formed from the Greek roots isos (ἴσος "equal") and topos (τόπος "place").

+Ionizing (or ionising) radiation is radiation composed of particles that individually carry enough kinetic energy to liberate an electron from an atom or molecule, ionizing it. Ionizing radiation is generated through nuclear reactions, either artificial or natural, by very high temperature (e.g. plasma discharge or the corona of the Sun), via production of high energy particles in particle accelerators, or due to acceleration of charged particles by the electromagnetic fields produced by natural processes, from lightning to supernova explosions.

+A corona (Latin, 'crown') is a type of plasma "atmosphere" of the Sun or other celestial body, extending millions of kilometres into space, most easily seen during a total solar eclipse, but also observable in a coronagraph.

+Zodiacal light is a faint, roughly triangular, diffuse white glow seen in the night sky that appears to extend up from the vicinity of the Sun along the ecliptic or zodiac.[1] It is best seen just after sunset and before sunrise in spring and autumn when the zodiac is at a steep angle to the horizon. Caused by sunlight scattered by space dust in the zodiacal cloud, it is so faint that either moonlight or light pollution renders it invisible.

+The kelvin is a unit of measurement for temperature. It is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI) and is assigned the unit symbol K. The Kelvin scale is an absolute, thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description ofthermodynamics.

+Rankine is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale named after the Glasgow University engineer and physicist William John Macquorn Rankine, who proposed it in 1859. (The Kelvin scale was first proposed in 1848.)

+In astronomy, a planet's elongation is the angle between the Sun and the planet, with Earth as the reference point. The greatest elongation of a given planet occurs when this inner planet’s position, in its orbital path to the Sun, is at tangent to the observer on Earth. Given the planets able to elongate are well within the area of Earth's orbit of the Sun, observation of such a phenomena should not pose that much a challenge, compared to deep sky objects, for example. When a planet is at its greatest elongation, it is farthest from the Sun as viewed from Earth, so its view is also best at that point.

+Cosmic rays are very high-energy particles, mainly originating outside the Solar System.[1] They may produce showers of secondary particles that penetrate and impact the Earth's atmosphere and sometimes even reach the surface. Comprised primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei, their origin has, until recently, been a mystery. With data from theFermi space telescope published in February 2013,[2] it is now known that cosmic rays primarily originate from the supernovae of massive stars.

+Alpha particles (named after and denoted by the first letter in the Greek alphabet, α) consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus, which is generally produced in the process of alpha decay, but may be produced also in other ways and given the same name. The symbol for the alpha particle is α or α2+, it can be written as He2+, 4
2He2+ or 4
2He (as it is possible that the ion gains electrons from the environment; also, electrons are not important in nuclear chemistry).

+In particle physics, a shower is a cascade of secondary particles produced as the result of a high-energy particle interacting with dense matter. The incoming particle interacts, producing multiple new particles with lesser energy; each of these then interacts in the same way, a process that continues until many thousands, millions, or even billions of low-energy particles are produced. These are then stopped in the matter and absorbed.

+he antiproton, or negatron, as it is less commonly known (p, pronounced p-bar) is the antiparticle of the proton. Antiprotons are stable, but they are typically short-lived since any collision with a proton will cause both particles to be annihilated in a burst of energy.

+In particle physics, antimatter is material composed of antiparticles, which have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but have opposite charge and quantum spin. Antiparticles bind with each other to form antimatter in the same way that normal particles bind to form normal matter. 

+The Bendix RIM-8 Talos was a long-range naval surface-to-air missile, and was among the earliest surface-to-air missiles to equip United States Navy ships. The Talos used radar beam ridingfor guidance to the vicinity of its target, and semiactive radar homing (SARH) for terminal guidance. The characteristic array of four antennas surrounding the nose are the SARH receivers which functioned as a continuous wave interferometer. Thrust was provided by a solid rocket booster for initial launch and a Bendix ramjet for flight to target with the warhead doubling as the ramjet's compressor.

+Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, sometimes called Berkeley Unix) is a Unix operating system derivative developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) of theUniversity of California, Berkeley, from 1977 to 1995. Today the term "BSD" is often used non-specifically to refer to any of the BSD descendants which together form a branch of the family of Unix-likeoperating systems. Operating systems derived from the original BSD code remain actively developed and widely used.

+The Blue Screen of Death (BSOD), officially a STOP Error,^[1] also known as Deadscreen, Blue Screen Error, Bluescreen, or bug check, is the error screen displayed by the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems upon encountering a critical error, of a non-recoverable nature, that causes the system to crash. The term is named after the color of the screen generated by the error.

+The dollar (sign: $; code: BSD) has been the currency of The Bahamas since 1966. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively B$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents.

+Besiyata Dishmaya (Aramaic: בסיעתא דשמיא) is an Aramaic phrase, meaning "with the help of Heaven". The acronym BS"D (Mostly written in Hebrew: בס"ד) has become a Jewish term amongst several orthodox religious denominations, reproduced at the top of every written document (beginnings of correspondences, students' notes, etc.) as a reminder to them that all comes from God, including the following content and to contextualize what's really important in the text, that without God's help we can do nothing of eternal value. BS"D is not derived from any religious law of the Halakha.

+The bipolar spectrum (BS) refers to a category of mood disorders that feature abnormally elevated or depressed mood. 

+In mathematics, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture is an open problem in the field of number theory. Its status as one of the most challenging mathematical questions has become widely recognized; the conjecture was chosen as one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems listed by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a $1,000,000 prize for the first correct proof.^[1] It is named after mathematicians Bryan Birch and Peter Swinnerton-Dyer who developed the conjecture during the first half of the 1960s with the help of machine computation. As of 2012, only special cases of the conjecture have been proved correct.

+In mathematics, an elliptic curve (EC) is a smooth, projective algebraic curve of genus one, on which there is a specified point O. An elliptic curve is in fact an abelian variety— that is, it has a multiplication defined algebraically, with respect to which it is a (necessarily commutative) group — and O serves as the identity element. Often the curve itself, without O specified, is called an elliptic curve.

Any elliptic curve can be written as a plane algebraic curve defined by an equation of the form:

+In mathematics, the Hasse–Weil zeta function attached to an algebraic variety V defined over an algebraic number field K is one of the two most important types of L-function. Such L-functions are called 'global', in that they are defined as Euler products in terms of local zeta functions. They form one of the two major classes of global L-functions, the other being the L-functions associated to automorphic representations.

+In mathematics, a Taylor series is a representation of a function as an infinite sum of terms that are calculated from the values of the function's derivatives at a single point.

+In abstract algebra, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on their order (the axiom ofcommutativity). Abelian groups generalize the arithmetic of addition of integers. They are named after Niels Henrik Abel.

+BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses, imposing minimal restrictions on the redistribution of covered software. This is in contrast to copyleft licenses, which have reciprocity share-alike requirements. The original BSD license was used for its namesake, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix-like operating system. The original version has since been revised and its descendants are more properly termed modified BSD licenses.

+Bob- und Schlittenverband für Deutschland e.V. (BSD, German Bobsleigh, Luge, and Skeleton Federation) is the official federation for bobsleigh, luge and skeleton in Germany. It is the Germanrepresentative both to the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation and the International Luge Federation and is part of the German Olympic Committee.

+Bobsleigh or bobsled is a winter sport in which teams of two or four make timed runs down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered sled. The timed runs are combined to calculate the final score.

+Brain stem death is a clinical syndrome defined by the absence of reflexes with pathways through the brain stem - the “stalk” of the brain which connects the spinal cord to the mid-brain, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres – in a deeplycomatose, ventilator-dependent, patient.

+Build To Order (abbrev: BTO; Chinese: 预购组屋制度) is a Housing and Development Board (HDB) flat allocation system that offers flexibility in timing and location for owners buying a New HDB flats in Singapore.

+Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), also known as intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS), are network security appliances that monitor network and/or system activities for malicious activity. The main functions of intrusion prevention systems are to identify malicious activity, log information about this activity, attempt to block/stop it, and report it. 

+AMSAT is a name for amateur radio satellite organizations worldwide, but in particular the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT-NA) with headquarters at Silver Spring, Maryland, nearWashington DC.

+Internet Provider Security (IPS) tags are used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs)—specifically, registrars—to administer a domain registration service and related DNS services. An IPS tag is the label that applies to each registrar (ISP) and is required to transfer domain names from one registrar to another. All registrars who register domains in the .uk name space are allocated these tags when they apply to become an ISP.

+Instructions per second (IPS) is a measure of a computer's processor speed. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches, whereas realistic workloads typically lead to significantly lower IPS values.

+MIPS (originally an acronym for Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages) is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by MIPS Technologies(formerly MIPS Computer Systems, Inc.). The early MIPS architectures were 32-bit, with 64-bit versions added later. 

+The Image Packaging System, also known as IPS^[1] or pkg(5), is a cross-platform package management system created by the OpenSolaris community in coordination with Sun Microsystems. It is used by OpenSolaris and a growing number of layered applications, including GlassFish, across a variety of OS platforms.

+ZFS is a combined file system and logical volume manager designed by Sun Microsystems. The features of ZFS include protection against data corruption, support for high storage capacities, integration of the concepts of filesystem and volume management, snapshots and copy-on-write clones, continuous integrity checking and automatic repair, RAID-Z and native NFSv4 ACLs. ZFS is implemented asopen-source software, licensed under the Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL). The ZFS name was registered as a trademark of Oracle^[3] until September 20, 2011.

+The aim of a probabilistic logic (also probability logic and probabilistic reasoning) is to combine the capacity of probability theory to handle uncertainty with the capacity of deductive logic to exploit structure. The result is a richer and more expressive formalism with a broad range of possible application areas. Probabilistic logics attempt to find a natural extension of traditional logic truth tables: the results they define are derived through probabilistic expressions instead. A difficulty with probabilistic logics is that they tend to multiply the computational complexities of their probabilistic and logical components. Other difficulties include the possibility of counter-intuitive results, such as those of Dempster-Shafer theory. The need to deal with a broad variety of contexts and issues has led to many different proposals.

+Nomothetic literally means "proposition of the law" (Greek derivation) and is used in philosophy (see also Nomothetic and idiographic), psychology, and law with differing meanings.

+Institutionalisation refers to the process of embedding something (for example a concept, a social role, a particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system, or society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual or group to an institution, such as a mental or welfare institution.

+Antidisestablishmentarianism (listen to British sample (info), American sample (info)) is a political position that originated in 19th-century Britain in opposition to proposals for the disestablishment of the Church of England, that is, to remove the Anglican Church's status as the state church of England, Ireland, and Wales.

+Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (pseudoPHP) is an inherited disorder, named for its similarity to pseudohypoparathyroidism in presentation. The term pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism is used to describe a condition where the individual has the phenotypic appearance of pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a, but is biochemically normal.

+In the fields of chronology and periodization, an epoch is an instant in time chosen as the origin of a particular era. The "epoch" then serves as a reference point from which time is measured. Time measurement units are counted from the epoch so that the date and time of events can be specified unambiguously.

+Megalodon (pron.: /ˈmɛɡələdɒn/ meg-ə-lə-don; meaning "big tooth", from Greek μέγας (megas, "big") and ὀδον (odon, from ὀδούς, odous, "tooth")) is an extinct species of shark that lived approximately 28 to 1.5 million years ago, during the Cenozoic Era (late Oligocene to early Pleistocene).

+Viktor Schauberger (30 June 1885 – 25 September 1958) was an Austrian forest caretaker, naturalist, philosopher, inventor and biomimicry experimenter.

Schauberger developed his own theories based on what he observed in nature. In Implosion magazine, a magazine released by Schauberger's family, he said that aeronautical and marine engineers had incorrectly designed the propeller. He stated:

“As best demonstrated by Nature in the case of the aerofoil maple-seed, today’s propeller is a pressure-screw and therefore a braking screw, whose purpose is to allow the heavy maple-seed to fall parachute-like slowly towards the ground and to be carried away sideways by the wind in the process. No bird has such a whirling thing on its head, nor a fish on its tail. Only man made use of this natural brake-screw for forward propulsion. As the propeller rotates, so does the resistance rise by the square of the rotational velocity. This is also a sign that this supposed propulsive device is unnaturally constructed and therefore out of place.”

 

+Victor Luitpold Berger (1860–1929) was a founding member of the Social Democratic Party of America and its successor, the Socialist Party of America. Berger was an important and influential socialist journalist who helped establish the so-called Sewer Socialist movement. In 1910, he became the first socialist elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1919, he was convicted of violating theEspionage Act for his anti-militarist views and as a result was denied the seat to which he had been twice elected in the House of Representatives. The verdict was eventually overturned by the Supreme Court, and he was elected to three successive terms in the 1920s.

+Miana (Urdu: میانا‎) is a community in Pakistan. It is derived from Mian, which is a family name and a title of nobility and used by Muslims in the Punjab region of South Asia.

+In combinatorics, the nth Bell number, named after Eric Temple Bell, is the number of partitions of a set with n members, or equivalently, the number of equivalence relations on it. Starting with B₀ = B₁ = 1, the first few Bell numbers are:

1, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 203, 877, 4140, 21147, 115975, … (sequence A000110 in OEIS).

 

+In mathematics, particularly in combinatorics, a Stirling number of the second kind is the number of ways to partition a set of n objects into k non-empty subsets and is denoted by  or .^[1] Stirling numbers of the second kind occur in the field of mathematics called combinatorics and the study of partitions.

+There was widespread support for animal welfare in Nazi Germany^[1] and the Nazis took several measures to ensure protection of animals.^[2] Many Nazi leaders, including Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring, were supporters of animal protection. Several Nazis were environmentalists, and species protection and animal welfare were significant issues in the Nazi regime.^[3] Heinrich Himmler made an effort to ban the hunting of animals.^[4] Göring was an animal lover and conservationist.^[5] The current animal welfare laws in Germany are modified versions of the laws introduced by the Nazis.

+Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering;^[a] German pronunciation: [ˈɡøːʁɪŋ] ( listen); 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946), was a German politician, military leader, and leading member of the Nazi Party(NSDAP). A veteran of World War I as an ace fighter pilot, he was a recipient of the coveted Pour le Mérite, also known as the "Blue Max". He was the last commander of Jagdgeschwader 1, the fighter wing once led by Manfred von Richthofen, the "Red Baron".

+The Aryan race was a racial grouping commonly used in the period of the late 19th century to the mid 20th century to describe peoples of Indo-European Eurasian heritage . It derives from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages and their descendants up to the present day constitute a distinctive race or subrace of the larger Caucasian race.

+Hermann Julius Oberth (25 June 1894 – 28 December 1989) was an Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and engineer. He is considered one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics.

+Operation Red Dawn was an American military operation conducted on 13 December 2003 in the town of ad-Dawr, Iraq, near Tikrit, that led to the capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. The operation was named after the 1984 film Red Dawn.^[1] The mission was assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team of the 4th Infantry Division, commanded by Major. Gen Raymond Odiernoand led by Col. James Hickey of the 4th Infantry Division, with joint operations Task Force 121 - an elite and covert joint special operations team.

+Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and is one of the key creators of quantum mechanics. This was published in 1925 in a breakthroughpaper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, during the same year, this matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. In 1927 he published hisuncertainty principle, upon which he built his philosophy and for which he is best known. Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932 "for the creation of quantum mechanics".^[1] He also made important contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles, and he was instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe, together with a research reactor in Munich, in 1957. Considerable controversy surrounds his work on atomic research during World War II.

+Die Glocke (German for "The Bell") was a purported top secret Nazi scientific technological device, secret weapon, or Wunderwaffe. First described by Polish journalist and author Igor Witkowski in Prawda o Wunderwaffe (2000), it was later popularized by military journalist and author Nick Cook as well as by writers such as Joseph P. Farrell and Jeremy Robinson. Farrell, and others such as Peter Levenda, associates it with Nazi occultism and antigravity or free energyresearch.

+Wunderwaffe (German pronunciation: [ˈvʊndɐˌvafə]) is German for "wonder-weapon" and was a term assigned during World War II by the German propaganda ministry to a few revolutionary "superweapons". Most of these weapons however remained more or less feasible prototypes, or reached the combat theatre too late, and in too insignificant numbers (if at all) to have a military effect. A derisive abbreviation of the term emerged: Wuwa, pronounced "voo-vah".

+Colin Pitchfork (born March 1960, Newbold Verdon, England)^[1] is a British criminal, the first convicted of murder based on DNA fingerprinting evidence, and the first to be caught as a result of mass DNA screening. Pitchfork raped and murdered two girls, the first in Narborough, Leicestershire, in November 1983, and the second in Enderby, also in Leicestershire, in July 1986. He was arrested on 19 September 1987, and sentenced to life imprisonment on 22 January 1988, after admitting both murders.

+Jan Evangelista Purkyně (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjan ˈɛvaŋɡɛlɪsta ˈpurkɪɲɛ] ( listen); also written Johannes Evangelist Purkinje) (17 December or 18 December 1787 – 28 July 1869) was a Czechanatomist and physiologist. He was one of the best known scientists of his time. His son was the painter Karel Purkyně. Such was his fame that when people from outside Europe wrote letters to him, all that they needed to put as the address was "Purkyně, Europe".

+Henry Faulds (1 June 1843 – 19 March 1930) was a Scottish physician, missionary and scientist who is noted for the development of fingerprinting.

+Henri Fluchère (1898–1987) was a chairman of the Société Française Shakespeare and a notable literary critic.

+Sir Francis Galton, FRS (/ˈfrɑːnsɪs ˈɡɔːltən/; 16 February 1822 – 17 January 1911), cousin of Douglas Strutt Galton, cousin of Charles Darwin, was an English Victorian polymath: anthropologist,eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, psychometrician, and statistician. He was knighted in 1909.

+Juan Vucetich (July 20, 1858 – January 25, 1925) was a Croatian-born Argentine anthropologist and police official who pioneered the use of fingerprinting.

+Pericles' Funeral Oration is a famous speech from Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War.^[1] The speech was delivered by Pericles, an eminent Athenian politician, at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) as a part of the annual public funeral for the war dead.

+The Horten H.XVIII was a proposed German World War II intercontinental bomber that would have been based upon the Horten Ho 229 design. Like the Ho 229, it would have possessed similarstealth characteristics, as well as a large fuel capacity for transatlantic missions. Based on data from the 229 design, experts^[who?] have estimated the H.XVIII would have been able to (in ideal conditions) evade radar detection until it was within eight minutes of the east coast of the United States, making allied interception prior to payload delivery highly unlikely.^{[1][unreliable source?]}However, given the abilities of the allies to decode enigma messages, it is extremely questionable whether such a mission could be planned or launched without their knowledge. 

+The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Würger (Shrike) was a German single-seat, single-engine fighter aircraft designed by Kurt Tank in the late 1930s and widely used during World War II. Powered by aradial engine, the 190 had ample power and was able to lift larger loads than its well-known counterpart, the Messerschmitt Bf 109. 

+Hypersonic flight is flight through the atmosphere at speeds above about Mach 5.5, a speed where disassociation of air begins to become significant and high heat loads exist. Hypersonic flight has been achieved by the Space Shuttle's orbiter, the Apollo command module, Buran and scramjets.

+Prompt Global Strike (PGS) is a United States military effort to develop a system that can deliver a precision conventional weapon strike anywhere in the world within one hour,^[1][2] in a similar manner to a nuclear ICBM. In April 2010, Marine CorpsGeneral James Cartwright explained the system's rationale, stating that "Today, unless you want to go nuclear, [the conventional military response time is] measured in days, maybe weeks".^[3] A PGS system could also be useful during a nuclear conflict, potentially replacing nuclear weapons against 30 percent of targets.^[4] The PGS program encompasses numerous technologies, including conventional surface-launched rockets and air-launched hypersonic missiles, although no specific PGS system has yet been finalized.

+The hypersonic effect is a term coined to describe a phenomenon reported in a controversial scientific study by Tsutomu Oohashi et al.,^[3] which supports the idea that although humans cannot consciously hear sounds at frequencies above approximately 20 kHz, the presence or absence of those frequencies has a measurable effect on their physiological and psychological reactions. Attempts to independently reproduce these results have so far been unsuccessful.

+Quantum foam (also referred to as space time foam) is a concept in quantum mechanics devised by John Wheeler in 1955. The foam is supposed to be conceptualized as the foundation of the fabric of the universe.^[1] Additionally, quantum foam can be used as a qualitative description of subatomic space time turbulence at extremely small distances (on the order of the Planck length). At such small scales of time and space, the Heisenberg uncertainty principleallows energy to briefly decay into particles and antiparticles and then annihilate without violating physical conservation laws. As the scale of time and space being discussed shrinks, the energy of the virtual particles increases. According toEinstein's theory of general relativity, energy curves space time. This suggests that—at sufficiently small scales—the energy of these fluctuations would be large enough to cause significant departures from the smooth space time seen at larger scales, giving space time a "foamy" character.

+In thermodynamics, the word endothermic describes a process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings in the form of heat. It is a modern coinage from Greek roots. The prefix endo- derives from the Greek word "endon" (ἔνδον) meaning "within," and the latter part of the word comes from the Greek word root "therm" (θερμ-) meaning "hot." The intended sense is that of a reaction that depends on taking in heat if it is to proceed.

+In thermodynamics, the term exothermic ("outside heating") describes a process or reaction that releases energy from the system, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen). Its etymology stems from the prefix exo (derived from the Greek word ἔξω, exō, "outside") and the Greek wordthermasi (meaning "to heat"). The term exothermic was first coined by Marcellin Berthelot. 

+A quark (pron.: /ˈkwɔrk/ or /ˈkwɑrk/) is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons andneutrons, the components of atomic nuclei.^[1] Due to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks are never directly observed or found in isolation; they can be found only within hadrons, such asbaryons (of which protons and neutrons are examples), and mesons.

+The electron (symbol: e−) is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge.^[8] An electron has no known components or substructure. It is generally thought to be an elementary particle.^[2] An electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton.^[9] The intrinsicangular momentum (spin) of the electron is a half-integer value in units of ħ, which means that it is a fermion.

+In physics, the proton-to-electron mass ratio, μ or β, is simply the rest mass of the proton divided by that of the electron. Because this is a ratio of like-dimensioned physical quantity, it is a dimensionless quantity, a function of the dimensionless physical constants, and has numerical value independent of the system of units, namely:

μ = m_p/m_e = 1,836.15267245(75).^[1]

The number enclosed in parentheses is the measurement uncertainty on the last two digits. The value of μ is known to about 0.4 parts per billion.

+A lepton is an elementary, spin-¹⁄₂ particle that does not undergo strong interactions, but is subject to the Pauli exclusion principle.^[1] The best known of all leptons is the electron, which governs nearly all of chemistry as it is found in atoms and is directly tied to all chemical properties. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). Charged leptons can combine with other particles to form various composite particles such as atoms and positronium, while neutrinos rarely interact with anything, and are consequently rarely observed.

+In theoretical condensed matter physics, Bosonization is a mathematical procedure by which a system of interacting fermions in (1+1) dimensions can be transformed to a system of massless, non-interacting bosons.^[1] The method of bosonization was conceived independently by particle physicists Sidney Coleman and Stanley Mandelstam; and condensed matter physicists Daniel Mattis and Alan Luther in 1975.

Two complex fermions  are written as functions of a boson 

^[4]

while the inverse map is given by

+In quantum field theory, a fermionic field is a quantum field whose quanta are fermions; that is, they obey Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermionic fields obey canonical anticommutation relations rather than the canonical commutation relations of bosonic fields.

+In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation formulated by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. It describes fields corresponding to elementary spin-½ particles (such as the electron) as a vector of four complex numbers (a bispinor), in contrast to the Schrödinger equation which described a field of only one complex value.

+In physics, particularly quantum field theory, the Weyl Equation is a relativistic wave equation for describing massless spin-1/2 particles. It is named after the German physicist Hermann Weyl.

+In physics, specifically relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) and its applications to particle physics, relativistic wave equations predict the behavior of particles at high energies and velocitiescomparable to the speed of light. In the context of quantum field theory (QFT), the equations determine the dynamics of quantum fields.

+The Lagrangian, L, of a dynamical system is a function that summarizes the dynamics of the system. It is named after Joseph Louis Lagrange. The concept of a Lagrangian was introduced in a reformulation of classical mechanics introduced byJoseph Louis Lagrange in 1788, known as Lagrangian mechanics.

+The W and Z bosons (together known as the weak bosons or, less specifically, the intermediate vector bosons) are the elementary particles that mediate the weak interaction; their symbols are W+,W− and Z. The W bosons have a positive and negative electric charge of 1 elementary charge respectively and are each other's antiparticles. The Z boson is electrically neutral and is its own antiparticle. All three of these particles are very short-lived with a half-life of about 3×10⁻²⁵ s. Their discovery was a major success for what is now called the Standard Model of particle physics.
+In physics, a neutral particle is a particle with no electric charge. This is not to be confused with a real neutral particle, a neutral particle that is also identical to its own antiparticle.

+A tachyon (pron.: /ˈtæki.ɒn/) or tachyonic particle is a hypothetical particle that always moves faster than light. The word comes from the Greek: ταχύς or tachys, meaning "swift, quick, fast, rapid", and was coined by Gerald Feinberg.^[1] Most physicists think that faster-than-light particles cannot exist because they are not consistent with the known laws of physics.^[2][3] If such particles did exist, they could be used to build a tachyonic antitelephone and send signals faster than light, which (according to special relativity) would lead to violations of causality.^[3] Potentially consistent theories that allow faster-than-light particles include those that break Lorentz invariance, the symmetry underlying special relativity, so that the speed of light is not a barrier.

+A tachyonic antitelephone is a hypothetical device in theoretical physics that could be used to send signals into one's own past. Albert Einstein in 1907^[1] presented a thought experiment of how faster-than-light signals can lead to a paradox of causality, which was described by Einstein and Arnold Sommerfeld in 1910 as a means "to telegraph into the past".^[2] The same thought experiment was described by Richard Chace Tolman in 1917,^[3] therefore it is also known as Tolman's paradox.

+In physics, the graviton is a hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitation in the framework of quantum field theory. If it exists, the graviton is expected to be massless (because the gravitational force appears to have unlimited range) and must be a spin-2 boson. The spin follows from the fact that the source of gravitation is the stress-energy tensor, a second-rank tensor (compared to electromagnetism's spin-1 photon, the source of which is the four-current, a first-rank tensor). Additionally, it can be shown that any massless spin-2 field would give rise to a force indistinguishable from gravitation, because a massless spin-2 field must couple to (interact with) the stress-energy tensor in the same way that the gravitational field does.

+In special and general relativity, the four-current is the 4-dimensional analogue of the electric current density, which is used in the geometric context of 4d spacetime, rather than 3d space and time separately. Mathematically it is a four-vector, and is Lorentz covariant.

+The stress–energy tensor (sometimes stress–energy–momentum tensor) is a tensor quantity in physics that describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime, generalizing thestress tensor of Newtonian physics. It is an attribute of matter, radiation, and non-gravitational force fields. The stress–energy tensor is the source of the gravitational field in the Einstein field equationsof general relativity, just as mass density is the source of such a field in Newtonian gravity.

+String theory is a physical theory that extends particle physics by replacing point particles by extended objects called strings. In string theory, the different types of observed elementary particles arise from the different quantum states of these strings. In addition to the types of particles postulated by the standard model of particle physics, string theory naturally incorporates gravity, and is therefore a candidate for a theory of everything, a self-contained mathematical model that describes all fundamental forces and forms of matter. Aside from this hypothesized role in particle physics, string theory is now widely used as a theoretical tool in physics, and it has shed light on many aspects of quantum field theory and quantum gravity.

+The Minkowski diagram, also known as a spacetime diagram, was developed in 1908 by Hermann Minkowski and provides an illustration of the properties of space and time in the special theory of relativity. It allows a quantitative understanding of the corresponding phenomena like time dilation and length contraction without mathematical equations.

+12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), also commonly known as tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), is a diester of phorbol and a potent tumor promoter often employed in biomedical research to activate the signal transduction enzyme protein kinase C (PKC).^[1][2][3] The effects of TPA on PKC result from its similarity to one of the natural activators of classic PKC isoforms, diacylglycerol. TPA is a small molecule drug.

+Terephthalic acid is the organic compound with formula C₆H₄(COOH)₂. This colourless solid is a commodity chemical, used principally as a precursor to the polyester PET, used to make clothing and plastic bottles. Several million tonnes are produced annually. It is one of three isomeric phthalic acids.

+Tissue plasminogen activator (abbreviated tPA or PLAT) is a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots. It is a serine protease (EC 3.4.21.68) found on endothelial cells, the cells that line the blood vessels. As an enzyme, it catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown. Because it works on the clotting system, tPA is used in clinical medicine to treat embolic or thrombotic stroke. Use is contraindicated in hemorrhagic stroke and head trauma.

+Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (abbreviated TPA) is an organic compound with the formula (C₅H₄NCH₂)₃N. This colorless solid is used as a ligand in coordination chemistry.

The ligand is prepared by the alkylation of picolylamine by picolyl chloride:^[1]

2 C₅H₄NCH₂Cl + C₅H₄NCH₂NH₂ → (C₅H₄NCH₂)₃N + 2 HCl

TPA is a tripodal ligand, often used to simulate the coordination environment provided by some proteins.

+A diglyceride, or a diacylglycerol (DAG), is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages. One example, shown on the right, is 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol, which contains side-chains derived from palmitic acid and oleic acid. 

+Croton is an extensive flowering plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, established by Carl Linnaeus in 1737. The plants of this genus were described and introduced to Europeans by Georg Eberhard Rumphius. The common names for this genus are rushfoil and croton, but the latter also refers to Codiaeum variegatum. 

+Triethylaluminium^{[pronunciation?]} (TEA) is an organoaluminium compound. This volatile, colorless liquid is highly pyrophoric, igniting immediately upon exposure to air. It is normally stored in stainless steel containers either as a pure liquid or as a solution in hydrocarbon solvents such as hexane, heptane, or toluene. TEA is mainly used as a co-catalyst in the industrial production of polyethylene and for the production of medium chain alcohols.

+Two-photon absorption (TPA) is the simultaneous absorption of two photons of identical or different frequencies in order to excite a molecule from one state (usually the ground state) to a higher energy electronic state. The energy difference between the involved lower and upper states of the molecule is equal to the sum of the energies of the two photons. Two-photon absorption is a third-order process several orders of magnitude weaker than linear absorption. It differs from linear absorption in that the strength of absorption depends on the square of the light intensity, thus it is a nonlinear optical process.

+Nonlinear optics (NLO) is the branch of optics that describes the behavior of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the dielectric polarization P responds nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light. This nonlinearity is typically only observed at very high light intensities (values of the electric field comparable to interatomic electric fields, typically 10⁸ V/m) such as those provided by pulsed lasers. Above the Schwinger limit, the vacuum itself is expected to become nonlinear. In nonlinear optics, the superposition principle no longer holds.

+A lingual arch is an orthodontic device which connects two molars in the upper or lower dental arch. The lower lingual arch (LLA) has an archwire adapted to the lingual side of the lower teeth. In the upper arch the archwire is usually connecting the two molars passing through the palatal vault, and is commonly referred as "Transpalatal Arch" (TPA).

+Positronium (Ps) is a system consisting of an electron and its anti-particle, a positron, bound together into an "exotic atom". The system is unstable: the two particles annihilate each other to produce twogamma ray photons after an average lifetime of 125 picoseconds or three gamma ray photons after 142 nanoseconds in vacuum, depending on the relative spin states of the positron and electron. The orbit of the two particles and the set of energy levels is similar to that of the hydrogen atom (electron and proton). However, because of the reduced mass, the frequencies associated with the spectral lines are less than half of those of the corresponding hydrogen lines.

+Positronium hydride is a molecule consisting of an atom of positronium, and one of hydrogen. Its formula is PsH. It was predicted to exist in 1951 by A Ore,^[1] and subsequently studied theoretically, but was not observed until 1990. R. Pareja, R. Gonzalez from Madrid trapped positronium in hydrogen laden magnesia crystals. The trap was prepared by Yok Chen from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.^[2] In 1992 it was created in an experiment done by David M. Schrader and F.M. Jacobsen and others at the Aarhus University in Denmark. The researchers made the positronium hydride molecules by firing intense bursts of positrons into methane, which has the highest density of hydrogen atoms.

+An exotic atom is an otherwise normal atom in which one or more sub-atomic particles have been replaced by other particles of the same charge. For example, electrons may be replaced by other negatively charged particles such as muons(muonic atoms) or pions (pionic atoms).^[1][2] Because these substitute particles are usually unstable, exotic atoms typically have very short lifetimes.

+The muon (pron.: /ˈmjuːɒn/; from the Greek letter mu (μ) used to represent it) is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with unitary negative electric charge (−1) and a spin of ¹⁄₂. Together with theelectron, the tau, and the three neutrinos, it is classified as a lepton. As is the case with other leptons, the muon is not believed to have any sub-structure at all (i.e., is not thought to be composed of any simpler particles).

+In quantum mechanics, spin is an intrinsic property of all elementary particles. Fermions, the particles that constitute ordinary matter, have half-integer spin. Spin-½ particles constitute an important subset of such fermions. All known elementary fermions have a spin of ½

+In particle physics, a pion (short for pi meson, denoted with π) is any of three subatomic particles: π0, π+, and π−. Pions are the lightest mesons and they play an important role in explaining the low-energy properties of the strong nuclear force.

+In theoretical physics, Feynman diagrams are pictorial representations of the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles. The scheme is named for its inventor,Nobel Prize-winning American physicist Richard Feynman, and was first introduced in 1948. The interaction of sub-atomic particles can be complex and difficult to understand intuitively, and the Feynman diagrams allow for a simple visualization of what would otherwise be a rather arcane and abstract formula.

+Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from their atomic-scale properties. Thus, solid-state physics forms the theoretical basis of materials science. It also has direct applications, for example in the technology of transistors andsemiconductors.

+Crystallography is the science that examines the arrangement of atoms in solids. The word "crystallography" derives from the Greek words crystallon = cold drop / frozen drop, with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and grapho = write.

+Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. It is also thetechnology of metals: the way in which science is applied to their practical use. Metallurgy is distinguished from the craft of metalworking.

+A semiconductor is a material which has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor such as copper and an insulator such as glass. The conductivity of a semiconductor increases with increasing temperature, behaviour opposite to that of a metal.^[1] Semiconductors can display a range of useful properties such as passing current more easily in one direction than the other. Because the conductive properties of a semiconductor can be modified by controlled addition of impurities or by the application of electrical fields or light, semiconductors are very useful devices for amplification of signals, switching, and energy conversion. Understanding the properties of semiconductors relies on quantum physics to explain the motions of electrons through a lattice of atoms.

+Cherenkov radiation (also spelled Čerenkov) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium. The charged particles polarize the molecules of that medium, which then turn back rapidly to their ground state, emitting radiation in the process. The characteristic blue glow of nuclear reactors is due to Cherenkov radiation. It is named after Russian scientist Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, the 1958 Nobel Prize winner who was the first to detect it experimentally

+The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is an independent agency of the United States government that was established by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, first beginning operations on January 19, 1975. As one of two successor agencies to the United States Atomic Energy Commission, the NRC was charged with overseeing reactor safety and security, reactor licensing and renewal, radioactive material safety, and spent fuel management (storage, security, recycling, and disposal)

+Radioluminescence is the phenomenon by which light is produced in a material by bombardment with ionizing radiation such as beta particles. Radioluminescence is used for emergency exit signs or other applications where light must be produced for long periods without external energy sources. Formerly, radioluminescent paint was used for clock hands and instrument dials allowing them to be read in the dark.

+Beta particles are high-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons emitted by certain types of radioactive nuclei such as potassium-40. The beta particles emitted are a form of ionizing radiationalso known as beta rays. The production of beta particles is termed beta decay. They are designated by the Greek letter beta (β). There are two forms of beta decay, β⁻ and β⁺, which respectively give rise to the electron and the positron.

+Potassium-40 (⁴⁰K) is a radioactive isotope of potassium which has a very long half-life of 1.248×10⁹ years.

+Antineutrinos are the antiparticles of neutrinos, which are neutral particles produced in nuclear beta decay. These are emitted during beta particle emissions, when a neutron turns into a proton. They have a spin of ½, and are part of the lepton family of particles. The antineutrinos observed so far all have right-handed helicity (i.e. only one of the two possible spin states has ever been seen), while the neutrinos are left-handed. Antineutrinos, like neutrinos, interact with other matter only through the gravitational and weak forces, making them very difficult to detect experimentally.

+The Curie (symbol Ci) is a non-SI unit of radioactivity, named after Marie and Pierre Curie.^[1][2] It is defined as

1 Ci = 3.7 × 10¹⁰ decays per second.

While its continued use is discouraged by NIST^[3] and other bodies, the curie is widely used throughout the US government and industry.

One Curie is roughly the activity of 1 gram of the radium isotope ²²⁶Ra, a substance studied by the Curies.

The SI derived unit of radioactivity is the becquerel (Bq), which equates to one decay per second. Therefore:

1 Ci = 3.7 × 10¹⁰ Bq = 37 GBq

and

1 Bq ≅ 2.703 × 10⁻¹¹ Ci

+The becquerel (symbol Bq) (pronounced: 'be-kə-rel) is the SI-derived unit of radioactivity. One Bq is defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. The Bq unit is therefore equivalent to an inverse second, s⁻¹. The becquerel is named after Henri Becquerel, who shared a Nobel Prize with Pierre and Marie Curie in 1903 for their work in discovering radioactivity.

+Luminessence! is an album by pianist Barry Harris recorded in 1967 and released on the Prestige label.

+Luminescence is the first EP from the British electropop band Neon Highwire. It was released on Health Bomber.

+Luminescence is emission of light by a substance not resulting from heat; it is thus a form of cold body radiation. It can be caused by chemical reactions, electrical energy, subatomic motions, or stress on a crystal. This distinguishes luminescence from incandescence, which is light emitted by a substance as a result of heating. Historically, radioactivity was thought of as a form of "radio-luminescence", although it is today considered to be separate since it involves more than electromagnetic radiation. The term 'luminescence' was introduced in 1888 by Eilhard Wiedemann.

+Chemiluminescence (sometimes "chemoluminescence") is the emission of light (luminescence), as the result of a chemical reaction. There may also be limited emission of heat. Givenreactants A and B, with an excited intermediate ◊,

[A] + [B] → [◊] → [Products] + light

For example, if [A] is luminol and [B] is hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a suitable catalyst we have:

luminol + H₂O₂ → 3-APA[◊] → 3-APA + light

where:

• where 3-APA is 3-aminophthalate
• 3-APA[◊] is the vibronic excited state fluorescing as it decays to a lower energy level.

+A reagent (pron.: /riˈeɪdʒənt/) is a "substance or compound that is added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction, or added to see if a reaction occurs."^[1] Although the terms reactant and reagent are often used interchangeably, a reactant is more specifically a "substance that is consumed in the course of a chemical reaction".

+Vibronic spectra involve simultaneous changes in the vibrational and electronic energy states of a molecule. In the gas phase vibronic transitions are accompanied by changes in rotational energy also. Vibronic spectra of diatomic molecules have been analysed in detail;^[1] emission spectra are more complicated than absorption spectra.

The following tables list molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium, grouped by the number of component atoms. If there is no entry in the Molecule column, only the ionized form has been detected. For molecules where no designation was given in the scientific literature, that field is left empty. Mass is given in Atomic mass units. The total number of unique species, including distinct ionization states, is listed in parentheses in each section header.

Carbon monoxide is frequently used to trace the distribution of mass in molecular clouds.^[7]

Diatomic (42) [edit]

 

Molecule	Designation	Mass	Ions
AlCl	Aluminium monochloride[8][9]	62.5	—
AlF	Aluminium monofluoride[8][10]	46	—
AlO	Aluminium monoxide[11]	43	—
C2	Diatomic carbon[12][13]	24	—
—	Fluoromethylidynium	31	CF+[14]
CH	Methylidyne radical[15]	13	CH+[16]
CN	Cyanogen radical[8][15][17][18]	26	CN+,[19] CN-[20]
CO	Carbon monoxide[8]	28	CO+[21]
CP	Carbon monophosphide[18]	43	—
CS	Carbon monosulfide[8]	44	—
FeO	Iron(II) oxide[22]	82	—
H2	Molecular hydrogen[23]	2	—
HCl	Hydrogen chloride[24]	36.5	HCl+[25]
HF	Hydrogen fluoride[26]	20	—
HO	Hydroxyl radical[8]	17	OH+[27]
KCl	Potassium chloride[8][9]	75.5	—
NH	Nitrogen monohydride[28][29]	15	—
N2	Molecular nitrogen[30][31]	28	—
NO	Nitric oxide[32]	30	NO+[19]
NS	Nitrogen sulfide[8]	46	—
NaCl	Sodium chloride[8][9]	58.5	—
—	Magnesium monohydride cation	25.3	MgH+[19]
NaI	Sodium iodide[33]	150	—
O2	Molecular oxygen[34]	32	—
PN	Phosphorus nitride[35]	45	—
PO	Phosphorus monoxide[36]	47	—
SH	Sulfur monohydride[37]	33	SH+[38]
SO	Sulfur monoxide[8]	48	SO+[16]
SiC	Carborundum[8][39]	40	—
SiN	Silicon mononitride[8]	42	—
SiO	Silicon monoxide[8]	44	—
SiS	Silicon monosulfide[8]	60	—
TiO	Titanium oxide[40]	63.9	—

 

The H₃⁺ cation is one of the most abundant ions in the universe. It was first detected in 1993.^[3][41]

Triatomic (41) [edit]

 

Molecule	Designation	Mass	Ions
AlNC	Aluminium isocyanide[8]	53	—
AlOH	Aluminium hydroxide[42]	44	—
C3	Tricarbon[13]	36	—
C2H	Ethynyl radical[8][17]	25	—
C2O	Dicarbon monoxide[43]	40	—
C2S	Thioxoethenylidene[44]	56	—
C2P	—[45]	55	—
CO2	Carbon dioxide[46]	44	—
FeCN	Iron cyanide[47]	82	—
—	Protonated molecular hydrogen	3	H3+[3][41]
H2C	Methylene radical[12]	14	—
—	Chloronium	37.5	H2Cl+[48]
H2O	Water[49]	18	H2O+[50]
HO2	Hydroperoxyl[51]	33	—
H2S	Hydrogen sulfide[8]	34	—
HCN	Hydrogen cyanide[8][17][52]	27	—
HNC	Hydrogen isocyanide[53]	27	—
HCO	Formyl radical[54]	29	HCO+[16][54][55]
HCP	Phosphaethyne[56]	44	—
—	Thioformyl	45	HCS+[16][55]
HNC	Hydrogen isocyanide[57]	27	—
—	Diazenylium	29	HN2+[55]
HNO	Nitroxyl[58]	31	—
—	Isoformyl	29	HOC+[17]
KCN	Potassium cyanide[8]	65	—
MgCN	Magnesium cyanide[8]	50	—
MgNC	Magnesium isocyanide[8]	50	—
NH2	Amino radical[59]	16	—
—	—	29	N2H+[16][60]
N2O	Nitrous oxide[61]	44	—
NaCN	Sodium cyanide[8]	49	—
NaOH	Sodium hydroxide[62]	40	—
OCS	Carbonyl sulfide[63]	60	—
O3	Ozone[64]	48	—
SO2	Sulfur dioxide[8][65]	64	—
c-SiC2	c-Silicon dicarbide[8][39]	52	—
SiCN	Silicon carbonitride[66]	54	—
SiNC	Silicon naphthalocyanine[67]	54	—
TiO2	Titanium dioxide[40]	79.9	—

 

Formaldehyde is an organic molecule that is widely distributed in the interstellar medium.^[68]

Four atoms (25) [edit]

 

Molecule	Designation	Mass	Ions
CH3	Methyl radical[69]	15	—
l-C3H	Propynylidyne[8][70]	37	l-C3H+[71]
c-C3H	Cyclopropynylidyne[72]	37	—
C3N	Cyanoethynyl[12]	50	C3N−[45]
C3O	Tricarbon monoxide[70]	52	—
C3S	Tricarbon sulfide[8][44]	68	—
—	Hydronium	19	H3O+[73]
C2H2	Acetylene[74]	26	—
H2CN	methylene amidogen[75]	28	H2CN+[16]
H2CO	Formaldehyde[76]	30	—
H2CS	Thioformaldehyde[77]	46	—
HCCN	—[78]	39	—
—	Protonated hydrogen cyanide	28	HCNH+[55]
—	Protonated carbon dioxide	45	HOCO+[79]
HCNO	Fulminic acid[80]	43	—
HOCN	Cyanic acid[81]	43	—
HOOH	Hydrogen peroxide[82]	34	—
HNCO	Isocyanic acid[65]	43	—
HNCS	Isothiocyanic acid[83]	59	—
NH3	Ammonia[8][84]	17	—
HSCN	Thiocyanic acid[85]	59	—
SiC3	Silicon tricarbide[8]	64	—

 

Methane, the primary component ofnatural gas, has also been detected oncomets and in the atmosphere of severalplanets in the Solar System.^[86]

Five atoms (19) [edit]

 

Molecule	Designation	Mass	Ions
C5	—[13]	60	—
CH4	Methane[28][74]	16	—
CH3O	Methoxy radical[87]	31	—
c-C3H2	Cyclopropenylidene[17][88][89]	38	—
l-H2C3	Propadienylidene[89]	38	—
H2CCN	Cyanomethyl[79]	40	—
H2C2O	Ketene[65]	42	—
H2CNH	Methylenimine[90]	29	—
HNCNH	Carbodiimide[91]	42	—
—	Protonated formaldehyde	31	H2COH+[92]
C4H	Butadiynyl[8]	49	C4H–[93]
HC3N	Cyanoacetylene[8][17][55][89][94]	51	—
HCC-NC	Isocyanoacetylene[95]	51	—
HCOOH	Formic acid[89]	46	—
NH2CN	Cyanamide[96]	42	—
HC(O)CN	Cyanoformaldehyde[97]	55	—
SiC4	Silicon-carbide cluster[39]	92	—
SiH4	Silane[98]	32	—

 

In the ISM, formamide (above) can combine with methylene to formacetamide.^[99]

Six atoms (15) [edit]

 

Molecule	Designation	Mass	Ions
c-H2C3O	Cyclopropenone[99]	54	—
E-HNCHCN	E-Cyanomethanimine[100]	54	—
C2H4	Ethylene[74]	28	—
CH3CN	Acetonitrile[65][101]	40	—
CH3NC	Methyl isocyanide[101]	40	—
CH3OH	Methanol[65]	32	—
CH3SH	Methanethiol[83]	48	—
l-H2C4	Diacetylene[8][102]	50	—
—	Protonated cyanoacetylene	52	HC3NH+[55]
HCONH2	Formamide[99]	44	—
C5H	Pentynylidyne[8][44]	61	—
C5N	Cyanobutadiynyl[103]	74	—
HC2CHO	Propynal[104]	54	—
HC4N	—[8]	63	—
CH2CNH	Ketenimine[88]	40	—

 

Acetaldehyde (above) and its isomersvinyl alcohol and ethylene oxide have all been detected in interstellar space.^[105]

Seven atoms (9) [edit]

 

Molecule	Designation	Mass	Ions
c-C2H4O	Ethylene oxide[106]	44	—
CH3C2H	Methylacetylene[17]	40	—
H3CNH2	Methylamine[107]	31	—
CH2CHCN	Acrylonitrile[65][101]	53	—
H2CHCOH	Vinyl alcohol[105]	44	—
C6H	Hexatriynyl[8][44]	73	C6H–[89][108]
HC4CN	Cyanodiacetylene[65][94][101]	75	—
CH3CHO	Acetaldehyde[8][106]	44	—

 

The radio signature of acetic acid, a compound found in vinegar, was confirmed in 1997.^[109]

Eight atoms (10) [edit]

 

Molecule	Designation	Mass
H3CC2CN	Methylcyanoacetylene[110]	65
H2COHCHO	Glycolaldehyde[111]	60
HCOOCH3	Methyl formate[65][89][111]	60
CH3COOH	Acetic acid[109]	60
H2C6	Hexapentaenylidene[8][102]	74
CH2CHCHO	Propenal[88]	56
CH2CCHCN	Cyanoallene[88][110]	65
CH3CHNH	Ethanimine[112]	43
C7H	Heptatrienyl radical[113]	85
NH2CH2CN	Aminoacetonitrile[114]	56

 

Nine atoms (9) [edit]

 

Molecule	Designation	Mass	Ions
CH3C4H	Methyldiacetylene[115]	64	—
CH3OCH3	Dimethyl Ether[116]	46	—
CH3CH2CN	Propionitrile[8][65][89][101]	55	—
CH3CONH2	Acetamide[88][99]	59	—
CH3CH2OH	Ethyl Alcohol[117]	46	—
C8H	Octatetraynyl[118]	97	C8H–[119]
HC7N	Cyanohexatriyne orCyanotriacetylene[8][84][120][121]	99	—
CH3CHCH2	Propylene (propene)[122]	42	—

 

A number of polyyne-derived chemicals are among the heaviest molecules found in the interstellar medium.

Ten or more atoms (16) [edit]

 

Atoms	Molecule	Designation	Mass	Ions
10	(CH3)2CO	Acetone[65][123]	58	—
10	(CH2OH)2	Ethylene glycol[124][125]	62	—
10	CH3CH2CHO	Propanal[88]	58	—
10	CH3C5N	Methyl-cyano-diacetylene[88]	89	—
11	HC8CN	Cyanotetra-acetylene[8][120]	123	—
11	C2H5OCHO	Ethyl formate[126]	74	—
11	CH3C6H	Methyltriacetylene[88][115]	88	—
11	H3COC2H5	trans-Ethyl methyl ether[127][127]	60	—
12	C6H6	Benzene[102]	78	—
12	C3H7CN	n-propyl cyanide[126]	69	—
13	HC10CN	Cyanodecapentayne[120]	147	—
13	HC11N	Cyanopentaacetylene[120]	159	—
24	C14H10	Anthracene[128]	178	—
60	C60	Buckminsterfullerene[129]	720	C60+[130][131]
70	C70	70-fullerene[129]	840	—

 

These molecules all contain one or more deuterium atoms, a heavier isotope of hydrogen.

 

Atoms	Molecule	Designation
2	HD	Deuterated molecular hydrogen[132][133]
3	H2D+, HD2+	Trihydrogen cation[132][133]
3	HDO, D2O	Heavy water[134][135]
3	DCN	Hydrogen cyanide[136]
3	DCO	Formyl radical[136]
3	DNC	Hydrogen isocyanide[136]
3	N2D+	—[136]
4	NH2D, NHD2, ND3	Ammonia[133][137][138]
4	HDCO, D2CO	Formaldehyde[133][139]
7	CH2DCCH, CH3CCD	Methylacetylene[140][141]

 

Evidence for the existence of the following molecules has been reported in scientific literature, but they have not yet been confirmed.

 

Atoms	Molecule	Designation
2	SiH	Silylidine[53]
4	PH3	Phosphine[142]
10	H2NH2CCOOH	Glycine[17][143]
12	CO(CH2OH)2	Dihydroxyacetone[144]
12	C2H5OCH3	Ethyl methyl ether[145]
18	C10H8+	Naphthalene cation[146]
24	C24	Graphene[147]

 

 

+Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygen-oxygen single bond). It is also a strong oxidizer. Hydrogen peroxide is a clear liquid, slightly more viscous than water. In dilute solution, it appears colorless. Due to its oxidizing properties, hydrogen peroxide is often used as a bleach or cleaning agent. The oxidizing capacity of hydrogen peroxide is so strong that it is considered a highly reactive oxygen species. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide, or 'high-test peroxide', is therefore used as a propellant in rocketry.

+Luminol (C₈H₇N₃O₂) is a versatile chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a striking blue glow, when mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent. Luminol is a white-to-pale-yellow crystalline solid that is soluble in most polar organic solvents but is insoluble in water.

+Hemoglobin (pron.: /hiːməˈɡloʊbɪn/; also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates^[1] (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae^[2]) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.

+A transient lunar phenomenon (TLP), or lunar transient phenomenon (LTP), is a short-lived light, color, or change in appearance on the lunar surface. Claims of short-lived lunar phenomena go back at least 1,000 years, with some having been observed independently by multiple witnesses or reputable scientists. Nevertheless, the majority of transient lunar phenomenon reports are irreproducible and do not possess adequate control experiments that could be used to distinguish among alternative hypotheses to explain their origins. Thus, few reports concerning these phenomena are ever published in peer reviewed scientific journals, and the lunar scientific community rarely discusses these observations. Most lunar scientists will acknowledge that transient events such as outgassing and impact cratering do occur over geologic time: the controversy lies in the frequency of such events. The term was created by Patrick Moore during his co-authoring of NASA Technical Report R-277 Chronological Catalog of Reported Lunar Events, published in 1968.

+Ēostre or Ostara (Northumbrian Old English: Ēostre; West Saxon Old English: Ēastre; Old High German: *Ôstara) is a goddess in Germanic paganism who, by way of the Germanic month bearing her name (Northumbrian: Ēosturmōnaþ; West Saxon: Ēastermōnaþ; Old High German: Ôstarmânoth), is the namesake of the festival of Easter.

+Hydrogenated starch hydrolysate (HSH) is a mixture of several sugar alcohols (a type of sugar substitute). Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates were developed by a Swedish company^[who?] in the 1960s. In the United States, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are provided by three manufacturers.

+Infrasound, sometimes referred to as low-frequency sound, is sound that is lower in frequency than 20 Hz (Hertz) or cycles per second, the "normal" limit of human hearing. Hearing becomes gradually less sensitive as frequency decreases, so for humans to perceive infrasound, the sound pressure must be sufficiently high. The ear is the primary organ for sensing infrasound, but at higher intensities it is possible to feel infrasound vibrations in various parts of the body.

+Martin Bormann (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945) was a prominent Nazi official. He became head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and private secretary to Adolf Hitler. He was almost always at hisFührer′s side. Hitler typically did not issue written orders, but gave them orally at meetings or in phone conversations; he also had Bormann convey orders.^[1] He gained Hitler's trust and derived immense power within the Third Reich by using his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler.^[2] Bormann earned many enemies, including Heinrich Himmler.

+SS-Gruppenführer Hans Baur (19 June 1897 – 17 February 1993) was the Nazi German leader Adolf Hitler's pilot during his political campaigns of the 1920s and 1930s. He later became Hitler's personal pilot and leader of the Reichsregierung squadron.^[1] Captured by the Soviets at the end of World War II in Europe, he endured ten years of imprisonment in the USSR before being released on 10 October 1955 to the French, who then imprisoned him until 1957. He died in Herrsching, Bavaria in 1993.

+Artur Axmann (18 February 1913 – 24 October 1996) was the German Nazi leader of the Hitler Youth (Reichsjugendführer) from 1940 to the war's end in 1945. He was the last living Nazi with a rank equivalent to Reichsführer.

+Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II social or political movements seeking to revive Nazism.^[1][2][3][4] The term neo-Nazism can also refer to the ideology of these movements.

+Julius Robert Oppenheimer^{[note 1]} (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967)^[1] was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. Along with Enrico Fermi,^[2][3] he is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons.^[4] The first atomic bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in the Trinity test in New Mexico; Oppenheimer remarked later that it brought to mind words from the Bhagavad Gita: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds."

+The Directorate of General Security (DGS) also called Internal State Security, secret police^[1] or some variation thereof (Arabic: al-Amn al-‘Amm or simply Amn‎) was a domestic Iraqiintelligence agency.

+The Iraqi Directorate of General Military Intelligence (DGMI) (Arabic: Mudiriyyat al-Istikhabarat al-'Askariyya al-'Amma‎) was the military intelligence service of Iraq from 1932^[1] to 2003.

+GRU or Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye is the foreign military intelligence main directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (formerly the Soviet ArmyGeneral Staff of the Soviet Union). "GRU" is the English transliteration of the Russian acronym ГРУ, which stands for "Главное Разведывательное Управление", meaning Main Intelligence Directorate. The official full name translation is Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It is also known as GRU GSh (short forGRU Generalnovo Shtaba, or ГРУ Генерального штаба, i.e. "GRU of the General Staff").

+The Committee for State Security (Bulgarian: Комитет за държавна сигурност, Komitet za darzhavna sigurnost; abbreviated КДС, CSS), popularly known as State Security (Държавна сигурност, Darzhavna sigurnost; abbrievated ДС) was the name of the Bulgarian secret service during the Communist rule of Bulgaria and the Cold War (until 1989).

+A delta wave is a high amplitude brain wave with a frequency of oscillation between 0–4 hertz. Delta waves, like other brain waves, are recorded with anelectroencephalogram^[1] (EEG) and are usually associated with the deepest stages of sleep (3 NREM), also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS), and aid in characterizing the depth of sleep.

+The theta rhythm is an oscillatory pattern in EEG signals recorded either from inside the brain or from electrodes glued to the scalp. Two types of theta rhythm have been described. The "hippocampal theta rhythm" is a strong oscillation that can be observed in the hippocampus and other brain structures in numerous species of mammalsincluding rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, bats, and marsupials. "Cortical theta rhythms" are low-frequency components of scalp EEG, usually recorded from humans.

+An electroencephalophone or encephalophone is an experimental musical instrument or diagnostic tool which uses brain waves (measured in the same way as anEEG) to generate or modulate sounds.

+Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain.^[1] In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a short period of time, usually 20–40 minutes, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. 

+An epileptic seizure (colloquially a fit) is a transient symptom of "abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain".^[1] The outward effect can be as dramatic as a wild thrashing movement (tonic-clonic seizure) or as mild as a brief loss of awareness (absence seizure). It can manifest as an alteration in mental state, tonic or clonic movements, convulsions, and various other psychic symptoms (such as déjà vu or jamais vu). Sometimes it is not accompanied by convulsions but a full body "slump", where the person simply will lose body control and slump to the ground.

+The Finnish sauna (pronounced 'Sow-na') is a substantial part of Finnish culture. There are five million inhabitants and over two million saunas in Finland - an average of one per household.^[1] For Finnish people the sauna is a place to relax with friends and family, and a place for physical and mental relaxation as well. Finns think of saunas not as a luxury, but as a necessity. Before the rise of public health care and nursery facilities, almost all Finnish mothers gave birth in saunas.

+Piggly Wiggly is a supermarket chain operating in the Midwestern and Southern regions of the United States, run by Piggly Wiggly, LLC, an affiliate of C&S Wholesale Grocers.^[1] The current company headquarters is in Keene, New Hampshire.^[2] Presently, more than 600 independently owned Piggly Wiggly stores operate in 17 states, primarily in smaller cities and towns.

+Vespa (Italian pronunciation: [ˈvɛspa]) is an Italian brand of scooter manufactured by Piaggio. The name means wasp in Italian. The Vespa has evolved from a single model motor scooter manufactured in 1946 by Piaggio & Co. S.p.A. of Pontedera, Italy—to a full line of scooters and one of seven companies today owned by Piaggio.

+Ratchet & Clank is a series of platform video games. The franchise was created and developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for many differentPlayStation consoles, such as PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 with the exclusion of Size Matters and Secret Agent Clank, which were developed by High Impact Games for the PlayStation Portable. 

+Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. By an extension, the term "etymology (of a word)" means the origin of a particular word.

+Hendrik Willem van Loon (January 14, 1882 – March 11, 1944) was a Dutch-American historian and journalist.

+Richard Milton Hollingshead, Jr. (February 25, 1900 - May 13, 1975) was the inventor of the drive-in theater. In the early 1930s, he was working as a sales manager in his father's auto parts company, Whiz Auto Products. According to one story, his mother was a large woman who was uncomfortable sitting in a regular movie theater.^[1] So he began experimenting at his home in Camden, New Jersey, using his car, a 1928 Kodak movie projector, and two sheets nailed between two trees for a screen.

+Harold Lincoln Gray (January 20, 1894 – May 9, 1968) was an American cartoonist, best known as the creator of the newspaper comic strip Little Orphan Annie. He is considered to be the first American cartoonist to use a comic strip to express a political philosophy.

+Little Orphan Annie is a daily American comic strip created by Harold Gray (1894–1968) and syndicated by Tribune Media Services. The strip took its name from the 1885 poem "Little Orphant Annie" byJames Whitcomb Riley, and made its debut on August 5, 1924 in the New York Daily News. It ranked number one in popularity in a Fortune poll in 1937.

+Studebaker /ˈstjuːdəbeɪkər/ stew-də-bay-kər Corporation was a United States wagon and automobile manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana. Founded in 1852 and incorporated in 1868^[1] under the name of the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company, the company was originally a producer of wagons for farmers, miners, and the military.

+A composite number is a positive integer that has at least one positive divisor other than one or itself. In other words a composite number is any positive integer greater than one that is not a prime number.             4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140.

+In mathematics, a square-free, or quadratfrei, integer is one divisible by no perfect square, except 1. For example, 10 is square-free but 18 is not, as it is divisible by 9 = 3². The smallest positive square-free numbers are

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39

+In mathematics, a semiprime (also called biprime or 2-almost prime, or pq number) is a natural number that is the product of two (not necessarily distinct) prime numbers. The first few semiprimes are 4, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 21, 22, 25, 26

+In number theory, a sphenic number (from Ancient Greek: σφήνα, 'wedge') is a positive integer that is the product of three distinct prime numbers. Note that this definition is more stringent than simply requiring the integer to have exactly three prime factors; e.g. 60 = 2² × 3 × 5 has exactly 3 prime factors, but is not sphenic. All sphenic numbers have exactly eight divisors. If we express the sphenic number as , where p, q, and r are distinct primes, then the set of divisors of n will be:

 

+The Bugaloos was an American children's television series, produced by brothers Sidney Krofft and Martin Krofft, airing on NBC on Saturday mornings from 1970 to 1972. The show featured a musical group composed of four British-accented teenagers, who lived in fictional Tranquility Forest. 

+The bugle is one of the simplest brass instruments, having no valves or other pitch-altering devices. All pitch control is done by varying the player's embouchure. Consequently, the bugle is limited to noteswithin the harmonic series. See bugle call for scores to standard bugle calls, all consisting of only five notes. These notes are known as the bugle scale.

+Bulova is a luxury manufacturer company of watches and clocks. It has its headquarters in Woodside, Queens, New York City.

+An electromagnetic pulse (commonly abbreviated and pronounced EMP) is a burst of electromagnetic radiation. The abrupt pulse of electromagnetic radiation usually results from certain types of high-energy explosions, especially a nuclear explosion, or from a suddenly fluctuating magnetic field. The resulting rapidly changing electric fields and magnetic fields may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges.

+In the early 1980s, a number of articles on nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) in the popular press spread knowledge of the EMP phenomenon into the popular culture.^[1][2][3][4]  EMP has been subsequently used in a wide variety of fiction and other aspects of popular culture. Typically in motion picture or electronic entertainment, the effects of an EMP are incorrectly shown as temporary.

+An electromagnetic pump is a pump that moves liquid metal (or any electrically conductive liquid) using electromagnetism. A magnetic field is set at right angles to the direction the liquid moves in, and a current is passed through it. This causes an electromagnetic force that moves the liquid.

+Molten salt refers to a salt, which is normally a solid at standard temperature and pressure (STP), being in the liquid phase due to elevated temperature. A salt that is normally liquid even at STP is usually called a room temperature ionic liquid, although technically molten salts are a class of ionic liquids.

+Ferritic nitrocarburizing is a range of case hardening processes that diffuse nitrogen and carbon into ferrous metals at sub-critical temperatures. The processing temperature ranges from 525 °C (977 °F) to 625 °C (1,157 °F), but usually occurs at565 °C (1,049 °F). At this temperature steels and other ferrous alloys are still in a ferritic phase, which is advantageous compared to other case hardening processes that occur in the austentic phase.

+Pyroprocessing (from Greek Πυρος = fire) is a process in which materials are subjected to high temperatures (typically over 800°C) in order to bring about a chemical or physical change. Pyroprocessing includes such terms as ore-roasting, calcinationand sintering. Equipment for pyroprocessing includes kilns, electric arc furnaces and reverberatory furnaces.

+Calcination (also referred to as calcining) is a thermal treatment process in absence of air applied to ores and other solid materials to bring about a thermal decomposition, phase transition, or removal of a volatile fraction. The calcination process normally takes place at temperatures below the melting point of the product materials. Calcination is not the same process as roasting. In roasting, more complex gas–solid reactions take place between the furnace atmosphere and the solids.

+Gypsum is a very soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO₄·2H₂O.^[3] It can be used as a fertilizer, is the main constituent in many forms of plaster and is widely mined. A very fine-grained white or lightly tinted variety of gypsum, called alabaster, has been used for sculpture by many cultures including Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Nottingham alabasters of medieval England. 

+Sintering is a method used to create objects from powders. It is based on atomic diffusion. Diffusion occurs in any material above absolute zero, but it occurs much faster at higher temperatures. In most sintering processes, the powdered material is held in a mold and then heated to a temperature below the melting point. The atoms in the powder particles diffuse across the boundaries of the particles, fusing the particles together and creating one solid piece. 

+Roasting is a step of the processing of certain ores. More specifically, roasting is a metallurgical process involving gas–solid reactions at elevated temperatures with the goal of purifying the metal component(s). Often before roasting, the ore has already been partially purified, e.g. by froth floatation.

+Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys.

+Georgius Agricola (24 March 1494 – 21 November 1555) was a German scholar and scientist. Known as "the father of mineralogy", he was born at Glauchau in Saxony. 

+Petroleum coke (often abbreviated Pet coke or petcoke) is a carbonaceous solid derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes.

+A coker or coker unit is an oil refinery processing unit that converts the residual oil from the vacuum distillation column or the atmospheric distillation column into low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases, naphtha, light and heavy gas oils, andpetroleum coke.

+Martempering is a heat treatment for steel involving austenitisation followed by step quenching, at a rate fast enough to avoid the formation of ferrite, pearlite or bainite to a temperature slightly above the martensite start (Ms) point.

+Austenite, also known as gamma phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron, with an alloying element.

+Annealing, in metallurgy and materials science, is a heat treatment that alters a material to increase its ductility and to make it more workable. 

+Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) is a form of energy emitted and absorbed by charged particles which exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space. EMR has both electric and magnetic field components, which stand in a fixed ratio of intensity to each other, and which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy and wave propagation.

+Barbital (as known in the United States) or barbitone (as known elsewhere), marketed under the brand names Veronal for the pure acid and Medinal for the sodium salt, was the first commercially available barbiturate. It was used as a sleeping aid (hypnotic) from 1903 until the mid-1950s.

+Hypnotic (also called soporific) drugs are a class of psychoactives whose primary function is to induce sleep^[1] and to be used in the treatment of insomnia, and in surgical anesthesia. 

+In plant systematics Epidendroideae is a subfamily of the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Epidendroideae is larger than all the other orchid subfamilies together, comprising more than 15,000 species in 576genera.

+Epigraphy (from the Greek: ἐπιγραφή epi-graphē, literally "on-writing", "inscription"^[1]) is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing; it is the science of identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers. Specifically excluded from epigraphy are the historical significance of an epigraph as a document and the artistic value of a literary composition.

+The Rosetta Stone is an ancient Egyptian granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences between them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

+Ptolemy V Epiphanes (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Ἐπιφανής, Ptolemaĩos Epiphanḗs, reigned 204–181 BC), son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoe III of Egypt, was the fifth ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty. He became ruler at the age of five, and under a series of regents the kingdom was paralyzed.

+Epilobium hirsutum is a flowering plant belonging to the willowherb genus Epilobium in the family Onagraceae. It is commonly known as the great willowherb, great hairy willowherb or hairy willowherb. Local names include codlins-and-cream, apple-pie and cherry-pie.

+Eppie Archuleta was born January 6, 1922, in Santa Cruz, New Mexico. She was raised in Medanales, New Mexico, where her mother's family had lived for more than four generations. Her mother, Agueda Martínez, was a weaver, practicing the traditional craft she had learned from her own mother. Archuleta's father was a schoolteacher before he became the postmaster in Medenales. He also was a weaver. After Agueda married, her husband taught her some of his native Chimayó styles and techniques.

+Chamerion angustifolium, commonly known as Fireweed (mainly in North America), Great Willow-herb (some parts of Canada),^[1] or Rosebay Willowherb (mainly in Britain), is a perennial herbaceousplant in the willowherb family Onagraceae.

+Melatonin ⁱ/ˌmɛləˈtoʊnɪn/, is also known chemically as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine,^[1] is a naturally occurring compound found in animals, plants, and microbes.^[2][3] In animals, circulating levels of the hormone melatonin vary in a daily cycle, thereby allowing the entrainment of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions.

+Build to order (BTO) and sometimes referred to as make to order (MTO), is a production approach where products are not built until a confirmed order for products is received. BTO is the oldest style of order fulfillment and is the most appropriate approach used for highly customized or low volume products.

+Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), also known as intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS), are network security appliances that monitor network and/or system activities for malicious activity. The main functions of intrusion prevention systems are to identify malicious activity, log information about this activity, attempt to block/stop it, and report it. 

+Charles "Chuck" Wepner (born February 26, 1939) is a former heavyweight boxer from Bayonne, New Jersey.^[1][2] As a tough journeyman boxer he went 15 rounds with world heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali in a 1975 fight. Wepner claimed that he was the inspiration for the movie Rocky, and his claim was confirmed by the film's screenwriter, Sylvester Stallone, on an episode of Inside the Actor's Studio.

+The British Boy Scouts and British Girl Scouts Association (BBS & BGS Association; also known as The Brotherhood of British Scouts) is an early Scouting organisation, having begun as theBattersea Boy Scouts in 1908.^[1] The organization was renamed as the British Boy Scouts and launched as a national organization on 24 May 1909.

+Chumming (American English from Powhatan^[1]) is the practice of luring animals, usually fish or sharks, by throwing "chum" into the water. Chum often consists of fish parts and blood, which attract fish, particularly sharks owing to their keen sense of smell.

+Operation Dragoon was the Allied invasion of southern France on 15 August 1944, during World War II. The invasion was initiated via a parachute drop by the 1st Airborne Task Force, followed by an amphibious assault by elements of the U.S. Seventh Army, followed a day later by a force made up primarily of the French First Army.

+Operation Weserübung was the code name for Germany's assault on Denmark and Norway during the Second World War and the opening operation of the Norwegian Campaign. The name comes from the German for Operation Weser-Exercise (Unternehmen Weserübung), the Weser being a German river.

+The double-slit experiment, sometimes called Young's experiment (after Young's interference experiment), is a demonstration that matter and energy can display characteristics of both waves and particles, and demonstrates the fundamentally probabilistic nature of quantum mechanical phenomena.

+In optics, corpuscular theory of light, originally set forward by Pierre Gassendi, states that light is made up of small discrete particles called "corpuscles" (little particles) which travel in a straight line with a finite velocity and possess kinetic energy.

+Corpuscularianism is a physical theory that supposed all matter to be composed of minute particles, which became important in the seventeenth century. Among the leading corpuscularians were Pierre Gassendi, Robert Boyle, and John Locke.

+In physics, coherence is an ideal property of waves that enables stationary (i.e. temporally and spatially constant) interference. It contains several distinct concepts, which are limit cases that never occur in reality but allow an understanding of the physics of waves, and has become a very important concept in quantum physics.

+Anton Zeilinger (born on 20 May 1945) is an Austrian quantum physicist. He is currently professor of physics at the University of Vienna, previously University of Innsbruck. He is also the director of the Vienna branch of the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information IQOQI at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and director of the International Academy Traunkirchen.

+Quantum teleportation, or entanglement-assisted teleportation, is a process by which a qubit (the basic unit of quantum information) can be transmitted exactly (in principle) from one location to another, without the qubit being transmitted through the intervening space. It is useful for quantum information processing. 

,

+In quantum computing, a qubit (pron.: /ˈkjuːbɪt/) or quantum bit is a unit of quantum information—the quantum analogue of the classical bit.

+The Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) (German: Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation) is a child institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and was founded in November 2003. The institute, with sites in Innsbruck and Vienna, is dedicated to fundamental research in quantum optics and quantum information, both theoretical and experimental.

+The Institute for Quantum Computing, or IQC, located in Waterloo, Ontario, is an affiliate scientific research institute of the University of Waterloo with a multidisciplinary approach to the field of quantum information processing. IQC was founded in 2002.^[1] It is currently located in the Research Advancement Centre at the University of Waterloo and is in the process of moving to Mike & Ophelia Lazaridis Quantum-Nano Centre.

+Superluminal communication is the hypothetical process by which one might send information at faster-than-light (FTL) speeds.

Some theories and experiments include:

• Group velocity > c experiments
• Evanescent wave coupling
• Tachyons
• Quantum nonlocality

+Faster-than-light (also superluminal or FTL) communications and travel refer to the propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light. Under the special theory of relativity, a particle (that has rest mass) with subluminal velocity needs infinite energy to accelerate to the speed of light, although special relativity does not forbid the existence of particles that travel faster than light at all times (tachyons).

+The Alcubierre drive or Alcubierre metric (See: Metric tensor) is a speculative idea based on a solution of Einstein's field equations as proposed by Miguel Alcubierre, by which a spacecraft could achieve faster-than-light travel if negative mass existed. Rather than exceeding the speed of light within its local frame of reference, a spacecraft would traverse distances by contracting space in front of it and expanding space behind it, resulting in effective faster-than-light travel.

+In 2011, the OPERA experiment mistakenly observed neutrinos appearing to travel faster than light. Even before the mistake was discovered, the result was considered anomalous because speeds higher than that of light in a vacuum are generally thought to violate special relativity, a cornerstone of the modern understanding of physics for over a century.

+In mathematics, a hyperbolic angle is a geometric figure that divides a hyperbola. The science of hyperbolic angle parallels the relation of an ordinary angle to a circle. The hyperbolic angle is first defined for a "standard position", and subsequently as a measure of an interval on a branch of a hyperbola.

+The spectral coherence is a statistic that can be used to examine the relation between two signals or data sets. It is commonly used to estimate the power transfer between input and output of a linear system. If the signals are ergodic, and thesystem function linear, it can be used to estimate the causality between the input and output.

+Sarwan Singh Phillaur is an Indian politician and belongs to the ruling Shiromani Akali Dal. He is Minister for Jails, Tourism, Cultural Affairs and Printing and Stationary in the present Punjab Government.

+Ununoctium is the temporary IUPAC name^[11] for the transactinide element having the atomic number 118 and temporary element symbol Uuo. It is also known as eka-radon or element 118, and on the periodic table of the elements it is a p-block element and the last one of the 7th period. Ununoctium is currently the only synthetic member of Group 18. It has the highest atomic number and highestatomic mass of all the elements discovered so far.

+Professor Dmitri Mendeleev published the first periodic table of the chemical elements in 1869 based on properties which appeared with some regularity as he laid out the elements from lightest to heaviest.^[1] When Mendeleev proposed his periodic table, he noted gaps in the table, and predicted that as-yet-unknown elements existed with properties appropriate to fill those gaps.

+Ununoctium (Uuo) is an artificial element created in particle colliders, and thus a standard atomic mass cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first (and so far only) isotope to be synthesized was ²⁹⁴Uuo in 2006; it has a half-life of 890 microseconds.

+A microsecond is an SI unit of time equal to one millionth (10⁻⁶ or ¹/_1,000,000) of a second. Its symbol is µs. One microsecond is to one second as one second is to 11.574 days.

+A supermassive black hole (SMBH) is the largest type of black hole, on the order of hundreds of thousands to billions of solar masses. Most—and possibly all—galaxies are inferred to contain a supermassive black hole at their centers.^[2][3] In the case of the Milky Way, the SMBH is believed to correspond with the location of Sagittarius A*.

+In astrophysics, spaghettification (sometimes referred to as the noodle effect^[1]) is the vertical stretching and horizontal compression of objects into long thin shapes (rather like spaghetti) in a very strong gravitational field, and is caused by extreme tidal forces.

+The tidal force is a secondary effect of the force of gravity and is responsible for the tides. It arises because the gravitational force exerted by one body on another is not constant across itsdiameter. The side nearest the first body being attracted more strongly than the farthest side. 

+Sagittarius A* (pronounced "Sagittarius A-star", standard abbreviation Sgr A*) is a bright and very compact astronomical radio source at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, near the border of the constellations Sagittarius and Scorpius. It is part of a larger astronomical feature known as Sagittarius A.

+An elliptical galaxy is a galaxy having an approximately ellipsoidal shape and a smooth, nearly featureless brightness profile. They are one of the three main classes of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work The Realm of the Nebulae,^[1] along with spiral and lenticular galaxies. 

+In astrophysics, spaghettification (sometimes referred to as the noodle effect^[1]) is the vertical stretching and horizontal compression of objects into long thin shapes (rather like spaghetti) in a very strong gravitational field, and is caused by extreme tidal forces.

+Fridays is the name of ABC's weekly late-night live comedy show, which aired on Friday nights from April 11, 1980 to April 23, 1982.

+Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE,^[1] (pron.: /ˈpwɑːtjeɪ/ or /ˈpwɑːti.eɪ/; born February 20, 1927) is an American-born Bahamian actor, film director, author, and diplomat.

+Deafblindness is the condition of little or no useful sight and little or no useful hearing.^[1][2] Educationally, individuals are considered to be deafblind when the combination of their hearing and sight loss causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they require significant and unique adaptations in their educational programs. One example is Helen Keller.

+Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author, political activist, and lecturer. She was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1][2] The story of how Keller's teacher, Anne Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate, has become widely known through the dramatic depictions of the play and film The Miracle Worker.

+Magnolia is a large genus of about 210^[1] flowering plant species in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the family Magnoliaceae. It is named after French botanist Pierre Magnol.

+Rachel Chiesley, usually known as Lady Grange (1679–1745), was the wife of Lord Grange, a Scottish lawyer with Jacobite sympathies. After 25 years of marriage and nine children, the Granges separated acrimoniously.

+Women's suffrage also known as woman suffrage^[1] is the right of women to vote and to run for office. Limited voting rights were gained by women in Sweden, Finland and some western U.S. states in the late 19th century.

+In DOS, OS/2, and also Microsoft Windows, batch file is the name given to a type of script file, a text file containing a series of commands to be executed by the command interpreter. A batch file may contain any command the interpreter accepts interactively at the command prompt. A batch file may also have constructs ( IF, GOTO, Labels, CALL, etc.) that enable conditional branching and looping within the batch file.

 

+Barnstorming was a popular form of entertainment in the USA in the 1920s, in which stunt pilots would perform tricks with airplanes, either individually or in groups called a flying circus. Barnstorming was the first major form of civil aviation in the history of flight.^{[citation needed]} The term barnstormer was also applied to pilots who flew throughout the country selling airplane rides, usually operating from a farmer's field for a day or two before moving on. "Barnstorming season" ran from early spring until after the harvest and county fairs in the fall. The term barnstorming comes from an earlier American tradition of rural political campaigns.

+ Chelyabinsk meteor -On 15 February 2013, a small asteroid entered Earth's atmosphere over Russia at about 09:20 YEKT (03:20 UTC) with an estimated speed of 18.6 km/s (over 41,000 mph)—approximately 50 times the speed of sound at that altitude—and quickly became a brilliant superbolide meteor—the Chelyabinsk meteor—over the southern Ural region. The dazzling light of the meteor was brighter than the sun, and bright enough to cast moving shadows during the morning in Chelyabinsk. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics.

+ The brown note is a hypothetical infrasonic frequency that would cause humans to lose control of their bowels due to resonance. Attempts to demonstrate the existence of a "brown note" using sound waves transmitted through air have failed.

+Sonic and ultrasonic weapons (USW) are weapons of various types that use sound to injure, incapacitate, or kill an opponent. Some sonic weapons are currently in limited use or in research and development by military and police forces. Others exist only in the realm of science fiction. Some of these weapons have been described as sonic bullets, sonic grenades, sonic mines, or sonic cannons. Some make a focused beam of sound or ultrasound; some make an area field of sound. 

+ The "God Helmet" refers to an experimental apparatus originally called the "Koren helmet" after its inventor Stanley Koren. It was developed by Koren and neuroscientist Michael Persinger to study creativity and the effects of subtle stimulation of the temporal lobes.^[1] Reports by participants of a "sensed presence" while wearing the God helmet brought public attention and resulted in several TV documentaries.^[2]The device has been used in Persinger's research in the field of neurotheology, the study of the neural correlates of religion and spirituality. 

+A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose flow properties differ in any way from those of Newtonian fluids. Most commonly the viscosity (measure of a fluid's ability to resist gradual deformation by shear or tensile stresses) of non-Newtonian fluids is dependent on shear rate or shear rate history. However, there are some non-Newtonian fluids with shear-independent viscosity, that nonetheless exhibit normal stress-differences or other non-Newtonian behaviour. Many salt solutions and molten polymers are non-Newtonian fluids, as are many commonly found substances such as ketchup, custard, toothpaste, starch suspensions, paint, blood, and shampoo. In a Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is linear, passing through the origin, the constant of proportionality being the coefficient of viscosity. In a non-Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is different, and can even be time-dependent. Therefore, a constant coefficient of viscosity cannot be defined.

+A shear stress, denoted (Greek: tau), is defined as the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section. Shear stress arises from the force vector component parallel to the cross section. Normal stress, on the other hand, arises from the force vector component perpendicular or antiparallel to the material cross section on which it acts.

+In continuum mechanics, a fluid is said to be Newtonian if the viscous stresses that arise from its flow, at every point, are proportional to the local strain rate — the rate of change of its deformation over time.^{[1] [2][3]} That is equivalent to saying that those forces are proportional to the rates of change of the fluid's velocity vector as one moves away from the point in question in various directions.

+Tensors are geometric objects that describe linear relations between vectors, scalars, and other tensors. Elementary examples of such relations include the dot product, the cross product, and linear maps. Vectors and scalars themselves are also tensors. A tensor can be represented as a multi-dimensional array of numerical values. The order (also degree or rank) of a tensor is the dimensionality of the array needed to represent it, or equivalently, the number of indices needed to label a component of that array. For example, a linear map can be represented by a matrix, a 2-dimensional array, and therefore is a 2nd-order tensor. A vector can be represented as a 1-dimensional array and is a 1st-order tensor. Scalars are single numbers and are thus 0th-order tensors.

+In physics, a covariant transformation is a rule (specified below) that specifies how certain entities change under a change of basis. In particular, the term is used for vectors and tensors. The transformation that describes the new basis vectors as a linear combination of the old basis vectors is defined as a covariant transformation. Conventionally, indices identifying the basis vectors are placed as lower indices and so are all entities that transform in the same way. The inverse of a covariant transformation is a contravariant transformation. Since a vector should be invariant under a change of basis, its components must transform according to the contravariant rule. Conventionally, indices identifying the components of a vector are placed as upper indices and so are all indices of entities that transform in the same way. The sum over pairwise matching indices of a product with the same lower and upper indices are invariant under a transformation.

+The election in 1860 for the position of Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford was a hotly contested affair between two rival candidates offering different approaches to Sanskrit scholarship. One was Monier Williams, an Oxford-educated Englishman who had spent 14 years teaching Sanskrit to those preparing to work in British India for the East India Company. The other, Max Müller, was a German-born lecturer at Oxford specialising in comparative philology, the science of language. He had spent many years working on an edition of the Rig Veda (an ancient collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns), and had gained an international reputation for his scholarship. Williams, in contrast, worked on later material and had little time for the "continental" school of Sanskrit scholarship that Müller exemplified. Williams regarded the study of Sanskrit as a means to an end, namely the conversion of India to Christianity. For Müller, his work, while it would assist missionaries, was also valuable as an end in itself.

+Monier Monier-Williams, KCIE (12 November 1819 – 11 April 1899) was the second Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford University, England. He studied, documented and taught Asian languages, and compiled one of the most widely used Sanskrit-English dictionaries.

+The position of Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford was established in 1832 with money bequeathed to the university by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Boden, a retired soldier in the service of the East India Company. He wished the university to establish a Sanskrit professorship to assist in the conversion of the people of British India to Christianity, and his bequest was also used to fund scholarships in Sanskrit at Oxford. The first two professors were elected by Oxford graduates, as the university's statutes provided: Horace Hayman Wilson won by a narrow majority in 1832, and the 1860 election was hotly contested, as the rivals each claimed to be best at fulfilling Boden's intentions and presented different views about the nature and purpose of Sanskrit scholarship. Reforms of Oxford implemented in 1882 removed all mention of Boden's original purpose from the statutes, removed the power to elect the professor from graduates, and gave the holder of the professorship a fellowship at Balliol College, Oxford.

+Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (/ˈtʃɑrlz ˈlʌtwɪdʒ ˈdɒdʒsən/;^[1][2] 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name, Lewis Carroll (/ˈkærəl/), was an English writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky", all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, and fantasy, and there are societies in many parts of the world (including the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and New Zealand^[3]) dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life.

+"Jabberwocky" is a nonsense poem written by Lewis Carroll in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There, a sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The book tells of Alice's adventures within the back-to-front world of a looking glass.

+A neologism (/niːˈɒlədʒɪzəm/; from Greek νέο- (néo-), meaning "new", and λόγος (lógos), meaning "speech, utterance") is a newly coined term, word, or phrase, that may be in the process of entering common use, but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language.^[1] Neologisms are often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event. Νεολεξία (Greek: a "new word", or the act of creating a new word) is a synonym for it. The term neologism is first attested in English in 1772, borrowed from French néologisme (1734).

⁺In linguistics, an idiolect is a variety of language that is unique to a person, as manifested by the patterns of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that he or she uses. Conceptually, the language production of each person, the idiolect, is unique; linguists disagree what underlying knowledge of a language, or of a given dialect, is shared among the speakers.

+Referential indeterminacy is a linguistic term referring to situations in which different people vary in naming objects. For example, William Labov studied this effect using illustrations of different drinking vessels to see what people would label as "cups" and what people would label as "mugs".

+William Labov (/ləˈboʊv/ lə-BOHV;^[1][2] born December 4, 1927) is an American linguist, widely regarded as the founder of the discipline of variationist sociolinguistics.^[3] He has been described as "an enormously original and influential figure who has created much of the methodology" of sociolinguistics.^[4] He is employed as a professor in the linguistics department of the University of Pennsylvania, and pursues research in sociolinguistics, language change, and dialectology.

+Uriel Weinreich (Yiddish: אוריאל ווײַנרײַך‎; 23 May 1926^[1] – 30 March 1967) was a Polish-American linguist.

+Marvin (Mikhl) I. Herzog (September 13, 1927 — June 28, 2013) is a Yiddish language Professor at Columbia University.

+Sonderkommandos were work units of Nazi death camp prisoners, composed almost entirely of Jews, who were forced, on threat of their own deaths, to aid with the disposal of gas chamber victims during The Holocaust. The death-camp Sonderkommando, who were always inmates, should not be confused with the SS-Sonderkommandos which were ad hoc units formed from various SS offices between 1938 through 1945.

+Bunnicula is a children's book series written by James Howe (and his late wife Deborah in the case of "Bunnicula") about a vampire bunny that sucks the juice out of vegetables. It is also the name of the first book in the series, published 1979 (ISBN 0-689-80659-0).

+Insomnia, or sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder in which there is an inability to fall asleep or to stay asleep as long as desired.^[1][2] While the term is sometimes used to describe a disorder demonstrated by polysomnographic evidence of disturbed sleep, insomnia is often practically defined as a positive response to either of two questions: "Do you experience difficulty sleeping?" or "Do you have difficulty falling or staying asleep?"

+Polysomnography (PSG), a type of sleep study, is a multi-parametric test used in the study of sleep and as a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine. The test result is called a polysomnogram, also abbreviated PSG. The name is derived from Greek and Latin roots: the Greek πολύς (polus for "many, much", indicating many channels), the Latin somnus ("sleep"), and the Greek γράφειν (graphein, "to write").

+Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are a family of sleep disorders affecting, among other things, the timing of sleep. People with circadian rhythm sleep disorders are unable to sleep and wake at the times required for normal work, school, and social needs. They are generally able to get enough sleep if allowed to sleep and wake at the times dictated by their body clocks. Unless they also have another sleep disorder, their sleep is of normal quality.

+Gas lighting is production of artificial light from combustion of a gaseous fuel, including hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, propane, butane, acetylene, ethylene, or natural gas. Before electricity became sufficiently widespread and economical to allow for general public use, gas was the most popular means of lighting in cities and suburbs. Early gas lights had to be lit manually, but later gas lights were self-igniting.

+The Boston Strangler is a name attributed to the murderer (or murderers) of 13 women in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, in the early 1960s. Though the crimes were attributed to Albert DeSalvo based upon his confession, details revealed in court during a separate case, as well as DNA evidence linking him to the last murder victim,^[1] parties investigating the crimes have since suggested the murders (sometimes known as "the silk stocking murders") were not committed by one person.

+Albert Henry DeSalvo (September 3, 1931 – November 25, 1973) was a criminal in Boston, Massachusetts, who confessed to being the "Boston Strangler", the murderer of thirteen women in the Boston area. DeSalvo was not imprisoned for these murders, however, but for a series of rapes. His murder confession has been disputed and debate continues as to which crimes DeSalvo had actually committed.

+William H. Bonney (born William Henry McCarty, Jr. c. November 23, 1859^[1] – c. July 14, 1881), better known as Billy the Kid and also known as Henry Antrim, was a 19th-century American gunman who participated in the Lincoln County War and became a frontier outlaw in the American Old West. According to legend, he killed 21 men,^[2] but it is generally believed that he killed between four and nine.^[2] He killed his first man in 1877 and from his established though uncertain birth date was age 17 and could have been as young as 15.

+Zeugma (ⁱ/ˈzuːɡmə/ or /ˈzjuːɡmə/; from the Ancient Greek ζεῦγμα, zeûgma, lit. "a yoking together"^[1]) and syllepsis (/sɪˈlɛpsɪs/; from the Ancient Greek σύλληψις, sullēpsis, lit. "a taking together"^[2]) are related figures of speech in which different parts of a sentence are joined together by one single phrase or word.

+'Pataphysics (French: 'pataphysique) is a philosophy or media theory dedicated to studying what lies beyond the realm of metaphysics. The concept was popularised by French writer Alfred Jarry (1873–1907), who defined 'pataphysics as "the science of imaginary solutions, which symbolically attributes the properties of objects, described by their virtuality, to their lineaments".

⁺Synecdoche (/sɪˈnɛkdəkiː/, si-NEK-də-kee; from Greek synekdoche (συνεκδοχή), meaning "simultaneous understanding") is a figure of speech^[1] in which a term for a part of something is used to refer to the whole of something, or vice-versa.^[2] For example, referring to a congregation as the church or the police as the law.

+Shm-reduplication is a form of reduplication in which the original word or its first syllable (the base) is repeated with the copy (the reduplicant) beginning with shm- (sometimes schm-), pronounced /ʃm/.

+Metathesis (/məˈtæθəsɪs/; from Greek μετά-θε-σις, from μετα-τί-θη-μι "I put in a different order": Latin trānspositiō) is the re-arranging of sounds or syllables in a word, or of words in a sentence.

+A salt metathesis reaction (from the Greek μετάθεσις "transposition"), sometimes called a double replacement reaction, is a chemical process involving the exchange of bonds between two reacting chemical species, which results in the creation of products with similar or identical bonding affiliations.

+Quantitative metathesis (or transfer of quantity)^[1] is a specific form of metathesis or transposition (a sound change) involving quantity or vowel length. By this process, two vowels near each other – one long, one short – switch their lengths, so that the long one becomes short, and the short one becomes long.

+A capitonym is a word that changes its meaning (and sometimes pronunciation) when it is capitalized; the capitalization usually applies due to one form being a proper noun or eponym.^{[citation needed]} It is a portmanteau of the word capital with the suffix -onym. A capitonym is a form of homograph and – when the two forms are pronounced differently – also of heteronym. In situations where both words should be capitalized (such as the beginning of a sentence), there will be nothing to distinguish between them except the context in which they are used.

+An isogram (also known as a "nonpattern word") is a logological term for a word or phrase without a repeating letter. It is also used by some to mean a word or phrase in which each letter appears the same number of times, not necessarily just once.^[1] Conveniently, the word itself is an isogram.

+Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase, producing a result that is easier for the speaker to pronounce. Sometimes, sounds may be elided for euphonic effect.

+Phonaesthetics (from the Greek: φωνή, phōnē, "voice-sound"; and αἰσθητική, aisthētikē, "aesthetics") is the study of the inherent pleasantness (euphony) or unpleasantness (cacophony) of the sound of certain words, phrases, and sentences.^{[examples needed]} Poetry is considered euphonic, as is well-crafted literary prose. Important phonaesthetic devices of poetry are rhyme, assonance and alliteration. Closely related to euphony and cacophony is the concept of consonance and dissonance. The term was introduced by J. R. Firth in 1930 "The phonæsthetic habits [...] are of general importance in speech."

+In rhetoric, litotes (/ˈlaɪtətiːz/,^[1] US /ˈlɪtətiːz/ or /laɪˈtoʊtiːz/) is a figure of speech in which understatement is employed for rhetorical effect,^[2] principally via double negatives.^[3][4] For example, rather than saying that something is attractive (or even very attractive), one might merely say it is "not unattractive".

+A portmanteau (ⁱ/pɔrtˈmæntoʊ/, /ˌpɔrtmænˈtoʊ/; plural portmanteaux or portmanteaus) or portmanteau word is a combination of two (or more) words or morphemes, and their definitions, into one new word.^[1][2] The word comes from the English portmanteau luggage (a piece of luggage with two compartments), itself derived from the French porter (to carry) and manteau (coat), which is a false friend of the French compound word porte-manteau meaning coat rack.

+A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose flow properties differ in any way from those of Newtonian fluids. Most commonly the viscosity (measure of a fluid's ability to resist gradual deformation by shear or tensile stresses) of non-Newtonian fluids is dependent on shear rate or shear rate history. However, there are some non-Newtonian fluids with shear-independent viscosity, that nonetheless exhibit normal stress-differences or other non-Newtonian behaviour. Many salt solutions and molten polymers are non-Newtonian fluids, as are many commonly found substances such as ketchup, custard, toothpaste, starch suspensions, paint, blood, and shampoo. In a Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is linear, passing through the origin, the constant of proportionality being the coefficient of viscosity. In a non-Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is different, and can even be time-dependent. Therefore, a constant coefficient of viscosity cannot be defined.

+A shear stress, denoted (Greek: tau), is defined as the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section. Shear stress arises from the force vector component parallel to the cross section. Normal stress, on the other hand, arises from the force vector component perpendicular or antiparallel to the material cross section on which it acts.

+In continuum mechanics, a fluid is said to be Newtonian if the viscous stresses that arise from its flow, at every point, are proportional to the local strain rate — the rate of change of its deformation over time.^{[1] [2][3]} That is equivalent to saying that those forces are proportional to the rates of change of the fluid's velocity vector as one moves away from the point in question in various directions.

+Tensors are geometric objects that describe linear relations between vectors, scalars, and other tensors. Elementary examples of such relations include the dot product, the cross product, and linear maps. Vectors and scalars themselves are also tensors. A tensor can be represented as a multi-dimensional array of numerical values. The order (also degree or rank) of a tensor is the dimensionality of the array needed to represent it, or equivalently, the number of indices needed to label a component of that array. For example, a linear map can be represented by a matrix, a 2-dimensional array, and therefore is a 2nd-order tensor. A vector can be represented as a 1-dimensional array and is a 1st-order tensor. Scalars are single numbers and are thus 0th-order tensors.

+In physics, a covariant transformation is a rule (specified below) that specifies how certain entities change under a change of basis. In particular, the term is used for vectors and tensors. The transformation that describes the new basis vectors as a linear combination of the old basis vectors is defined as a covariant transformation. Conventionally, indices identifying the basis vectors are placed as lower indices and so are all entities that transform in the same way. The inverse of a covariant transformation is a contravariant transformation. Since a vector should be invariant under a change of basis, its components must transform according to the contravariant rule. Conventionally, indices identifying the components of a vector are placed as upper indices and so are all indices of entities that transform in the same way. The sum over pairwise matching indices of a product with the same lower and upper indices are invariant under a transformation.

+The election in 1860 for the position of Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford was a hotly contested affair between two rival candidates offering different approaches to Sanskrit scholarship. One was Monier Williams, an Oxford-educated Englishman who had spent 14 years teaching Sanskrit to those preparing to work in British India for the East India Company. The other, Max Müller, was a German-born lecturer at Oxford specialising in comparative philology, the science of language. He had spent many years working on an edition of the Rig Veda (an ancient collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns), and had gained an international reputation for his scholarship. Williams, in contrast, worked on later material and had little time for the "continental" school of Sanskrit scholarship that Müller exemplified. Williams regarded the study of Sanskrit as a means to an end, namely the conversion of India to Christianity. For Müller, his work, while it would assist missionaries, was also valuable as an end in itself.

+Monier Monier-Williams, KCIE (12 November 1819 – 11 April 1899) was the second Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford University, England. He studied, documented and taught Asian languages, and compiled one of the most widely used Sanskrit-English dictionaries.

+The position of Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford was established in 1832 with money bequeathed to the university by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Boden, a retired soldier in the service of the East India Company. He wished the university to establish a Sanskrit professorship to assist in the conversion of the people of British India to Christianity, and his bequest was also used to fund scholarships in Sanskrit at Oxford. The first two professors were elected by Oxford graduates, as the university's statutes provided: Horace Hayman Wilson won by a narrow majority in 1832, and the 1860 election was hotly contested, as the rivals each claimed to be best at fulfilling Boden's intentions and presented different views about the nature and purpose of Sanskrit scholarship. Reforms of Oxford implemented in 1882 removed all mention of Boden's original purpose from the statutes, removed the power to elect the professor from graduates, and gave the holder of the professorship a fellowship at Balliol College, Oxford.

+Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (/ˈtʃɑrlz ˈlʌtwɪdʒ ˈdɒdʒsən/;^[1][2] 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name, Lewis Carroll (/ˈkærəl/), was an English writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky", all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, and fantasy, and there are societies in many parts of the world (including the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and New Zealand^[3]) dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life.

+"Jabberwocky" is a nonsense poem written by Lewis Carroll in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There, a sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The book tells of Alice's adventures within the back-to-front world of a looking glass.

+A neologism (/niːˈɒlədʒɪzəm/; from Greek νέο- (néo-), meaning "new", and λόγος (lógos), meaning "speech, utterance") is a newly coined term, word, or phrase, that may be in the process of entering common use, but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language.^[1] Neologisms are often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event. Νεολεξία (Greek: a "new word", or the act of creating a new word) is a synonym for it. The term neologism is first attested in English in 1772, borrowed from French néologisme (1734).

⁺In linguistics, an idiolect is a variety of language that is unique to a person, as manifested by the patterns of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that he or she uses. Conceptually, the language production of each person, the idiolect, is unique; linguists disagree what underlying knowledge of a language, or of a given dialect, is shared among the speakers.

+Referential indeterminacy is a linguistic term referring to situations in which different people vary in naming objects. For example, William Labov studied this effect using illustrations of different drinking vessels to see what people would label as "cups" and what people would label as "mugs".

+William Labov (/ləˈboʊv/ lə-BOHV;^[1][2] born December 4, 1927) is an American linguist, widely regarded as the founder of the discipline of variationist sociolinguistics.^[3] He has been described as "an enormously original and influential figure who has created much of the methodology" of sociolinguistics.^[4] He is employed as a professor in the linguistics department of the University of Pennsylvania, and pursues research in sociolinguistics, language change, and dialectology.

+Uriel Weinreich (Yiddish: אוריאל ווײַנרײַך‎; 23 May 1926^[1] – 30 March 1967) was a Polish-American linguist.

+Marvin (Mikhl) I. Herzog (September 13, 1927 — June 28, 2013) is a Yiddish language Professor at Columbia University.

+Sonderkommandos were work units of Nazi death camp prisoners, composed almost entirely of Jews, who were forced, on threat of their own deaths, to aid with the disposal of gas chamber victims during The Holocaust. The death-camp Sonderkommando, who were always inmates, should not be confused with the SS-Sonderkommandos which were ad hoc units formed from various SS offices between 1938 through 1945.

+Bunnicula is a children's book series written by James Howe (and his late wife Deborah in the case of "Bunnicula") about a vampire bunny that sucks the juice out of vegetables. It is also the name of the first book in the series, published 1979 (ISBN 0-689-80659-0).

+Insomnia, or sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder in which there is an inability to fall asleep or to stay asleep as long as desired.^[1][2] While the term is sometimes used to describe a disorder demonstrated by polysomnographic evidence of disturbed sleep, insomnia is often practically defined as a positive response to either of two questions: "Do you experience difficulty sleeping?" or "Do you have difficulty falling or staying asleep?"

+Polysomnography (PSG), a type of sleep study, is a multi-parametric test used in the study of sleep and as a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine. The test result is called a polysomnogram, also abbreviated PSG. The name is derived from Greek and Latin roots: the Greek πολύς (polus for "many, much", indicating many channels), the Latin somnus ("sleep"), and the Greek γράφειν (graphein, "to write").

+Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are a family of sleep disorders affecting, among other things, the timing of sleep. People with circadian rhythm sleep disorders are unable to sleep and wake at the times required for normal work, school, and social needs. They are generally able to get enough sleep if allowed to sleep and wake at the times dictated by their body clocks. Unless they also have another sleep disorder, their sleep is of normal quality.

+Gas lighting is production of artificial light from combustion of a gaseous fuel, including hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, propane, butane, acetylene, ethylene, or natural gas. Before electricity became sufficiently widespread and economical to allow for general public use, gas was the most popular means of lighting in cities and suburbs. Early gas lights had to be lit manually, but later gas lights were self-igniting.

+The Boston Strangler is a name attributed to the murderer (or murderers) of 13 women in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, in the early 1960s. Though the crimes were attributed to Albert DeSalvo based upon his confession, details revealed in court during a separate case, as well as DNA evidence linking him to the last murder victim,^[1] parties investigating the crimes have since suggested the murders (sometimes known as "the silk stocking murders") were not committed by one person.

+Albert Henry DeSalvo (September 3, 1931 – November 25, 1973) was a criminal in Boston, Massachusetts, who confessed to being the "Boston Strangler", the murderer of thirteen women in the Boston area. DeSalvo was not imprisoned for these murders, however, but for a series of rapes. His murder confession has been disputed and debate continues as to which crimes DeSalvo had actually committed.

+William H. Bonney (born William Henry McCarty, Jr. c. November 23, 1859^[1] – c. July 14, 1881), better known as Billy the Kid and also known as Henry Antrim, was a 19th-century American gunman who participated in the Lincoln County War and became a frontier outlaw in the American Old West. According to legend, he killed 21 men,^[2] but it is generally believed that he killed between four and nine.^[2] He killed his first man in 1877 and from his established though uncertain birth date was age 17 and could have been as young as 15.

+Zeugma (ⁱ/ˈzuːɡmə/ or /ˈzjuːɡmə/; from the Ancient Greek ζεῦγμα, zeûgma, lit. "a yoking together"^[1]) and syllepsis (/sɪˈlɛpsɪs/; from the Ancient Greek σύλληψις, sullēpsis, lit. "a taking together"^[2]) are related figures of speech in which different parts of a sentence are joined together by one single phrase or word.

+'Pataphysics (French: 'pataphysique) is a philosophy or media theory dedicated to studying what lies beyond the realm of metaphysics. The concept was popularised by French writer Alfred Jarry (1873–1907), who defined 'pataphysics as "the science of imaginary solutions, which symbolically attributes the properties of objects, described by their virtuality, to their lineaments".

⁺Synecdoche (/sɪˈnɛkdəkiː/, si-NEK-də-kee; from Greek synekdoche (συνεκδοχή), meaning "simultaneous understanding") is a figure of speech^[1] in which a term for a part of something is used to refer to the whole of something, or vice-versa.^[2] For example, referring to a congregation as the church or the police as the law.

+Shm-reduplication is a form of reduplication in which the original word or its first syllable (the base) is repeated with the copy (the reduplicant) beginning with shm- (sometimes schm-), pronounced /ʃm/.

+Metathesis (/məˈtæθəsɪs/; from Greek μετά-θε-σις, from μετα-τί-θη-μι "I put in a different order": Latin trānspositiō) is the re-arranging of sounds or syllables in a word, or of words in a sentence.

+A salt metathesis reaction (from the Greek μετάθεσις "transposition"), sometimes called a double replacement reaction, is a chemical process involving the exchange of bonds between two reacting chemical species, which results in the creation of products with similar or identical bonding affiliations.

+Quantitative metathesis (or transfer of quantity)^[1] is a specific form of metathesis or transposition (a sound change) involving quantity or vowel length. By this process, two vowels near each other – one long, one short – switch their lengths, so that the long one becomes short, and the short one becomes long.

+A capitonym is a word that changes its meaning (and sometimes pronunciation) when it is capitalized; the capitalization usually applies due to one form being a proper noun or eponym.^{[citation needed]} It is a portmanteau of the word capital with the suffix -onym. A capitonym is a form of homograph and – when the two forms are pronounced differently – also of heteronym. In situations where both words should be capitalized (such as the beginning of a sentence), there will be nothing to distinguish between them except the context in which they are used.

+An isogram (also known as a "nonpattern word") is a logological term for a word or phrase without a repeating letter. It is also used by some to mean a word or phrase in which each letter appears the same number of times, not necessarily just once.^[1] Conveniently, the word itself is an isogram.

+Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase, producing a result that is easier for the speaker to pronounce. Sometimes, sounds may be elided for euphonic effect.

+Phonaesthetics (from the Greek: φωνή, phōnē, "voice-sound"; and αἰσθητική, aisthētikē, "aesthetics") is the study of the inherent pleasantness (euphony) or unpleasantness (cacophony) of the sound of certain words, phrases, and sentences.^{[examples needed]} Poetry is considered euphonic, as is well-crafted literary prose. Important phonaesthetic devices of poetry are rhyme, assonance and alliteration. Closely related to euphony and cacophony is the concept of consonance and dissonance. The term was introduced by J. R. Firth in 1930 "The phonæsthetic habits [...] are of general importance in speech."

+In rhetoric, litotes (/ˈlaɪtətiːz/,^[1] US /ˈlɪtətiːz/ or /laɪˈtoʊtiːz/) is a figure of speech in which understatement is employed for rhetorical effect,^[2] principally via double negatives.^[3][4] For example, rather than saying that something is attractive (or even very attractive), one might merely say it is "not unattractive".

+A portmanteau (ⁱ/pɔrtˈmæntoʊ/, /ˌpɔrtmænˈtoʊ/; plural portmanteaux or portmanteaus) or portmanteau word is a combination of two (or more) words or morphemes, and their definitions, into one new word.^[1][2] The word comes from the English portmanteau luggage (a piece of luggage with two compartments), itself derived from the French porter (to carry) and manteau (coat), which is a false friend of the French compound word porte-manteau meaning coat rack.

+Craniopagus parasiticus is a rare type of craniopagus occurring in about 4 to 6 of 10,000,000 births.^[1] In craniopagus parasiticus, a parasitic twin head with an undeveloped body is attached to the head of a developed twin. There are fewer than a dozen documented cases of this type of conjoined twin in the literature. Most infants with this condition are stillborn, or die shortly after birth.

+HCL Technologies Limited (HCL) is an Indian provider of Information technology (IT) services and consulting company headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is primarily engaged in providing a range of outsourcing services, business process outsourcing and infrastructure services. HCL Technologies is the fifth largest IT company in India and is ranked 48 in the global list of IT services providers.

+Roopkund (locally known as Mystery Lake)^[1] is a high altitude glacial lake in Uttarakhand state of India, lies in the lap of Trishul massif and famous due to hundreds of human skeletons found at the edge of the lake. The location is uninhabited and is located in Himalaya at an altitude of about 5,029 metres (16,499 feet)^[1]. The lake is surrounded by rock-strewn glaciers and snow clad mountains, making it a good trekking destination.

+In utero is a Latin term literally meaning "in the womb". In biology, the phrase describes the state of an embryo or fetus. In legal contexts, the phrase is used to refer to unborn children. Under common law, unborn children are still considered to exist for property transfer purposes.

+Jane Fonda (born Lady Jayne Seymour Fonda; December 21, 1937) is an American actress, writer, political activist, former fashion model, and fitness guru. She rose to fame in the 1960s with films such as Barbarella and Cat Ballou. She won two Academy Awards, an Emmy Award, three Golden Globes and received movie awards and nominations in more than 50 years as an actress. After 15 years in retirement, she returned to film in 2005 with Monster-in-Law, followed by Georgia Rule two years later. She produced and starred in exercise videos released between 1982 and 1995, and again in 2010.

+Lucian Bernhard (March 15, 1883 – May 29, 1972) was a German graphic designer, type designer, professor, interior designer, and artist during the first half of the twentieth century. He was born in Stuttgart, Germany, on March 15, 1883, as Emil Kahn to a Jewish family, but changed in 1905 to his more commonly known pseudonym. His first name is often spelled Lucien.

+Electroplated zinc alloys have been developed for meeting the most challenging specifications in terms of corrosion protection, temperature and wear resistance. The corrosion protection is primarily due to the anodic potential dissolution of zinc versus iron. Zinc acts as a sacrificial anode for protecting iron (steel). While steel is close to -400 mV, depending on alloy composition, electroplated zinc is much more anodic with -980 mV. Steel is preserved from corrosion by cathodic protection. Alloying zinc with cobalt or nickel at levels less than 1% has minimal effect on the potential; but both alloys improve the capacity of the zinc layer to develop a chromate film by conversion coating. This further enhances corrosion protection.

+The Aurora, Texas, UFO incident is a UFO incident that reportedly occurred on April 17, 1897, in Aurora, Texas, a small town in the northwest corner of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.^[1] The incident (similar to the more famous Roswell UFO incident 50 years later) reportedly resulted in a fatality from the crash. The alleged alien body is reportedly buried in an unmarked grave at the local cemetery.

+An Apache revolver is a handgun which incorporates multiple other weapons, made notorious by the French underworld figures of the early 1900s known as Les Apaches. The gun operates on the principle of a pepperbox revolver using a pinfire action and incorporates a fold-over knuckle duster forming the grip and also a rudimentary foldout, dual-edged knife. The design dates from the 1860s, and is attributed to Louis Dolne.^[3] The gun was manufactured though the end of the 1800s.

+The pollaxe is a type of European polearm which was widely used by medieval infantry. It is also known by the names poleaxe, pole-axe, pole axe, polax, and Hache (French meaning axe). The term has become synonymous with felling or striking down with delivery of a blow.

+Godfrey of Bouillon (c. 1060 – 18 July 1100) was a medieval Frankish knight who was one of the leaders of the First Crusade from 1096 until his death. He was the Lord of Bouillon, from which he took his byname, from 1076 and the Duke of Lower Lorraine from 1087. After the successful siege of Jerusalem in 1099, Godfrey became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, although he refused the title "King"; as he believed that the true King of Jerusalem was Christ.

+William of Tyre (c. 1130 – 29 September 1186) was a medieval prelate and chronicler. As archbishop of Tyre, he is sometimes known as William II to distinguish him from a predecessor, William of Malines. He grew up in Jerusalem at the height of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had been established in 1099 after the First Crusade, and he spent twenty years studying the liberal arts and canon law in the universities of Europe.

+Cracker Jack is an American brand of snack consisting of molasses-flavored candy-coated popcorn and peanuts, well known for being packaged with a prize of nominal value inside. Some food historians consider it the first junk food.^[1] Cracker Jack is famous for its connection to baseball lore. Frederick William Rueckheim—known informally as "Fritz"—and his brother Louis mass-produced an early version of Cracker Jack and sold it at the first Chicago World's Fair in 1893. At the time, it was a mixture of popcorn, molasses, and peanuts and was called "Candied Popcorn and Peanuts".

+Web notes are a type of United States currency named after the "web printing production" method of printing on continuous rolls of paper. There are several types of "web printing production" methods including offset, gravure (intaglio), flexography, etc. However high-pressure web intaglio printing, front and back of the intaglio process, was a totally new idea.

+In aviation, a drop tank (external tank, wing tank, or belly tank) is used to describe auxiliary fuel tanks externally carried by aircraft. A drop tank is expendable and often jettisonable. External tanks are commonplace on modern military aircraft and occasionally found in civilian ones, although the latter are less likely to be discarded except in the event of emergency.

+Sargent Fletcher is a subsidiary company of Cobham plc. which makes aircraft equipment, including aerial refueling systems, external fuel tanks, and special purpose pods. Sargent Fletcher was founded in 1940^[2] and bought by Cobham in 1994. According to a 1991 report the company submitted to regional air quality officials, the company's El Monte chrome-plating plant showed the highest cancer-risk level of any business in the San Gabriel Valley.^[3] It was later closed in 2010.

+The So-Cal Speed Shop is a specialty parts shop for hot rods, specializing in cars built in the 1940s. It offers parts online, as well as a number of retail stores in the western United States and one in Canada. The headquarters is located in Pomona, California.

+The name Oddfellows refers to a number of friendly societies and fraternal organisations operating in the United Kingdom. It also refers to a number of Lodges with histories dating back to the 18th century.^[1][2] These various organisations were set up to protect and care for their members and communities at a time when there was no welfare state, trade unions or National Health Service. The aim was (and still is) to provide help to members and communities when they need it. The friendly societies are non-profit mutual organisations owned by their members. All income is passed back to the members in the form of services and benefits.

+John Moses Brunswick (October 6, 1819 – July 25, 1886) was the founder of the J.M. Brunswick Manufacturing Company, one of the enterprises that merged to form today's Brunswick Corporation.

+Jack Canfield (born August 19, 1944)^[1] is an American motivational speaker and author.^[2][3] He is best known as the co-creator of the Chicken Soup for the Soul book series, which currently has nearly 200 titles and 112 million copies in print in over 40 languages.^[4][5][6] According to USA Today, Chicken Soup for the Soul and several of the series titles by Canfield and his writing partner, Mark Victor Hansen, were among the top 150 best-selling books of the last 15 years (October 28, 1993 through October 23, 2008).

⁺Victor Company of Japan, Ltd (日本ビクター株式会社 Nippon Bikutā Kabushiki-gaisha^?) (TYO: 6792), usually referred to as JVC, is a Japanese international consumer and professional electronics corporation based in Yokohama, Japan. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions, and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVC Kenwood Holdings. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC.

+The Diamond Calk Horseshoe Company of Duluth, Minnesota, USA was founded in 1908 by blacksmith Otto Swanstrom. Initially manufacturing horseshoes with a special type of calk to improve the animals' foothold on slippery surfaces, the company successfully adapted to the development of motorised transport for the masses and produced a range of adjustable wrenches and pliers from the 1920s. The family-owned company was sold to the Triangle Corporation in 1981.

⁺The Henderson molybdenum mine is a large underground molybdenum mine west of the town of Empire in Clear Creek County, Colorado, USA. The Henderson mine, which has produced molybdenum since 1976, is owned by Freeport-McMoRan.

+Molybdenum is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin Molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores.^[4] Molybdenum minerals have been known into prehistory, but the element was discovered (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. The metal was first isolated in 1781 by Peter Jacob Hjelm.

+Henderson produced 4-cylinder motorcycles from 1912 until 1931. They were the largest and fastest motorcycles of their time, and appealed to sport riders and police departments. Police favored them for traffic patrol because they were faster than anything on the roads. The company began during the golden age of motorcycling, and ended during the Great Depression.

+The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in 1930 and lasted until the late 1930s or middle 1940s.^[1] It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century.

⁺A racket is a service that is fraudulently offered to solve a problem, such as for a problem that does not actually exist, will not be affected, or would not otherwise exist. Conducting a racket is racketeering.^[1] Particularly, the potential problem may be caused by the same party that offers to solve it, although that fact may be concealed, with the specific intent to engender continual patronage for this party. A prototype is the protection racket, wherein a person or group indicates that they could protect a store from potential damage, damage that the same person or group would otherwise inflict, while the correlation of threat and protection may be more or less deniably veiled, distinguishing it from the more direct act of extortion.

+The International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) is a labor union in the United States and Canada. Formed in 1903 by the merger of several local and regional locals of teamsters, the union now represents a diverse membership of blue-collar and professional workers in both the public and private sectors. The union had approximately 1.3 million members in 2011.^[1] Formerly known as the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, the IBT is a member of the Change to Win Federation and Canadian Labour Congress.

+Cornelius P. Shea (September 7, 1872 – January 12, 1929) was an American labor leader and organized crime figure. He was the founding president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, holding the position from 1903 until 1907. He became involved with the Chicago Outfit, and although he was indicted many times, he usually escaped conviction. After a short prison term for attempted murder removed him from union affairs, Shea was appointed secretary-treasurer of the Mafia-dominated Theatrical Janitors' Union in Chicago.

+Extortion (also called shakedown, outwresting, and exaction) is a criminal offense of unlawfully obtaining money, property, or services from a person, entity, or institution, through coercion. Refraining from doing harm is sometimes euphemistically called protection. Extortion is commonly practiced by organized crime groups. The actual obtainment of money or property is not required to commit the offense. Making a threat of violence which refers to a requirement of a payment of money or property to halt future violence is sufficient to commit the offense. Exaction refers not only to extortion or the unlawful demanding and obtaining of something through force,^[1] but additionally, in its formal definition, means the infliction of something such as pain and suffering or making somebody endure something unpleasant.

+External rotation (or lateral rotation) is rotation away from the center of the body.

The muscles of external rotation include:

of arm/humerus at shoulder^[1]

Deltoid muscle

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

of thigh/femur at hip ^[2]

Gluteus maximus

Lateral rotator group

piriformis

gemellus superior

obturator internus

gemellus inferior

obturator externus

quadratus femoris

Sartorius

of leg at knee^[3]

Biceps femoris

of eyeball (motion is also called "extorsion" or excyclotorsion)^[4]

Inferior rectus muscle

Inferior oblique muscle

+The Extoraz River is a river of Mexico.

+A capodecina (literally 'head of ten',^[1] also called caporegime in the American Mafia) is the head of a decina, a branch within a Mafia family. In the larger families, a capodecina is selected by the head of the family and coordinates units of about ten people.

⁺Kenneth "K. K." Downing, Jr. (born 27 October 1951 in Yew Tree Estate in West Bromwich, England) is a semi-retired Grammy Award winning guitarist, songwriter and a founding member of the British heavy metal band Judas Priest.

+Saul Hudson (born July 23, 1965), better known by his stage name Slash, is a British-American musician and songwriter.^[1] He is best known as the former lead guitarist of the American hard rock band Guns N' Roses, with whom he achieved worldwide success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. During his later years with Guns N' Roses, Slash formed the side project Slash's Snakepit. He then co-founded the supergroup Velvet Revolver, which re-established him as a mainstream performer in the mid to late 2000s. Slash has since released two solo albums, Slash (2010), featuring an all-star roster of guest musicians, and Apocalyptic Love (2012), recorded with singer/guitarist Myles Kennedy, along with rhythm section Brent Fitz and Todd Kerns, known on the album as The Conspirators.

+Antonio "Tony Ducks" Corallo (February 12, 1913 – August 23, 2000) was a New York City mobster and boss of the Lucchese crime family. Corallo exercised a tremendous control over trucking and construction unions in New York.

+Marion Anthony "Fat Tony" D'Amico is a recurring character in the animated sitcom The Simpsons. He is voiced by Joe Mantegna and first appeared in the third season episode "Bart the Murderer".^[1] Fat Tony is a gangster and the underboss of the Springfield Mafia. His henchmen include Legs, Louie, and Johnny Tightlips, and he answers to Don Vittorio DiMaggio.

+Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno (August 15, 1911 – July 27, 1992) was a New York mobster who served as front boss of the Genovese crime family to family boss Vincent "The Chin" Gigante from the 1970s until his conviction in 1986. Usually seen wearing a fedora hat and chomping on a cigar, he was nicknamed "Fat Tony" due to his size.

+A fedora /fɨˈdɔːrə/ is a felt hat originally designed for a woman but is now most commonly worn by men.^{[citation needed]} A few fedoras have names of their own, including the trilby.

⁺A trilby hat (commonly called a trilby) is a narrow-brimmed hat. The trilby was once viewed as the rich man's favored hat; it is sometimes called the "brown trilby" in England^[1] and is much seen at the horse races. It is also sometimes described as a "crumpled" fedora.^[1] The London hat company Lock and Co. describes the trilby as having a "shorter [viz., narrower] brim which is angled down [snapped down] at the front and slightly turned up at the back" versus the fedora's "wider brim which is more level [flatter]." ^[2] The trilby also has a slightly shorter crown than a typical fedora design.

+George Louis Palmella Busson du Maurier (6 March 1834 – 8 October 1896) was a French-born British cartoonist and author, known for his cartoons in Punch and also for his novel Trilby. He was the father of actor Gerald du Maurier and grandfather of the writers Angela du Maurier and Dame Daphne du Maurier. He was also the father of Sylvia Llewelyn Davies and thus grandfather of the five boys who inspired Peter Pan.

+Sylvia Jocelyn Llewelyn Davies (25 November 1866 – 27 August 1910), née Sylvia du Maurier, was the mother of the boys who served as the inspiration for Peter Pan and the other children of J. M. Barrie's stories of Neverland. She was the daughter of cartoonist and writer George du Maurier and his wife Emma Wightwick, the elder sister to actor Gerald du Maurier, the aunt of novelists Angela and Daphne du Maurier and great-granddaughter of Royal mistress of Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany Mary Anne Clarke.

+A pork pie hat (sometimes known as a porkpie hat) is a term used to refer to three or four different styles of hat that have been popular in one context or another since the middle nineteenth century but all of which bear superficial resemblance to a culinary pork pie dish.

⁺The Tyrolean hat (also Bavarian hat or Alpine hat) is a type of headwear that originally came from the Tyrol in the Alps, in what is now part of Austria and Italy.

+Constantino Paul "Big Paul" Castellano (pronounced cass-TAY-lah-noh) (June 26, 1915 – December 16, 1985), also known as "The Howard Hughes of the Mob" and "Big Paulie" (or "PC" to his family), succeeded Carlo Gambino as head of the Gambino crime family, then the nation's largest Cosa Nostra family. The unsanctioned assassination of Castellano by John Gotti would spark years of animosity between the Gambinos and the other New York crime families.

+Miss Italia is the name of a beauty pageant awarding prizes every year to young, female contestants from Italy. Since the first edition of the contest in 1939 many of the contestants have gone on to notable careers in television and film.

+Biltong is a kind of cured meat that originated in South Africa. Many different types of meat are used to produce it, ranging from beef through game meats to fillets of ostrich from commercial farms. It is typically made from raw fillets of meat cut into strips following the grain of the muscle, or flat pieces sliced across the grain. It is similar to beef jerky in that they are both spiced, dried meats, but differ in their typical ingredients, taste and production processes; in particular the main difference from jerky is that biltong is usually thicker (from cuts up to 1" (25 mm) thick), while jerky is rarely more than 1/8" (3 mm) thick and biltong does not have a sweet taste.

+Teething is the process by which an infant's first teeth (the deciduous teeth, often called "baby teeth" or "milk teeth") sequentially appear by emerging through the gums. Teething may start as early as three months or as late as twelve months. The first teeth typically appear between six and nine months. It can take several years for all 20 teeth to complete the tooth eruption; they typically arrive in pairs. Though the process of teething is sometimes referred to as "cutting teeth", when teeth emerge through the gums they do not cut through the flesh. Instead, special chemicals are released within the body that cause some cells in the gums to die and separate, allowing the teeth to come through.

⁺Timothy James "Tim" McVeigh (April 23, 1968 – June 11, 2001) detonated a truck bomb in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995. Commonly referred to as the Oklahoma City bombing, the attack killed 168 people and injured over 600.^[4] It was the deadliest act of terrorism within the United States prior to the September 11 attacks,^[4] and remains the most serious act of domestic terrorism in United States history.

+The Waco siege was a siege of a compound belonging to the religious group Branch Davidians by American federal and Texas state law enforcement and military between February 28 and April 19, 1993.

+Ruby Ridge was the site of a deadly confrontation and siege in northern Idaho in 1992 against Randy Weaver, his family and Weaver's friend Kevin Harris by agents of the United States Marshals Service (USMS) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). It resulted in the death of Weaver's son Sammy, his wife Vicki, and Deputy U.S. Marshal William Francis Degan.

+Terry Lynn Nichols (born April 1, 1955) is a convicted accomplice in the Oklahoma City bombing. Prior to his incarceration, he held a variety of short-term jobs, working as a farmer, grain elevator manager, real estate salesman and ranch hand.^[5] He met his future conspirator, Timothy McVeigh, during a brief stint in the U.S. Army, which ended in 1989 when he requested a hardship discharge after less than one year of service.^[5] In 1994 and 1995, he conspired with McVeigh in the planning and preparation of the Oklahoma City bombing – the truck bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on April 19, 1995. The bombing claimed the lives of 168 people, including 19 children.

+Jack the Ripper is the best-known name given to an unidentified serial killer who was active in the largely impoverished areas in and around the Whitechapel district of London in 1888. The name originated in a letter, written by someone claiming to be the murderer, that was disseminated in the media. The letter is widely believed to have been a hoax, and may have been written by a journalist in a deliberate attempt to heighten interest in the story. Within the crime case files as well as journalistic accounts the killer was known as "the Whitechapel Murderer" as well as "Leather Apron".

+Jack Kenneth Slipper (20 April 1924 – 24 August 2005) was a Detective Chief Superintendent in the Metropolitan Police in London. He was known as "Slipper of the Yard" (referring to Scotland Yard). He was mainly known for his role in investigating the Great Train Robbery in 1963, and in tracking down Ronnie Biggs after he escaped from prison in 1965, although he had to leave Brazil without Biggs.

+James Burmeister is an Army soldier who was charged with AWOL and desertion. He refused redeployment to Iraq while on leave in May 2007 because of some soldiers use of "bait and kill" tactics: a soldier would place objects such as fake security cameras, AK47 assault rifles, and bomb making materials in the open to bait a civilian into being sniped. He moved to Canada with his spouse and her infant child,^[1] and lived there for 10 months before returning voluntarily to Fort Knox in March 2008 after learning that "bait and kill" tactics were deemed immoral.

+In military terminology, desertion is the abandonment of a "duty" or post without permission and is done with the intention of not returning. "Absence Without Leave" (US: AWOL; Commonwealth: AWL) can refer to either desertion or a temporary absence.

+Mercury(II) fulminate, or Hg(CNO)₂, is a primary explosive. It is highly sensitive to friction and shock and is mainly used as a trigger for other explosives in percussion caps and blasting caps. Mercury(II) cyanate, though its formula is identical, has a different atomic arrangement; the cyanate and fulminate anions are isomers. First used as a priming composition in small copper caps after the 1830s, mercury fulminate quickly replaced flints as a means to ignite black powder charges in muzzle loading firearms. Later, during the late 19th century and most of the 20th century, mercury fulminate or potassium chlorate became widely used in primers for self-contained rifle and pistol ammunition. Mercury fulminate has the distinct advantage over potassium chlorate of being non-corrosive, but it is known to weaken with time. Today, mercury fulminate has been replaced in primers by more efficient chemical substances. Those are non-corrosive, less toxic and more stable over time: lead azide, lead styphnate and tetrazene derivatives. In addition, none of these compounds replacing Hg(II) fulminate requires mercury for manufacture, supplies of which can be unreliable in wartime. Mercury(II) fulminate is prepared by dissolving mercury in nitric acid and adding ethanol to the solution. It was first prepared by Edward Charles Howard in 1800.^[1] The crystal structure of this compound was only determined in 2007.^[2] Silver fulminate can be prepared in a similar way, but this salt is even more unstable than mercury fulminate; it can even explode under water and is impossible to accumulate in large amounts because it detonates under its own weight.

+The John A. King House (also known as the Coleman House) is a U.S. historic home in Lake Butler, Florida, located at 105 Southeast 1st Avenue. On April 6, 2004, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

+Matthew F. Hale (born July 27, 1971), more commonly known as Matt Hale, was the third Pontifex Maximus (Latin for "highest priest") of the nontheistic and ethnocentric religion, Creativity, and the founder of the group formerly known as the World Church of the Creator and now known as The Creativity Movement. The organization's headquarters were based in East Peoria, Illinois. In 1998, Hale made headlines when his application for an Illinois law license was denied due to his religious beliefs in Creativity, described as a "gross deficiency in moral character".^[4] On April 6, 2005, Hale was sentenced to a 40-year prison term for soliciting an undercover FBI informant to kill federal judge Joan Lefkow.^[5] He is currently incarcerated in the Administrative Maximum facility in Florence, Colorado, as Inmate number 15177-424.

⁺Dual (abbreviated DU) is a grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and plural. When a noun or pronoun appears in dual form, it is interpreted as referring to precisely two of the entities (objects or persons) identified by the noun or pronoun. Verbs can also have dual agreement forms in these languages.

+The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans. PIE was the first proposed proto-language to be widely accepted by linguists. Far more work has gone into reconstructing it than any other proto-language and it is by far the most well-understood of all proto-languages at its time depth. During the 19th century, the vast majority of linguistic work was devoted to reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European or of daughter proto-languages such as Proto-Germanic, and most of the current techniques of historical linguistics (e.g. the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction) were developed as a result.

+In UNIX computing, the system load is a measure of the amount of computational work that a computer system performs. The load average represents the average system load over a period of time. It conventionally appears in the form of three numbers which represent the system load during the last one-, five-, and fifteen-minute periods.

+Lag is a common word meaning to fail to keep up or to fall behind.^[1] In real-time applications, the term is used when the application fails to respond in a timely fashion to inputs.^[2][3] Lag is also often used in reference to video games to describe the delay (or latency) between an action by a player and the reaction of the game.^[4] In distributed applications (such as MMORPGs), lag is often caused by communication latency, which is the time taken for a sent packet of data to be received at the other end. It includes the time to encode the packet for transmission and transmit it, the time for that data to traverse the network equipment between the nodes, and the time to receive and decode the data. This is also known as "one-way latency". A minimum bound on latency is determined by the distance between communicating devices and the speed at which the signal propagates in the circuits (typically 70–95% of the speed of light in vacuum). Actual latency is often much higher because of packet processing in networking equipment, and other traffic. The term lag is often also used as a synonym for communication latency.^[5] This can be misleading because there can be other causes for the symptom.

+Massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) is a genre of role-playing video games or web browser based games in which a very large number of players interact with one another within a virtual game world.

+A ferrofluid (portmanteau of ferromagnetic, and fluid) is a liquid which becomes strongly magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field.

+A magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid) is a type of smart fluid in a carrier fluid, usually a type of oil. When subjected to a magnetic field, the fluid greatly increases its apparent viscosity, to the point of becoming a viscoelastic solid. Importantly, the yield stress of the fluid when in its active ("on") state can be controlled very accurately by varying the magnetic field intensity. The upshot of this is that the fluid's ability to transmit force can be controlled with an electromagnet, which gives rise to its many possible control-based applications.

+In nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit with respect to its transport and properties. Particles are further classified according to diameter.^[1] Coarse particles cover a range between 10,000 and 2,500 nanometers. Fine particles are sized between 2,500 and 100 nanometers. Ultrafine particles, or nanoparticles are sized between 1 and 100 nanometers. The reason for this double name of the same object is that, during the 1970-80's, when the first thorough fundamental studies with "nanoparticles" were underway in the USA (by Granqvist and Buhrman)^[2] and Japan, (within an ERATO Project)^[3] they were called "ultrafine particles" (UFP). However, during the 1990s before the National Nanotechnology Initiative was launched in the USA, the new name, "nanoparticle" had become fashionable (see, for example the same senior author's paper 20 years later addressing the same issue, lognormal distribution of sizes ^[4]). Nanoparticles may or may not exhibit size-related properties that differ significantly from those observed in fine particles or bulk materials.^[5][6] Although the size of most molecules would fit into the above outline, individual molecules are usually not referred to as nanoparticles.

+Social stigma is the extreme disapproval of (or discontent with) a person or group on socially characteristic grounds that are perceived, and serve to distinguish them, from other members of a society. Stigma may then be affixed to such a person, by the greater society, who differs from their cultural norms.

+The parable of the Good Samaritan is a parable told by Jesus and is mentioned in only one of the gospels of the New Testament. According to the Gospel of Luke (10:29-37) a traveller (who may or may not be Jewish^[1]) is beaten, robbed, and left half dead along the road. First a priest and then a Levite come by, but both avoid the man. Finally, a Samaritan comes by. Samaritans and Jews generally despised each other, but the Samaritan helps the injured man. Jesus is described as telling the parable in response to a question regarding the identity of the "neighbour" which Leviticus 19:18 says should be loved.

+The "Boy in the Box" is the name given to an unidentified murder victim, approximately 4 to 6 years old, whose naked, battered body was found in a cardboard box in the Fox Chase section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on February 25, 1957. He is also commonly called "America's Unknown Child". Like many unsolved murders, many tips and theories have been advanced toward a solution of the case. Although most have been dismissed, two possible solutions to the case have excited considerable interest among the police and media and have been extensively investigated.

The foster home

The first theory involves a foster home that was located approximately 1.5 miles from the discovery site. In 1960, Remington Bristow, an employee of the medical examiner's office who doggedly pursued the case until his death in 1993, contacted a New Jersey psychic, who told him to look for a house which seemed to match the foster home. When the psychic was brought to the Philadelphia discovery site, she led Bristow straight to the foster home. Upon attending an estate sale at the foster home, Bristow discovered a bassinet similar to the one sold at J.C. Penney. He also discovered blankets hanging on the clothesline similar to that in which the boy's body had been wrapped. Bristow believed that the child belonged to the stepdaughter of the man who ran the foster home; they disposed of the boy's body so that she wouldn't be exposed as an unwed mother, as in 1957 single motherhood attracted significant social stigma. Bristow theorized that the boy's death was accidental. Despite this circumstantial evidence, the police were unable to find any concrete links between the Boy in the Box and the foster family.^[2][3] In 1998, Philadelphia police lieutenant Tom Augustine, who is in charge of the investigation, and several members of the Vidocq Society, a group of retired policemen and profilers investigating the crime, interviewed the foster father and the daughter, whom he had married. The interview seemed to confirm to them that the family was not involved in the case, and the foster home investigation is considered closed.^[4] According to a DNA test, the stepdaughter was ruled out as the boy's mother.

"M"'s story

The second major theory is one brought forward in February 2002 by a woman identified only as "M". She claimed that her abusive mother purchased the unknown boy, named "Michael", from his birth parents in the summer of 1954. Subsequently, the youngster was subjected to extreme physical and sexual abuse for two and a half years, then killed in a fit of rage by slamming him to the floor after he vomited in the bathtub. "M"'s mother then cut the boy's long hair (accounting for the unprofessional haircut that police noted upon their initial observations of the crime scene and bruises around the victim's hairline), and dumped the boy's body in the then-secluded Fox Chase area. "M" went on to say that as they were preparing to remove the boy's body from the trunk a passing male motorist pulled alongside to inquire whether they needed assistance. As the pair ignored the would-be samaritan, while being careful to obstruct their own car's license plate from his view, the man eventually drove off. This story corroborated confidential testimony given by a male witness in 1957, which alleged the body was placed in a box previously discarded at the scene. Police considered the story quite plausible, but were troubled by "M"'s testimony, as she had a history of mental illness.^[3][6] When interviewed, neighbors who had access to the house denied that there had been a young boy living in the house, and said that "M"'s claims were "ridiculous."

+Glomerulonephritis, also known as glomerular nephritis, abbreviated GN, is a term used to refer to several renal diseases (usually affecting both kidneys). Many of the diseases are characterized by inflammation either of the glomeruli or small blood vessels in the kidneys, hence the name,^[1] but not all diseases necessarily have an inflammatory component.

+Cheri Josephine Bates (February 4, 1948 - October 30, 1966) was a freshman student at Riverside Community College who was murdered on the campus of the educational institution, on the day before Halloween, October 30, 1966. She was a graduate of Ramona High School, formerly a varsity cheerleader,^[1] and an honor student there.^[2] Bates' slaying has been linked to the Zodiac killer murders, which occurred in northern California in the late 1960s.

+The Big-Bang Cannon is an American toy cannon first manufactured in the early 20th-century. Numerous consumer fireworks injuries^[1] convinced a physics professor at Lehigh University (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) to patent a "Gas Gun" in 1907, and the manufacturing of Big-Bang Cannons started in 1912, from the Gas Cannon Company.

+Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399 (1986), was the case in which the United States Supreme Court upheld the common law rule that the insane cannot be executed; therefore the petitioner is entitled to a competency evaluation and to an evidentiary hearing in court on the question of his competency to be executed.

+Fulvio Melia (born 2 August 1956) is an Italian-Australian-American astrophysicist and author. He is Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Arizona and has been an Associate Editor of The Astrophysical Journal Letters. A former Presidential Young Investigator and Sloan Research Fellow, he is the author of six books and 175 refereed articles on theoretical astrophysics.

+Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four government investigations,^{[n 1]} the sniper who assassinated John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963.

+The lone gunman theory or one-gunman theory^[1][2] is the nickname given to the conclusion reached by the Warren Commission that U.S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated by a single gunman named Lee Harvey Oswald. The Commission report stated that Oswald was a disturbed man, whose radical political views and depression had led him to shoot the President.

⁺The single-bullet theory (or Magic Bullet Theory, as it is commonly called by its critics) was introduced by the Warren Commission in its investigation of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy to explain what happened to the bullet which struck Kennedy in the back and exited through his throat. Given the lack of damage to the presidential limousine consistent with it having been struck by a high-velocity bullet and the fact that Texas Governor John Connally was wounded and was seated directly in front of the president, the Commission concluded they were likely struck by the same bullet.

+The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 ("FISA" Pub.L. 95–511, 92 Stat. 1783, 50 U.S.C. ch. 36) is a United States law which prescribes procedures for the physical and electronic surveillance and collection of "foreign intelligence information" between "foreign powers" and "agents of foreign powers" (which may include American citizens and permanent residents suspected of espionage or terrorism).^[1] The law does not apply outside the United States. The law has been repeatedly amended since the September 11 attacks.

+A lone wolf or lone-wolf fighter is someone who commits or prepares for, or is suspected of committing or preparing for, violent acts in support of some group, movement, or ideology, but who does so alone, outside of any command structure and without material assistance from any group.

+Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism). PE most commonly results from deep vein thrombosis (a blood clot in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis) that breaks off and migrates to the lung, a process termed venous thromboembolism (VTE). A small proportion of cases are due to the embolization of air, fat, or talc in drugs of intravenous drug abusers or amniotic fluid. The obstruction of the blood flow through the lungs and the resultant pressure on the right ventricle of the heart lead to the symptoms and signs of PE. The risk of PE is increased in various situations, such as cancer or prolonged bed rest.

+Charles Brooks, Jr., (September 1, 1942 – December 7, 1982) was a convicted murderer who was the first person in the United States to be executed using lethal injection.^[1][2][3] He was the first prisoner executed in Texas since 1964.

+"The Black Dahlia" was a nickname given to Elizabeth Short^[2][3][4] (July 29, 1924 – c. January 15, 1947), an American woman who was the victim of a gruesome and much-publicized murder. Short acquired the moniker posthumously by newspapers in the habit of nicknaming crimes they found particularly colorful. Short was found mutilated, her body sliced in half at the waist, on January 15, 1947, in Leimert Park, Los Angeles, California. Short's unsolved murder has been the source of widespread speculation, leading to many suspects, along with several books and film adaptations of the story. Short's murder is one of the oldest unsolved murder cases in Los Angeles history.

+William George Heirens (November 15, 1928 – March 5, 2012) was a convicted American serial killer who confessed to three murders in 1946. Heirens was called the Lipstick Killer due to a notorious message scrawled in lipstick at a crime scene. At the time of his death, Heirens was reputedly the world's longest serving prisoner, having spent 65 years in prison.^[

⁺Francisco "Pancho" Guerrero, Jr., also known as El Gato Negro, is a fictional character and comic book superhero created by Richard Dominguez and published by Azteca Productions. The character made his first appearance in El Gato Negro #1 (October 1993).

+The "Dear Boss" letter was a message allegedly written by the notorious Victorian serial killer known as Jack the Ripper. It was postmarked and received on 27 September 1888, by the Central News Agency of London. It was forwarded to Scotland Yard on 29 September.

+Coeliac disease (/ˈsiːli.æk/; spelled celiac disease in North America^[1] and often celiac sprue) is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed people of all ages from middle infancy onward. Symptoms include pain and discomfort in the digestive tract, chronic constipation and diarrhoea, failure to thrive (in children), and fatigue, but these may be absent, and symptoms in other organ systems have been described. Vitamin deficiencies are often noted in people with coeliac disease owing to the reduced ability of the small intestine to properly absorb nutrients from food.

+A brothel is a place where people may come to engage in sexual activity with a prostitute.^[1] Technically, any place where prostitution commonly takes place is a brothel, but in places where prostitution or the operation of brothels is illegal, establishments may attempt to disguise their involvement in prostitution by referring to their business as something else, such as a massage parlor, a bar, or a strip club.

+Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή "psyche", for mind/soul, and -ωσις "-osis", for abnormal condition or derangement) refers to an abnormal condition of the mind, and is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a "loss of contact with reality". People suffering from psychosis are described as psychotic. Psychosis is the term given to the more severe forms of psychiatric disorder, during which hallucinations and/or delusions, violence and impaired insight may occur.

⁺Dopamine is a simple organic chemical in the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays a number of important roles in the brains and bodies of animals. Its name derives from its chemical structure: it is an amine that is formed by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of L-DOPA.

+Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, similar to hyperkinetic disorder in the ICD-10) is a psychiatric disorder^[1] of the neurodevelopmental disorder class^[2][3] in which there are significant problems of attention and/or hyperactivity and acting impulsively that are not appropriate for a person's age.^[4] These symptoms must begin before seven to twelve years of age and must have been present for more than six months for a diagnosis to be made.^[5][6] There are three subtypes: predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI or ADHD-I), predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-HI or ADHD-H), or the two combined (ADHD-C), which shows all three difficulties. Often people refer to ADHD-PI as "attention deficit disorder" (ADD), however, the latter has not been officially accepted since the 1994 revision of the DSM. In school-aged children the lack of focus may result in poor school performance.

+Modus operandi (plural modi operandi) is a Latin phrase, approximately translated as "method of operation".^[1] The term is used to describe someone's habits of working, particularly in the context of business or criminal investigations. In English, it is often shortened to M.O.

+The Lotus Europa is a two door mid-engined GT coupé built by Lotus Cars from 1966 to 1975. In 2006 Lotus began production of a totally new, Lotus Elise-derived design, a mid-engined GT coupé named Europa S. The original Europa used Lotus founder Colin Chapman's minimalist steel backbone chassis that was first used in the Lotus Elan, while also relying on its fibreglass moulded body for structural strength. The Europa was based on a prototype built to compete for Henry Ford II's contract to build a Le Mans race car in the early 1960s.

+Bruno Richard Hauptmann (November 26, 1899 – April 3, 1936) was a German criminal who was convicted for the abduction and murder of the 20-month-old son of Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh. The Lindbergh kidnapping became known as "The Crime of the Century". The kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh Jr. occurred on the evening of March 1, 1932. A man was believed to have climbed up a ladder placed under the bedroom window of the child's room and quietly snatched the infant by wrapping him in a blanket. A note demanding a ransom of $50,000 was left on the radiator that formed a windowsill for the room. The ransom was delivered, but the infant was not returned. A corpse identified as the boy's was found on May 12, 1932, in the woods 4 miles (6.4 km) from the Lindbergh home. The cause of death was listed as a blow to the head. It has never been determined whether the head injury was accidental or deliberate; some have theorized that the fatal injury occurred accidentally during the abduction.^[9][10] During the opening to the jury in the trial, New Jersey Attorney General David Wilentz claimed the child died by a fall from the ladder. However during the state's summation, Wilentz would claim the child was killed in the nursery after having been hit in the head with the chisel found at the scene. This material variance in theory as to both the location and cause of death by the state was one of the major points included in Hauptmann's appeal process.

+A gold certificate in general is a certificate of ownership that gold owners hold instead of storing the actual gold. It has both a historic meaning as a U.S. paper currency (1863–1933) and a current meaning as a way to invest in gold.

+Isidor Srul Fisch (26 July 1905 – 29 March 1934) was a German friend and business associate of Bruno Hauptmann, from whom Hauptmann claimed to have received a box containing gold certificates which had earlier been used to pay a ransom in the kidnapping of Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Jr.

+Lasonic is a product model and former trademark^[1][2] of consumer electronics, including boom boxes made from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s by Yung Fu Electrical Appliances based in Tainan City, Taiwan.^[3] Other products include DVD home theater systems, television sets, DVD players, CD and cassette players, FM radios, speakers, external media storage devices, and more^[4] (MP3/MP4 players, digital photo frames).

⁺Wigwag is the nickname given to a type of railroad grade crossing signal once common in North America, named for the pendulum-like motion it used to signal the approach of a train. It is generally credited to Albert Hunt, a mechanical engineer at Southern California's Pacific Electric (PE) interurban streetcar railroad, who invented it in 1909 for safer railroad grade crossings. The term should not be confused with its usage in Britain, where wigwag is generally used to refer to alternate flashing lights, such as those found at modern level crossings.

⁺Ciudad Juárez (Spanish pronunciation: [sjuˈðað ˈxwaɾes]), known in the past as Paso del Norte,^[2] is a city and seat of the municipality of Juárez in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Juárez's estimated population is 1.5 million people.^[3] The city lies on the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte), south of El Paso, Texas. El Paso and Ciudad Juárez comprise the second largest bi-national metropolitan area on the Mexico-United States border (after San Diego–Tijuana), with a combined population of 3 million people.

+Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease (encephalopathy) in cattle that causes a spongy degeneration in the brain and spinal cord. BSE has a long incubation period, about 30 months to 8 years, usually affecting adult cattle at a peak age onset of four to five years, all breeds being equally susceptible.^[1] In the United Kingdom, the country worst affected, more than 180,000 cattle have been infected and 4.4 million slaughtered during the eradication program.

+"Con te partirò" (literally meaning "With you I will leave") is an Italian song famously performed by Andrea Bocelli, who first sang it at the 1995 Sanremo Festival and recorded it on his album of the same year, Bocelli. Written by Francesco Sartori (music) and Lucio Quarantotto (lyrics), the single was first released as an A-side single with "Vivere" in 1995, topping the charts, first in France, where it became one of the best selling singles of all time, and then in Belgium, breaking the all-time record sales there.

+The Independent Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF) is a global altruistic and benevolent fraternal organization derived from the British Oddfellows service organizations of the 17th century.^[1] There are a number of explanations of the origin of the name – for example:

In 17th century England, it was odd to find people organized for the purpose of giving aid to those in need and of pursuing projects for the benefit of all mankind. Those who belonged to such an organization were called "Odd Fellows".

+C.F. Martin & Company is a U.S. guitar manufacturer established in 1833 by Christian Frederick Martin. Martin is highly regarded for its steel-string guitars and is a leading mass-manufacturer of flattop acoustics. Martin instruments can cost thousands of dollars and vintage instruments often cost six figures. The company has also made several models of electric guitars and electric basses.

+Sealtest Dairy was a division of National Dairy Products Corporation (predecessor to Kraft Foods, Inc.) of Delaware. It produced milk, cream, ice cream, and lemonade. The Sealtest brand was also later used by various companies in Canada under licence (now held by Agropur). Sealtest also sponsored an ice cream store at the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Florida named Sealtest Ice Cream Parlor and Sealtest Ice Cream Wagon.^[1] At one time, the advertising agency on record, Young & Rubicam, wanted to reintroduce the brand as "Now with Natural Vanilla."^{[citation needed]} Consumers responded that they believed the brand to be "all natural" already and the effort to increase brand spending was ended before it went to market.

+Agropur is a Canadian Agricultural cooperative headquartered in Longueuil, Quebec, Canada. The Agropur cooperative is the largest Canadian dairy company by annualized sales ($3 billion). It was founded in 1938. The company has 3,615 shareholders and 5,700 employees distributed among 27 plants and numerous distribution centres and offices across Canada, and in the United States and Argentina. It processes more than 2.7 billion litres of milk annually. Agropur milk products are sold as Québon, Oka, Sealtest, Natrel, Island Farms, Yoplait, La Lacteo, Trega and Schrœder.

+Ed the Happy Clown is the title character of a comics work by Canadian cartoonist, Chester Brown. The dark, surreal and largely improvised story started with a series of unrelated short comics that Brown soon went on to tie together. Ed is a large-headed, childlike children's clown, who is subjected to one horrifying affliction after another. In the early 1980s, Brown was in a creative rut until he came across a book on surrealism, The Age of Surrealism by Wallace Fowley.^[2] "Embracing surrealistic spontaneous creation", Brown started work on a completely improvised comic which he called Yummy Fur, in which Ed was originally serialized. The story spanned a range of Brown's interests, from political skepticism to scatological humour to Brown's childhood interest in vampires and werewolves. The story was dark and surreal, but "both hopeless and funny, a trick moviemakers like Tim Burton and Todd Solondz wish they could pull off more regularly".

⁺Pan American World Airways, commonly known as Pan Am, was the principal and largest international air carrier in the United States from 1927 until its collapse on December 4, 1991. Founded in 1927 as a scheduled air mail and passenger service operating between Key West, Florida, and Havana, Cuba, the airline became a major company credited with many innovations that shaped the international airline industry, including the widespread use of jet aircraft, jumbo jets, and computerized reservation systems.^[1] It was also a founding member of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the global airline industry association.^[2] Identified by its blue globe logo, the use of the word "Clipper" in aircraft names and call signs, and the white pilot uniform caps, the airline was a cultural icon of the 20th century. In an era dominated by flag carriers that were wholly or majority government-owned, it was also the unofficial flag carrier of the United States. During most of the jet era, Pan Am's flagship terminal was the Worldport located at John F. Kennedy Airport in New York

+The Porsche Panamera (type number 970) is a luxury four-door saloon.^[3][5][6] It is front-engined with rear-wheel drive, with four-wheel drive versions also available. The Porsche Panamera production model was unveiled at the 13th Auto Shanghai International Automobile Show in Shanghai, China, on April 2009.^[7] In 2011, hybrid and diesel versions were launched. In April 2013, a facelift to the Panamera was announced, launching again at the Auto Shanghai show.^[8] A plug-in hybrid version, the Panamera S E-Hybrid, is scheduled to be released in Germany in July 2013.

+The Porsche Panamericana is an automobile produced by Porsche AG. It was designed by Dutchman Harm Lagaay (designer) and Ulrich Bez (technical director) to renew the design of the 911. Lagaay was known for his work in Porsche's Weissach R&D center from 1970 to 1977 as a member of the Anatole Lapine design team that designed the 924. He also worked for Ford to develop the design of their models Escort, Sierra, and Scorpio and for BMW Research and Technology developing the BMW Z1 in 1985.

+Anadarko Petroleum Corporation is an American oil and gas exploration company and one of the world’s largest publicly traded oil and gas exploration and production companies, with approximately 2.5 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) of proved reserves and annual sales volumes of 248 million BOE as of December 31, 2011. Anadarko employs a worldwide workforce of about 4,000.^[1] The company is headquartered in The Woodlands, SPD Montgomery County, Texas.

+Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as corn or sugar cane.

+Sampford Arundel is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England. It is situated near Wellington and 10 miles (16.1 km) south west of Taunton in the Taunton Deane district. The village has a population of 334.

+Domesday Book (/ˈduːmzdeɪ/; alternatively /ˈdoʊmzdeɪ/ in the US)^[1][2] is a manuscript that records the great survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086. The survey was executed for William I of England (William the Conqueror): "While spending the Christmas time of 1085 in Gloucester, William had deep speech with his counsellors and sent men all over England to each shire to find out what or how much each landholder had in land and livestock, and what it was worth" (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).

+Warwickshire (ⁱ/ˈwɒrɨkʃər/ or /ˈwɒrɨkʃɪər/) is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Warwick, although the largest town is Nuneaton. The county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare and George Eliot. Commonly used abbreviations for the county are Warks or Warwicks. The county is divided into five districts of North Warwickshire, Nuneaton & Bedworth, Rugby, Warwick and Stratford-on-Avon. The current county boundaries were set in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972. The historic county boundaries also included Coventry and Solihull, as well as much of Birmingham. The county is bordered by Gloucestershire to the south west, Worcestershire and the West Midlands to the west, Staffordshire to the north west, Leicestershire to the north east, Northamptonshire to the east and Oxfordshire to the south and south east. For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG13) and is one of three counties that comprise the "Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire" NUTS 2 region.

+Will Bagley (born 1950) is a historian specializing in the history of the Western United States and the American Old West. Bagley has written about the fur trade, overland emigration, American Indians, military history, frontier violence, railroads, mining, and Utah and the Mormons.

+American Motors Corporation (AMC) was an American automobile company formed by the 1954 merger of Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and Hudson Motor Car Company. At the time, it was the largest corporate merger in U.S. history.

+Beijing Benz (officially Beijing Benz Automotive Co Ltd) is an automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Beijing, China, and a joint venture between Beijing Automotive Group and Daimler AG.^[1][2] Since its founding in 1984 the company has kept the same Chinese co-owner but has had several foreign co-owners.

+The American Motor Car Company was a short-lived company in the automotive industry founded in 1906, lasting until 1913. It was based in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The American Motor Car Company pioneered the "underslung" design.

+The AMC AMX is a two-seat GT in style and approach sports car that was produced by American Motors Corporation for the 1968 through 1970 model years.^[2] The AMX was also classified as a muscle car, but "unique among other American cars at the time due its short wheelbase".^[4] The AMX was also the only American-built steel-bodied two-seater of its time, the first since the 1955-1957 Ford Thunderbird .^[5] To a degree, the AMX was a competitor with America's only other two-seater of the era, the Chevrolet Corvette^[6] for substantially less money.^[5] With a one-inch (2.5 cm) shorter wheelbase than the Chevrolet's 2-seater, "the AMX was often seen by the press as a Corvette competitor."

+The AMC Gremlin is a two-door subcompact car produced in the United States, Canada and Mexico by the American Motors Corporation (AMC) and Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos.

+Kelvinator is an appliance brand. It takes its name from William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, who developed the concept of absolute zero and for whom the Kelvin temperature scale is named. The name was thought appropriate for a company that manufactured ice-boxes and domestic refrigerators.

+AM General is an American heavy vehicle manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana. It is best known for the civilian Hummer and the military Humvee, that is assembled in Mishawaka, Indiana.^[1] For a relatively brief period, 1974–1979, the company also manufactured transit buses, making more than 5,400.

⁺Wheel Horse was a manufacturer of outdoor and garden power equipment, including lawn and garden tractors. The company's headquarters were in South Bend, Indiana. The business was started in the two-car garage of Cecil Pond in 1946. Pond began building two-wheel, self-propelled "Walk-Away" garden tractors that were sold under the Pond name.^[1] Due to a naming conflict with another company, the company's name was changed to Wheel Horse. Pond's son Cecil Elwood Pond continued to develop and market the company's products. The framework was typically simple angle or channel iron and various surplus motorcycle and automotive parts were used. In 1947, a four-wheel tractor, the "Ride-Away" model was introduced for garden use. It was also made from crude parts and without a hood for easy service access.

+Packard was an American luxury automobile marque built by the Packard Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan, and later by the Studebaker-Packard Corporation of South Bend, Indiana. The first Packard automobiles were produced in 1899, and the last in 1958.

+Packard was founded by James Ward Packard, his brother William Doud Packard and their partner, George Lewis Weiss, in the city of Warren, Ohio. Being a mechanical engineer, James Ward Packard believed they could build a better horseless carriage than the Winton cars owned by Weiss, an important Winton stockholder.

⁺The Waltham Watch Company, also known as the American Waltham Watch Co. and the American Watch Co., produced about 40 million high quality watches, clocks, speedometers, compasses, time fuses, and other precision instruments between 1850 and 1957. The company's historic manufacturing facilities in Waltham, Massachusetts have been preserved as the American Waltham Watch Company Historic District.

+The Hudson Motor Car Company made Hudson and other brand automobiles in Detroit, Michigan, from 1909 to 1954. In 1954, Hudson merged with Nash-Kelvinator Corporation to form American Motors. The Hudson name was continued through the 1957 model year, after which it was dropped. The name "Hudson" came from Joseph L. Hudson, a Detroit department store entrepreneur and founder of Hudson's department store, who provided the necessary capital and gave permission for the company to be named after him. A total of eight Detroit businessmen formed the company on February 20, 1909,^[1] to produce an automobile which would sell for less than US$1,000. One of the chief "car men" and organizer of the company was Roy D. Chapin, Sr., a young executive who had worked with Ransom E. Olds. (Chapin's son, Roy Jr., would later be president of Hudson-Nash descendant American Motors Corp. in the 1960s). The company quickly started production, with the first car driven out of a small factory in Detroit on July 3, 1909.

+Matthew L. Scullin is a San Francisco-based scientist, alternative energy entrepreneur, and musician. He is currently the CEO of Hayward, California based Alphabet Energy, which he cofounded in 2008 with Peidong Yang. Alphabet Energy is the first company to manufacture silicon thermoelectric devices and deploy commercial thermoelectric waste heat recovery systems.^[1] In 2009, Alphabet Energy won the Cleantech Open's People's Choice, National Runner Up, California Sustainability, and California Finalist awards. The company has also won awards from Opportunity Green and R&D100, and is backed by leading investors in the field of clean energy technology including TPG, Claremont Creek Ventures, and CalCEF.^[2] For his pioneering work in the field of alternative energy Matt was named to the Forbes 30 Under 30 in 2012.

+Peidong Yang (b. 1971) is an American chemist. He is currently a Professor at the University of California, Berkeley (since 1999), member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is a Professor of Chemistry and a Professor of Materials Science.^[1][2] His research group studies the synthesis of nanomaterials and their electronic and optical properties. He is also a Department Head at the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis,^[3] Senior Faculty Scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,^[4] and Deputy Director of the Center of Integrated Nanomechanical Systems (COINS).^[5] He is an associate editor of the Journal of the American Chemical Society, an American Chemical Society Journal.

+Peider Lansel (August 15, 1863 - December 8, 1943) was a Swiss Romansh lyric poet. He is most known for having revived Rhaeto-Romansh as a literary language. His family was from Sent, Switzerland, (although he was born in Pisa) and worked as a merchant, as well as being a poet.

+Peidu mamas (陪读妈妈), or study mamas are women who accompany their children to Singapore to receive primary and secondary-level education. The study mama phenomenon began in 2000, after the Singapore Government relaxed its immigration policies to attract more foreigners. Most of the study mamas are from mainland China.

⁺Piedmont (Italian: Piemonte, pronounced [pjeˈmonte]; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. It has an area of 25,402 square kilometres (9,808 sq mi) and a population of about 4.6 million. The capital of Piedmont is Turin. The main local language is Piedmontese. Occitan is also spoken by a minority in the Occitan Valleys situated in the Provinces of Cuneo and Turin. Franco-Provençal is also spoken by another minority in the alpine heights of the Province of Turin. The name Piedmont comes from medieval Latin Pedemontium or Pedemontis, i.e., ad pedem montium, meaning “at the foot of the mountains” (attested in documents of the end of the 13th century).

+The House of Lancaster was a cadet branch of the royal House of Plantagenet. It was one of the opposing factions involved in the Wars of the Roses, an intermittent dynastic struggle which affected England and Wales during the 15th century. The family provided England with three kings: Henry IV of England, who ruled 1399–1413; Henry V of England, who ruled 1413–1422; and Henry VI of England and (II of) France, who ruled 1422–1461 and 1470–1471. The term "Lancastrian" refers to members of the family as well as their supporters.

+The Delaval Baronetcy of Seaton in the County of Northumberland was created in the Baronetage of England on 29 June 1660 for Ralph Delaval, of Seaton. The latter was Member of Parliament for Northumberland and was succeeded by his oldest son. The second Baronet died without male issue and the baronetcy devolved to his younger brother. The third Baronet, Member of Parliament for Morpeth and Northumberland experienced financial problems which led to him selling the family estate at Seaton to his cousin Admiral George Delaval (1660-1723). The baronetcy was extinct or dormant on his death.

+Delaval is the surname of a family of gentry/aristocracy in Northumberland, England, from the 11th century to the 19th century. Their main estate was the manor of Seaton Delaval. The 18th century Delavals are noteworthy for their colourful lifestyle, for the magnificent Seaton Delaval Hall and for the development of the little seaport of Seaton Sluice and a coal mine at Old Hartley.

+DeLaval (previously known as Alfa Laval Agri) is a Swedish company, split in 1991 from Alfa Laval, which was founded in 1883 by Gustaf de Laval and Oscar Lamm. The company is a leading producer of dairy and farming machinery. The company is part of the Tetra Laval group, which also includes Tetra Pak and Sidel. Gustaf de Laval contributions to the dairy industry included the first centrifugal milk-cream separator and early milking machines, the first of which he patented in 1894. It was not until after his death, however, that the company he founded marketed the first commercially practical milking machine, in 1918. Together with Oscar Lamm, de Laval founded the company Alfa Laval in 1883, which was known as AB Separator until 1963 when the present name was introduced. In 1991, Alfa Laval Agri, a company producing dairy and farming machinery, was split from Alfa Laval when it was bought by the Tetra Pak Group. When Alfa Laval was sold, Alfa Laval Agri remained a part of the Tetra Pak group and was renamed DeLaval after the company's founder.

+A pack rat or packrat, also called a woodrat, can be any of the species in the rodent genus Neotoma. Pack rats have a rat-like appearance with long tails, large ears and large black eyes. Compared to deer mice, harvest mice and grasshopper mice, pack rats are noticeably larger and are usually somewhat larger than cotton rats.

+Friskies is a brand of cat food. It is owned by Nestlé Purina PetCare Company, a subsidiary of Nestlé. This brand is offered as a canned soft/wet food, as well as dry food (i.e. kibble). Flavors include poultry, beef and seafood.

+Henri, le Chat Noir (French pronunciation: ​[lə ʃa nwaʁ] ; French for "The Black Cat") is a web series of short films on the existential musings of the tuxedo cat Henri. The series is created by William Braden.

+Grumpy Cat (born April 4, 2012), real name Tardar Sauce,^[1][2] is a female cat and Internet celebrity known for her grumpy facial expression.^[3] Her owner Tabatha Bundesen says that her permanently grumpy-looking face is due to feline dwarfism.^[3][4] Grumpy Cat's popularity originated from a picture posted to the social news website reddit by Tabatha's brother Bryan on September 22, 2012.^[3][5][6] It was made into an image macro with grumpy captions. "The Official Grumpy Cat" on Facebook has over 1.1 million Likes.^[7] Grumpy Cat was featured on the front page of The Wall Street Journal on May 30, 2013.^[8]

+Pat Sajak (/ˈseɪdʒæk/ SAY-jak, born Patrick Leonard Sajdak; October 26, 1946^[1]) is an American television personality, former weatherman, actor and talk show host, best known as the host of the American television game show Wheel of Fortune.

+A software synthesizer, also known as a softsynth, is a computer program or plug-in for digital audio generation. Computer software which can create sounds or music is not new, but advances in processing speed are allowing softsynths to accomplish the same tasks that previously required dedicated hardware. Softsynths are usually cheaper and more portable than dedicated hardware, and easier to interface with other music software such as music sequencers.

+ZynAddSubFX is an open source software synthesizer for Linux, Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows and is considered Free software. For sound generation it has three hybrid synth engines that combine additive, subtractive, Fourier and other synthesis methods. No external samples are used to produce the sound; everything is done by synthesis. The synthesizer has effects like reverberation, echo, chorus, distortion, equalization and others, and supports microtonal tunings.

+Monotimbral (from the root prefix mono meaning one, and timbre meaning a specific tone of a sound independent of its pitch) is usually used in reference to electronic synthesisers which can produce a single timbre at a given pitch upon pressing a single (if the synth is monophonic) or multiple keys (if the synth is polyphonic).

+Microtonal music is music using microtones—intervals of less than an equally spaced semitone. Microtonal music can also refer to music which uses intervals not found in the Western system of 12 equal intervals to the octave.

+Moog Music is an American company based in Asheville, North Carolina which manufactures electronic musical instruments. The current Moog Music is the second company to trade under that name.

+Korg Corporation (株式会社コルグ Kabushiki-gaisha Korugu^?) is a Japanese multinational corporation that manufactures electronic musical instruments, audio processors and guitar pedals, recording equipment, and electronic tuners. Under the Vox brand name, they also manufacture guitar amplifiers and electric guitars.

+Akai (Chinese: 雅佳; pinyin: Yǎjiā, Japanese: AKAI in rōmaji) is a consumer electronics brand, founded by Masukichi Akai and his son, Saburo Akai (who died in 1973^[1]) as Akai Electric Company Ltd. (赤井電機株式会社 Akai Denki Kabushiki-gaisha^?), a Japanese manufacturer in 1929^[1][2][3] or 1946.^{[note 1]} It is now headquartered in Singapore as a subsidiary of Grande Holdings, a Hong Kong-based conglomerate, which also owns the formerly Japanese brands Nakamichi and Sansui.^[4] The Akai brand is now used to rebadge electronics manufactured by other companies. "Akai" means red, hence the logo color, earlier also accompanied by a red dot.

+TASCAM is the professional audio division of TEAC Corporation, headquartered in Montebello, California. Tascam is credited as the inventor of the Portastudio, the first cassette-based multi-track home studio recorders. Tascam also introduced the first low-cost mass-produced multitrack recorders with Simul-Sync designed for recording musicians. Tascam also manufactured reel-to-reel tape machines and audio mixers for home recordists from the early 1970s through the mid-1990s.

+Slave codes were laws in each US state, which defined the status of slaves and the rights of masters. These codes gave slave-owners absolute power over the Black slaves.

+The United Nations General Assembly declared 2004 as the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (having welcomed the fact that UNESCO had proclaimed it as such earlier).

+The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (French: Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Éducation, la Science et la Culture; UNESCO; /juːˈnɛskoʊ/) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).

+Anne Hutchinson, born Anne Marbury (1591–1643), was a Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area, and her popularity and charisma helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. She was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the colony with many of her supporters.

+Edwin Austin Abbey (April 1, 1852 – August 1, 1911) was an American artist, illustrator, and painter. He flourished at the beginning of what is now referred to as the "golden age" of illustration, and is best known for his drawings and paintings of Shakespearean and Victorian subjects, as well as for his painting of Edward VII's coronation.".^[1][2][3] His most famous work, The Quest of the Holy Grail, resides in the Boston Public Library.

+Piedmontese (Italian: Piemontese, Piedmontese: Piemontèis) is a Romance language spoken by over 1 million people in Piedmont, northwest Italy. It is geographically and linguistically included in the Northern Italian group (with Lombard, Emiliano-Romagnolo, Ligurian, and Venetian). It is part of the wider western group of Romance languages, including French, Occitan, and Catalan.

Letter	IPA Value	Letter	IPA Value	Letter	IPA Value
A a	/a/, /ɑ/	H h	∅	P p	/p/
B b	/b/	I i	/i/	Q q	/k/
C c	/k/, /tʃ/1	J j	/j/	R r	/r/ ~ /ɹ/
D d	/d/2	L l	/l/	S s	/s/, /z/5
E e	/e/, /ɛ/, /æ/3	M m	/m/	T t	/t/
Ë ë	/ə/	N n	/n/, /ŋ/4	U u	/y/
F f	/f/	O o	/u/	V v	/v/, /w/, /u/, ∅6
G g	/g/, /dʒ/1	Ò ò	/o/	Z z	/z/ ~ /zd/

+Tenacious D is an American comedy rock duo that was formed in Los Angeles, California, United States in 1994. Composed of lead vocalist and guitarist Jack Black and lead guitarist and vocalist Kyle Gass, the band has released three albums – Tenacious D (2001), The Pick of Destiny (2006), and Rize of the Fenix (2012). The band's studio releases, and as of 2006 its live performances, feature a full band lineup, including such musicians as guitarist John Konesky and bassist John Spiker. Drummer Dave Grohl (Foo Fighters, Nirvana) played on every studio release, with Bad Religion drummer Brooks Wackerman replacing Grohl on tour.

+The Blues Brothers (or, more formally, The Blues Brothers’ Show Band and Revue) are an American blues and rhythm and blues revivalist band founded in 1978 by comedy actors Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as part of a musical sketch on Saturday Night Live. Belushi and Aykroyd, respectively in character as lead vocalist "Joliet Jake" Blues and harmonica player/backing vocalist Elwood Blues, fronted the band, which was composed of well-known and respected musicians. The Blues Brothers first appeared on Saturday Night Live on January 17, 1976.^[1] The band made its second appearance as the musical guest on the April 22, 1978, episode of SNL. They would make their third and last appearance on November 18, 1978.

⁺Pigeon racing is the sport of releasing specially trained racing pigeons, which then return to their homes over a carefully measured distance. The time it takes the animal to cover the specified distance is measured and the bird's rate of travel is calculated and compared with all of the other pigeons in the race to determine which animal returned at the highest speed. Pigeon racing requires a specific breed of pigeon bred for the sport, the "Racing Homer". Competing pigeons are specially trained and conditioned for races that vary in distance for approximately to 100 to 1000 km.

+Randall Made Knives, usually referred to as Randall, is an American manufacturer specializing in custom handcrafted knives founded by Walter Doane "Bo" Randall, Jr. The factory and showroom is located in Orlando, Florida. Randall offers 28 models of knives for different applications, each customizable at the factory based on customer specification.^[3] Randall hand forges nearly all models of knives instead of factory stamping,^[4] one of few manufacturers to do so. Randall uses a 17-step process for making knives, which usually takes over 8 hours to complete.^[5] The waiting list for obtaining a Randall from the factory is typically five years.

+The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is a United States government corporation operating as an independent agency created by the Banking Act of 1933. As of January 2013, it provides deposit insurance guaranteeing the safety of a depositor's accounts in member banks up to $250,000 for each deposit ownership category in each insured bank. As of September 30, 2012, the FDIC insured deposits at 7,181 institutions.^[2] The FDIC also examines and supervises certain financial institutions for safety and soundness, performs certain consumer-protection functions, and manages banks in receiverships (failed banks). The FDIC receives no Congressional appropriations – it is funded by premiums that banks and thrift institutions pay for deposit insurance coverage and from earnings on investments in U.S. Treasury securities.

+The Banking Act of 1933 (Pub.L. 73–66, 48 Stat. 162, enacted June 16, 1933) was a law that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in the United States and imposed various other banking reforms.^[1] The entire law is often referred to as the Glass–Steagall Act, after its Congressional sponsors, Senator Carter Glass (D) of Virginia, and Representative Henry B. Steagall (D) of Alabama. The term Glass–Steagall Act, however, is most often used to refer to four provisions of the Banking Act of 1933 that limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms.^[2] That limited meaning of the term is described in the article on the Glass–Steagall Act.

+Mechanical advantage is a measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, mechanical device or machine system. Ideally, the device preserves the input power and simply trades off forces against movement to obtain a desired amplification in the output force. The model for this is the law of the lever. Machine components designed to manage forces and movement in this way are called mechanisms.

+Herbert Dischinger founded a subsidiary of Sortimo Grundstücks- and Beteiligungs-GmbH (Property and Participation GmbH), Sortimo International GmbH in 1973. The name Sortimo stands for "SORTIment MObil" (meaning mobile assortment). The company has 500 employees in Germany. Sortimo develops and manufactures in-vehicle equipment for various trades, industries and the automotive industry. Headquarters are in Zusmarshausen, Bavaria. The modular structure of the equipment makes it possible to equip almost any commercial vehicle. Products are exported from the Zusmarshausen production site throughout the world. In 1973 Herbert Dischinger developed a metal case for the safe transport of parts and tools - its dimensions soon became the industry standard. Following the building block principle one product fits the other: boxes into the cases and the cases in the in-vehicle equipment. The first production site in Biburg near Diedorf saw products such as the Rolliboy, tool cases, components cases and case cabinets.

+Triumph Motorcycles Ltd^[2] is the largest UK motorcycle manufacturer; it was established in 1984 by John Bloor after the original company Triumph Engineering went into receivership. The new company (initially Bonneville Coventry Ltd) continued Triumph's record of motorcycle production since 1902. In the year to 30 June 2012, the company, which is the United Kingdom's largest motorcycle manufacturer, produced 49,000 motorcycles and employed 1,600 staff.

+The złoty (pronounced [ˈzwɔtɨ] ( listen);^[2] sign: zł; code: PLN), which literally means "golden", is the currency of Poland. The modern złoty is subdivided into 100 groszy (singular: grosz, alternative plural forms: grosze; groszy). The recognized English form of the word is zloty, plural zloty or zlotys.^[3] The currency sign zł, is composed of Polish small letters z and ł (Unicode: U+007A z latin small letter z & U+0142 ł latin small letter l with stroke).

+Billy Beer was a beer first made in the United States of America in July 1977, by the Falls City Brewing Company.^[1] It was promoted by ^[2] Billy Carter, the younger brother of then-President Jimmy Carter.^[3] The beer was produced by Cold Spring Brewing, West End Brewing, and Pearl Brewing Company.

+William Alton "Billy" Carter III (March 29, 1937 – September 25, 1988) was an American businessman who promoted Billy Beer, was a candidate for Mayor of Plains, Georgia, and was the younger brother of former Georgia Governor and United States President, Jimmy Carter.

+Gilley's was a bar/honky tonk founded in 1971 by country singer Mickey Gilley in Pasadena, Texas.^[1] It was the central location in the 1980 movie Urban Cowboy.^[2] Charlie Daniels on stage at Gilley's, 1979 It was a huge building with a corrugated steel roof that housed multiple bars and mechanical bulls. Connected to the club was a small rodeo arena that would also host both bicycle and motorcycle motocross races on Friday and Saturday nights. Sherwood Cryer was the co-owner of Gilley's; he had many night clubs in Pasadena. Gilley's ceased operations after a falling-out between Gilley and Cryer. In 1990, a fire, attributed to arson, gutted the interior. The rodeo arena and some livestock stalls were the only structures still standing until 2006, when it was demolished by the Pasadena Independent School District, its current owner. Only the old sound recording studio remains, on Spencer Highway. On October 2, 2003, Gilley's was reopened at a new location in Dallas. The new club features a 26,000-square-foot (2,400 m²) main show room and the original mechanical bull, El Toro, featured in the movie Urban Cowboy. In total, the new club has 91,000 square feet (8,500 m²) of restaurant, entertainment, meeting, and private function space.

+Charles Edward "Charlie" Daniels (born on October 28, 1936) is an American musician known for his contributions to country and southern rock music. He is perhaps best known for his number one country hit "The Devil Went Down to Georgia", and multiple other songs he has written and performed. Daniels has been active as a singer since the early 1950s. He was inducted into the Grand Ole Opry on January 24, 2008^[1] and the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2009.

⁺Mickey Leroy Gilley (born March 9, 1936) is an American country music singer and musician. Although he started out singing straight-up country and western material in the 1970s, he moved towards a more pop-friendly sound in the 1980s, bringing him further success on not just the country charts, but the pop charts as well. Among his biggest hits are "Room Full of Roses," "Don't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time," and the remake of the Soul hit "Stand by Me". He is also the cousin of Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl McVoy, Jim Gilley and Jimmy Swaggart. According to the Federal Aviation Administration, Gilley is a licensed pilot, who holds an instrument rating with commercial pilot privileges for multi-engine airplanes, as well as private pilot privileges for single engine aircraft

+Flash Video is a container file format used to deliver video over the Internet using Adobe Flash Player versions 6–11. Flash Video content may also be embedded within SWF files. There are two different video file formats known as Flash Video: FLV and F4V. The audio and video data within FLV files are encoded in the same manner as they are within SWF files. The F4V file format is based on the ISO base media file format and is starting with Flash Player 9 update 3.^[1][2] Both formats are supported in Adobe Flash Player and currently developed by Adobe Systems. FLV was originally developed by Macromedia.

+In computing, JPEG (/ˈdʒeɪpɛɡ/ JAY-peg)^[1] (seen most often with the .jpg extension) is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital photography (i.e. images). The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality, and is the file type most often produced in digital photography or computer screenshots.

+The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is a working group of experts that was formed by ISO and IEC to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission.^[1] It was established in 1988 by the initiative of Hiroshi Yasuda (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) and Leonardo Chiariglione,^[2] group Chair since its inception. The first MPEG meeting was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada.^[3][4][5] As of late 2005, MPEG has grown to include approximately 350 members per meeting from various industries, universities, and research institutions. MPEG's official designation is ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 WG11 – Coding of moving pictures and audio (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 11).

+File Allocation Table (FAT) is the name of a computer file system architecture and a family of industry standard file systems utilizing it. The FAT file system is a legacy file system which is simple and robust.^[4] It offers good performance even in light-weight implementations, but cannot deliver the same performance, reliability and scalability as some modern file systems. It is however supported for compatibility reasons by virtually all existing operating systems for personal computers, and thus is a well-suited format for data exchange between computers and devices of almost any type and age from the early 1980s up to the present.

+Gerhard Fisher contributed to the development and popularity of the hand held metal detector. Although the actual inventor of the hand-held metal detector is disputed, the hand-held metal detector was made in 1925 and was first patented by Dr. Gerhard Fisher in 1931. A metal detector had been invented some forty years earlier (1881) by Alexander Graham Bell for the sole purpose of locating a lead bullet in President James A. Garfield. Gerhard Fisher immigrated to the United States from Germany after studying electronics at the University of Dresden. While working as a Research Engineer in Los Angeles, California his work with aircraft radio detection finders led him to the idea of a portable metal detectors. Fisher shared the idea with Albert Einstein who correctly predicted the proliferation of hand held metal detector use.

+Gerhard Fischer (born 4 December 1915) was a highly decorated Major in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.

+Wilford Scypion (born July 18, 1958) was a professional boxer. Scypion was the National Golden Gloves Middleweight Champion in 1978. In February 1983, Scypion beat Frank Fletcher by a twelve round decision to take the USBA's regional Middleweight title. This victory guaranteed him a world championship try, against Marvin Hagler. The two competitors met on May 27, in a fight televised by HBO Boxing, which was considered by many to show only the best fights available at the time. Scypion was knocked out in four rounds in his only world title try, which was held in Providence, Rhode Island. It was the first bout for the WBA, WBC and IBF titles in history. He now lives in Port Arthur, Texas with his father and sister. Wilford is well known around town. Even though Wilford is disabled, due to his boxing experiences, he manages to live a relatively normal life and attends church with his family.

+Secretariat (March 30, 1970 – October 4, 1989) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse that in 1973 became the first U.S. Triple Crown champion in 25 years. He set race records in all three events in the Series – the Kentucky Derby (1:59 2/5), the Preakness Stakes (1:53), and the Belmont Stakes (2:24) – records that still stand today.^[2][3] He is considered to be one of the greatest Thoroughbreds of all time. In 1999, ESPN ranked Secretariat the 35th best athlete of the 20th century, the highest ranking racehorse on the list.^[4] He ranked second behind Man o' War in The Blood-Horse's List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century.

+Bold Ruler (April 6, 1954 – July 11, 1971) was an American Thoroughbred Hall of Fame racehorse who won the 1957 Preakness Stakes. He was the sire of two other Hall of Famers, Secretariat and Gamely.

+Bold Ruler (April 6, 1954 – July 11, 1971) was an American Thoroughbred Hall of Fame racehorse who won the 1957 Preakness Stakes. He was the sire of two other Hall of Famers, Secretariat and Gamely.

+Mange /ˈmeɪnʒ/ is a class of skin diseases caused by parasitic mites.^[1] Since mites also infect plants, birds, and reptiles, the term "mange", suggesting poor condition of the hairy coat due to the infection, is sometimes reserved only for pathological mite-infestation of nonhuman mammals. Thus, mange includes mite-associated skin disease in domestic animals (cats and dogs), in livestock (such as sheep scab), and in wild animals (for example, coyotes, cougars, and bears).^[2][3] Since mites belong to the arachnid subclass Acari (also called Acarina), another term for mite infestation is acariasis.

+P-glycoprotein 1 (permeability glycoprotein, abbreviated as P-gp or Pgp) also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) or cluster of differentiation 243 (CD243) is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the ABCB1 gene.^[2] P-gp is a well-characterized ABC-transporter (which transports a wide variety of substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes) of the MDR/TAP subfamily.

⁺Progeria (pronunciation: /proʊˈdʒɪəriə/^[1][2]), Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome,^[3][4] or Progeria syndrome^[4]) is an extremely rare genetic disease wherein symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at a very early age. The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" (πρό), meaning "before" or "premature", and "gēras" (γῆρας), meaning "old age". The disorder has a very low incident rate, occurring in an estimated 1 per 8 million live births.^[5] Those born with progeria typically live to their mid teens and early twenties.^[6][7] It is a genetic condition that occurs as a new mutation, and is rarely inherited. Although the term progeria applies strictly speaking to all diseases characterized by premature aging symptoms, and is often used as such, it is often applied specifically in reference to Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS).

+Uner Tan syndrome, Unertan syndrome or UTS is a syndrome proposed by the Turkish evolutionary biologist Üner Tan. Persons affected by this syndrome walk with a quadrupedal locomotion and are afflicted with primitive speech and severe mental retardation. Tan postulated that this is an example of "backward evolution".^[1] The proposed syndrome was featured in the 2006 BBC2 documentary The Family That Walks On All Fours.

+Hypertrichosis (also called Ambras syndrome) is an abnormal amount of hair growth over the body;^[1][2] extensive cases of hypertrichosis have informally been called werewolf syndrome,^[3] because the appearance is similar to the werewolf. The two distinct types of hypertrichosis are generalized hypertrichosis, which occurs over the entire body, and localized hypertrichosis, which is restricted to a certain area.^[1] Hypertrichosis can be either congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life.^[3][4] The excess growth of hair occurs in areas of the skin with the exception of androgen-dependent hair of the pubic area, face, and axillary regions.^[5]

+Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (also called Lewandowsky-Lutz dysplasia) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive genetic^[1] hereditary skin disorder associated with a high risk of carcinoma of the skin. It is characterized by abnormal susceptibility to human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the skin.^[2] The resulting uncontrolled HPV infections result in the growth of scaly macules and papules, particularly on the hands and feet. It is typically associated with HPV types 5 and 8,^[3] which are found in about 80 percent of the normal population as asymptomatic infections,^[4] although other types may also contribute.

+Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), (also known as "Alymphocytosis," "Glanzmann–Riniker syndrome," "Severe mixed immunodeficiency syndrome," and "Thymic alymphoplasia"^[1]) is a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of functional T-lymphocytes,^[2] which results in a defective antibody response due to either direct involvement with B lymphocytes or through improper B lymphocyte activation due to non-functional T-helper cells.^[3] Consequently, both "arms" (B cells and T cells) of the adaptive immune system are impaired due to a defect in one of several possible genes. SCID is the most severe form of primary immunodeficiencies,^[4] and there are now at least nine different known genes in which mutations lead to a form of SCID.^[5] It is also known as the bubble boy disease because its victims are extremely vulnerable to infectious diseases and some of them, such as David Vetter, become famous for living in a sterile environment. SCID is the result of an immune system so highly compromised that it is considered almost absent.

+Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood. It is a medical procedure in the fields of hematology and oncology, most often performed for patients with certain cancers of the blood or bone marrow, such as multiple myeloma or leukemia. In these cases, the recipient's immune system is usually destroyed with radiation or chemotherapy before the transplantation. Infection and graft-versus-host disease is a major complication of allogenic HSCT.

+Lesch–Nyhan syndrome (LNS), also known as Nyhan's syndrome, Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome and Juvenile gout,^[1] is a rare inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), produced by mutations in the HPRT gene located on (the) X chromosome. LNS affects about one in 380,000 live births.^[2] The disorder was first recognized and clinically characterized by medical student Michael Lesch and his mentor, pediatrician Bill Nyhan, who published their findings in 1964.

+Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C₅H₄N₄O₃. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides. High blood concentrations of uric acid can lead to gout. The chemical is associated with other medical conditions including diabetes and the formation of ammonium acid urate kidney stones.

+Trimethylaminuria (TMAU), also known as fish odor syndrome or fish malodor syndrome,^[1] is a rare metabolic disorder that causes a defect in the normal production of the enzyme flavin containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3).^[2][3] When FMO3 is not working correctly or if not enough enzyme is produced, the body loses the ability to properly convert trimethylamine (TMA) from precursor compounds in food digestion into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) through a process called N-oxygenation. Trimethylamine then builds up and is released in the person's sweat, urine, and breath, giving off a strong fishy odor or strong body odor.

+Marfan syndrome (also called Marfan's syndrome) is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue. People with Marfan tend to be unusually tall, with long limbs and long, thin fingers.

+Loeys–Dietz syndrome is a recently discovered autosomal dominant genetic syndrome which has many features similar to Marfan syndrome, but which is caused by mutations in the genes encoding transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1) or 2 (TGFBR2).^[1][2][3] It was identified and characterized by American physician Harry C. Dietz and Belgian physician Bart L. Loeys, for whom it is named.

+Demon Roach Underground (DRU) was a Lubbock, Texas based BBS that was popular in the "hacker" scene. Grandmaster Ratte' was the SysOp of DRU, and the BBS was the "base system" for his group Cult of the Dead Cow, a computer hacker organization. It ran from 1985 to 1999, though the name changed twice in its early existence. The original name of the BBS was "The Amazing Captain Neato (TACN) BBS." The name was then changed to "The Marauding C*A*M*E*L," before Ratte' changed the name for the final time to DRU. The BBS ran GBBS software and was hosted on an Apple IIgs for its entire original lifetime.

                                            ___
    |\    ___   |\/|   /\      |            /___)   /\     ^      ___   |   |
    | >  /___   |  |  <  >  |\ |           /  \    <  >   /_\    /      |___|
    |/  /_____  |  |   \/   | \|         //    \\   \/   /   \  (_____  |   |
                |                                \                      |    

                   U   N   D   E   R   G   R   O   U   N   D



                                      cDc
                                     _   _
                                    ((___))
                                    [ x x ]
                          cDc        \   /        cDc
                                     (' ')
                                      (U)

               '..and none but the Bovine survived the onslaught'

                      -cDc-   CULT OF THE DEAD COW   -cDc-
                               cDc communications
                          -cDc-   BASE SYSTEM   -cDc-
                          ---------------------------

                                HAVE A NICE DAY
----------------------- ------------ --------- -------- ------ ---- -- - - - -
                             xXx  FUCK SHIT UP  xXx
- -   - - - - -  -- --- ------- -------- ------------ ------------------------
  ......82 megs............300/1200/2400 baud......86400 seconds per day.....

   Prince of Monochrome
   SysButthead           : Grandmaster Ratte'

The Demon Roach Underground login screen

+The Blues Brothers (or, more formally, The Blues Brothers’ Show Band and Revue) are an American blues and rhythm and blues revivalist band founded in 1978 by comedy actors Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as part of a musical sketch on Saturday Night Live. Belushi and Aykroyd, respectively in character as lead vocalist "Joliet Jake" Blues and harmonica player/backing vocalist Elwood Blues, fronted the band, which was composed of well-known and respected musicians. The Blues Brothers first appeared on Saturday Night Live on January 17, 1976.^[1] The band made its second appearance as the musical guest on the April 22, 1978, episode of SNL. They would make their third and last appearance on November 18, 1978.

⁺Pigeon racing is the sport of releasing specially trained racing pigeons, which then return to their homes over a carefully measured distance. The time it takes the animal to cover the specified distance is measured and the bird's rate of travel is calculated and compared with all of the other pigeons in the race to determine which animal returned at the highest speed. Pigeon racing requires a specific breed of pigeon bred for the sport, the "Racing Homer". Competing pigeons are specially trained and conditioned for races that vary in distance for approximately to 100 to 1000 km.

+Randall Made Knives, usually referred to as Randall, is an American manufacturer specializing in custom handcrafted knives founded by Walter Doane "Bo" Randall, Jr. The factory and showroom is located in Orlando, Florida. Randall offers 28 models of knives for different applications, each customizable at the factory based on customer specification.^[3] Randall hand forges nearly all models of knives instead of factory stamping,^[4] one of few manufacturers to do so. Randall uses a 17-step process for making knives, which usually takes over 8 hours to complete.^[5] The waiting list for obtaining a Randall from the factory is typically five years.

+The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is a United States government corporation operating as an independent agency created by the Banking Act of 1933. As of January 2013, it provides deposit insurance guaranteeing the safety of a depositor's accounts in member banks up to $250,000 for each deposit ownership category in each insured bank. As of September 30, 2012, the FDIC insured deposits at 7,181 institutions.^[2] The FDIC also examines and supervises certain financial institutions for safety and soundness, performs certain consumer-protection functions, and manages banks in receiverships (failed banks). The FDIC receives no Congressional appropriations – it is funded by premiums that banks and thrift institutions pay for deposit insurance coverage and from earnings on investments in U.S. Treasury securities.

+The Banking Act of 1933 (Pub.L. 73–66, 48 Stat. 162, enacted June 16, 1933) was a law that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in the United States and imposed various other banking reforms.^[1] The entire law is often referred to as the Glass–Steagall Act, after its Congressional sponsors, Senator Carter Glass (D) of Virginia, and Representative Henry B. Steagall (D) of Alabama. The term Glass–Steagall Act, however, is most often used to refer to four provisions of the Banking Act of 1933 that limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms.^[2] That limited meaning of the term is described in the article on the Glass–Steagall Act.

+Mechanical advantage is a measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, mechanical device or machine system. Ideally, the device preserves the input power and simply trades off forces against movement to obtain a desired amplification in the output force. The model for this is the law of the lever. Machine components designed to manage forces and movement in this way are called mechanisms.

+Herbert Dischinger founded a subsidiary of Sortimo Grundstücks- and Beteiligungs-GmbH (Property and Participation GmbH), Sortimo International GmbH in 1973. The name Sortimo stands for "SORTIment MObil" (meaning mobile assortment). The company has 500 employees in Germany. Sortimo develops and manufactures in-vehicle equipment for various trades, industries and the automotive industry. Headquarters are in Zusmarshausen, Bavaria. The modular structure of the equipment makes it possible to equip almost any commercial vehicle. Products are exported from the Zusmarshausen production site throughout the world. In 1973 Herbert Dischinger developed a metal case for the safe transport of parts and tools - its dimensions soon became the industry standard. Following the building block principle one product fits the other: boxes into the cases and the cases in the in-vehicle equipment. The first production site in Biburg near Diedorf saw products such as the Rolliboy, tool cases, components cases and case cabinets.

+Triumph Motorcycles Ltd^[2] is the largest UK motorcycle manufacturer; it was established in 1984 by John Bloor after the original company Triumph Engineering went into receivership. The new company (initially Bonneville Coventry Ltd) continued Triumph's record of motorcycle production since 1902. In the year to 30 June 2012, the company, which is the United Kingdom's largest motorcycle manufacturer, produced 49,000 motorcycles and employed 1,600 staff.

+The złoty (pronounced [ˈzwɔtɨ] ( listen);^[2] sign: zł; code: PLN), which literally means "golden", is the currency of Poland. The modern złoty is subdivided into 100 groszy (singular: grosz, alternative plural forms: grosze; groszy). The recognized English form of the word is zloty, plural zloty or zlotys.^[3] The currency sign zł, is composed of Polish small letters z and ł (Unicode: U+007A z latin small letter z & U+0142 ł latin small letter l with stroke).

+Billy Beer was a beer first made in the United States of America in July 1977, by the Falls City Brewing Company.^[1] It was promoted by ^[2] Billy Carter, the younger brother of then-President Jimmy Carter.^[3] The beer was produced by Cold Spring Brewing, West End Brewing, and Pearl Brewing Company.

+William Alton "Billy" Carter III (March 29, 1937 – September 25, 1988) was an American businessman who promoted Billy Beer, was a candidate for Mayor of Plains, Georgia, and was the younger brother of former Georgia Governor and United States President, Jimmy Carter.

+Gilley's was a bar/honky tonk founded in 1971 by country singer Mickey Gilley in Pasadena, Texas.^[1] It was the central location in the 1980 movie Urban Cowboy.^[2] Charlie Daniels on stage at Gilley's, 1979 It was a huge building with a corrugated steel roof that housed multiple bars and mechanical bulls. Connected to the club was a small rodeo arena that would also host both bicycle and motorcycle motocross races on Friday and Saturday nights. Sherwood Cryer was the co-owner of Gilley's; he had many night clubs in Pasadena. Gilley's ceased operations after a falling-out between Gilley and Cryer. In 1990, a fire, attributed to arson, gutted the interior. The rodeo arena and some livestock stalls were the only structures still standing until 2006, when it was demolished by the Pasadena Independent School District, its current owner. Only the old sound recording studio remains, on Spencer Highway. On October 2, 2003, Gilley's was reopened at a new location in Dallas. The new club features a 26,000-square-foot (2,400 m²) main show room and the original mechanical bull, El Toro, featured in the movie Urban Cowboy. In total, the new club has 91,000 square feet (8,500 m²) of restaurant, entertainment, meeting, and private function space.

+Charles Edward "Charlie" Daniels (born on October 28, 1936) is an American musician known for his contributions to country and southern rock music. He is perhaps best known for his number one country hit "The Devil Went Down to Georgia", and multiple other songs he has written and performed. Daniels has been active as a singer since the early 1950s. He was inducted into the Grand Ole Opry on January 24, 2008^[1] and the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2009.

⁺Mickey Leroy Gilley (born March 9, 1936) is an American country music singer and musician. Although he started out singing straight-up country and western material in the 1970s, he moved towards a more pop-friendly sound in the 1980s, bringing him further success on not just the country charts, but the pop charts as well. Among his biggest hits are "Room Full of Roses," "Don't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time," and the remake of the Soul hit "Stand by Me". He is also the cousin of Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl McVoy, Jim Gilley and Jimmy Swaggart. According to the Federal Aviation Administration, Gilley is a licensed pilot, who holds an instrument rating with commercial pilot privileges for multi-engine airplanes, as well as private pilot privileges for single engine aircraft

+Flash Video is a container file format used to deliver video over the Internet using Adobe Flash Player versions 6–11. Flash Video content may also be embedded within SWF files. There are two different video file formats known as Flash Video: FLV and F4V. The audio and video data within FLV files are encoded in the same manner as they are within SWF files. The F4V file format is based on the ISO base media file format and is starting with Flash Player 9 update 3.^[1][2] Both formats are supported in Adobe Flash Player and currently developed by Adobe Systems. FLV was originally developed by Macromedia.

+In computing, JPEG (/ˈdʒeɪpɛɡ/ JAY-peg)^[1] (seen most often with the .jpg extension) is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital photography (i.e. images). The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality, and is the file type most often produced in digital photography or computer screenshots.

+The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is a working group of experts that was formed by ISO and IEC to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission.^[1] It was established in 1988 by the initiative of Hiroshi Yasuda (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) and Leonardo Chiariglione,^[2] group Chair since its inception. The first MPEG meeting was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada.^[3][4][5] As of late 2005, MPEG has grown to include approximately 350 members per meeting from various industries, universities, and research institutions. MPEG's official designation is ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 WG11 – Coding of moving pictures and audio (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 11).

+File Allocation Table (FAT) is the name of a computer file system architecture and a family of industry standard file systems utilizing it. The FAT file system is a legacy file system which is simple and robust.^[4] It offers good performance even in light-weight implementations, but cannot deliver the same performance, reliability and scalability as some modern file systems. It is however supported for compatibility reasons by virtually all existing operating systems for personal computers, and thus is a well-suited format for data exchange between computers and devices of almost any type and age from the early 1980s up to the present.

+Gerhard Fisher contributed to the development and popularity of the hand held metal detector. Although the actual inventor of the hand-held metal detector is disputed, the hand-held metal detector was made in 1925 and was first patented by Dr. Gerhard Fisher in 1931. A metal detector had been invented some forty years earlier (1881) by Alexander Graham Bell for the sole purpose of locating a lead bullet in President James A. Garfield. Gerhard Fisher immigrated to the United States from Germany after studying electronics at the University of Dresden. While working as a Research Engineer in Los Angeles, California his work with aircraft radio detection finders led him to the idea of a portable metal detectors. Fisher shared the idea with Albert Einstein who correctly predicted the proliferation of hand held metal detector use.

+Gerhard Fischer (born 4 December 1915) was a highly decorated Major in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.

+Wilford Scypion (born July 18, 1958) was a professional boxer. Scypion was the National Golden Gloves Middleweight Champion in 1978. In February 1983, Scypion beat Frank Fletcher by a twelve round decision to take the USBA's regional Middleweight title. This victory guaranteed him a world championship try, against Marvin Hagler. The two competitors met on May 27, in a fight televised by HBO Boxing, which was considered by many to show only the best fights available at the time. Scypion was knocked out in four rounds in his only world title try, which was held in Providence, Rhode Island. It was the first bout for the WBA, WBC and IBF titles in history. He now lives in Port Arthur, Texas with his father and sister. Wilford is well known around town. Even though Wilford is disabled, due to his boxing experiences, he manages to live a relatively normal life and attends church with his family.

+Secretariat (March 30, 1970 – October 4, 1989) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse that in 1973 became the first U.S. Triple Crown champion in 25 years. He set race records in all three events in the Series – the Kentucky Derby (1:59 2/5), the Preakness Stakes (1:53), and the Belmont Stakes (2:24) – records that still stand today.^[2][3] He is considered to be one of the greatest Thoroughbreds of all time. In 1999, ESPN ranked Secretariat the 35th best athlete of the 20th century, the highest ranking racehorse on the list.^[4] He ranked second behind Man o' War in The Blood-Horse's List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century.

+Bold Ruler (April 6, 1954 – July 11, 1971) was an American Thoroughbred Hall of Fame racehorse who won the 1957 Preakness Stakes. He was the sire of two other Hall of Famers, Secretariat and Gamely.

+Bold Ruler (April 6, 1954 – July 11, 1971) was an American Thoroughbred Hall of Fame racehorse who won the 1957 Preakness Stakes. He was the sire of two other Hall of Famers, Secretariat and Gamely.

+Mange /ˈmeɪnʒ/ is a class of skin diseases caused by parasitic mites.^[1] Since mites also infect plants, birds, and reptiles, the term "mange", suggesting poor condition of the hairy coat due to the infection, is sometimes reserved only for pathological mite-infestation of nonhuman mammals. Thus, mange includes mite-associated skin disease in domestic animals (cats and dogs), in livestock (such as sheep scab), and in wild animals (for example, coyotes, cougars, and bears).^[2][3] Since mites belong to the arachnid subclass Acari (also called Acarina), another term for mite infestation is acariasis.

+P-glycoprotein 1 (permeability glycoprotein, abbreviated as P-gp or Pgp) also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) or cluster of differentiation 243 (CD243) is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the ABCB1 gene.^[2] P-gp is a well-characterized ABC-transporter (which transports a wide variety of substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes) of the MDR/TAP subfamily.

⁺Progeria (pronunciation: /proʊˈdʒɪəriə/^[1][2]), Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome,^[3][4] or Progeria syndrome^[4]) is an extremely rare genetic disease wherein symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at a very early age. The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" (πρό), meaning "before" or "premature", and "gēras" (γῆρας), meaning "old age". The disorder has a very low incident rate, occurring in an estimated 1 per 8 million live births.^[5] Those born with progeria typically live to their mid teens and early twenties.^[6][7] It is a genetic condition that occurs as a new mutation, and is rarely inherited. Although the term progeria applies strictly speaking to all diseases characterized by premature aging symptoms, and is often used as such, it is often applied specifically in reference to Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS).

+Uner Tan syndrome, Unertan syndrome or UTS is a syndrome proposed by the Turkish evolutionary biologist Üner Tan. Persons affected by this syndrome walk with a quadrupedal locomotion and are afflicted with primitive speech and severe mental retardation. Tan postulated that this is an example of "backward evolution".^[1] The proposed syndrome was featured in the 2006 BBC2 documentary The Family That Walks On All Fours.

+Hypertrichosis (also called Ambras syndrome) is an abnormal amount of hair growth over the body;^[1][2] extensive cases of hypertrichosis have informally been called werewolf syndrome,^[3] because the appearance is similar to the werewolf. The two distinct types of hypertrichosis are generalized hypertrichosis, which occurs over the entire body, and localized hypertrichosis, which is restricted to a certain area.^[1] Hypertrichosis can be either congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life.^[3][4] The excess growth of hair occurs in areas of the skin with the exception of androgen-dependent hair of the pubic area, face, and axillary regions.^[5]

+Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (also called Lewandowsky-Lutz dysplasia) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive genetic^[1] hereditary skin disorder associated with a high risk of carcinoma of the skin. It is characterized by abnormal susceptibility to human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the skin.^[2] The resulting uncontrolled HPV infections result in the growth of scaly macules and papules, particularly on the hands and feet. It is typically associated with HPV types 5 and 8,^[3] which are found in about 80 percent of the normal population as asymptomatic infections,^[4] although other types may also contribute.

+Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), (also known as "Alymphocytosis," "Glanzmann–Riniker syndrome," "Severe mixed immunodeficiency syndrome," and "Thymic alymphoplasia"^[1]) is a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of functional T-lymphocytes,^[2] which results in a defective antibody response due to either direct involvement with B lymphocytes or through improper B lymphocyte activation due to non-functional T-helper cells.^[3] Consequently, both "arms" (B cells and T cells) of the adaptive immune system are impaired due to a defect in one of several possible genes. SCID is the most severe form of primary immunodeficiencies,^[4] and there are now at least nine different known genes in which mutations lead to a form of SCID.^[5] It is also known as the bubble boy disease because its victims are extremely vulnerable to infectious diseases and some of them, such as David Vetter, become famous for living in a sterile environment. SCID is the result of an immune system so highly compromised that it is considered almost absent.

+Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood. It is a medical procedure in the fields of hematology and oncology, most often performed for patients with certain cancers of the blood or bone marrow, such as multiple myeloma or leukemia. In these cases, the recipient's immune system is usually destroyed with radiation or chemotherapy before the transplantation. Infection and graft-versus-host disease is a major complication of allogenic HSCT.

+Lesch–Nyhan syndrome (LNS), also known as Nyhan's syndrome, Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome and Juvenile gout,^[1] is a rare inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), produced by mutations in the HPRT gene located on (the) X chromosome. LNS affects about one in 380,000 live births.^[2] The disorder was first recognized and clinically characterized by medical student Michael Lesch and his mentor, pediatrician Bill Nyhan, who published their findings in 1964.

+Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C₅H₄N₄O₃. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides. High blood concentrations of uric acid can lead to gout. The chemical is associated with other medical conditions including diabetes and the formation of ammonium acid urate kidney stones.

+Trimethylaminuria (TMAU), also known as fish odor syndrome or fish malodor syndrome,^[1] is a rare metabolic disorder that causes a defect in the normal production of the enzyme flavin containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3).^[2][3] When FMO3 is not working correctly or if not enough enzyme is produced, the body loses the ability to properly convert trimethylamine (TMA) from precursor compounds in food digestion into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) through a process called N-oxygenation. Trimethylamine then builds up and is released in the person's sweat, urine, and breath, giving off a strong fishy odor or strong body odor.

+Marfan syndrome (also called Marfan's syndrome) is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue. People with Marfan tend to be unusually tall, with long limbs and long, thin fingers.

+Loeys–Dietz syndrome is a recently discovered autosomal dominant genetic syndrome which has many features similar to Marfan syndrome, but which is caused by mutations in the genes encoding transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1) or 2 (TGFBR2).^[1][2][3] It was identified and characterized by American physician Harry C. Dietz and Belgian physician Bart L. Loeys, for whom it is named.

+Lee Redmond (born February 2, 1941) held the record in the Guinness World Records for longest fingernails on both hands. The Enquirer featured her every few years and kept track of the progress of her nails. Redmond started growing her nails in late 1978-early 1979 and although she had originally planned to have them cut off on November 22, 2006 (as she said on her guest appearances on a couple of talk shows), she chose to keep her nails after all. In the past few years, she made appearances on CBS News and at the Ripley's Believe It or Not! museum. One of her last appearances was at a fundraiser for the Salt Lake City fire department, where it was reported her nails were an average of 34–35 inches in length.

⁺William Henry "Bill" Wright (21 April 1876 – 20 September 1951) was a Canadian prospector who discovered the Kirkland Lake Break, which hosted seven gold-producing mines. He used the proceeds from his gold finds to launch a national newspaper in Canada, The Globe and Mail.

+Pope Leo XIII (Latin: Leo PP. XIII, Italian: Leone XIII; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death in 1903. He was the oldest pope (reigning until the age of 93), and had the third longest pontificate, behind Pius IX (his immediate predecessor) and John Paul II. He is the most recent Pope to date to take the name "Leo" upon being elected as Pope.

+The Apostles' Creed (Latin: Symbolum Apostolorum or Symbolum Apostolicum), sometimes titled Symbol of the Apostles, is an early statement of Christian belief, a creed or "symbol".^[1] It is widely used by a number of Christian denominations for both liturgical and catechetical purposes, most visibly by liturgical Churches of Western tradition, including the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and Western Orthodoxy. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists.

+Michael (Hebrew: מִיכָאֵל‎ (pronounced [ˌmixäˈʔel]), Micha'el or Mîkhā'ēl; Greek: Μιχαήλ, Mikhaḗl; Latin: Michael (in the Vulgate Michahel); Arabic: ميخائيل‎, Mīkhā'īl) is an archangel in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic teachings. Roman Catholics, the Eastern Orthodox, Anglicans, and Lutherans refer to him as "Saint Michael the Archangel" and also as "Saint Michael". Orthodox Christians refer to him as the "Taxiarch Archangel Michael" or simply "Archangel Michael". In Hebrew, Michael means "who is like God?". Michael is mentioned three times in the Book of Daniel, once as a "great prince who stands up for the children of your people". The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy. In the New Testament Michael leads God's armies against Satan's forces in the Book of Revelation, where during the war in heaven he defeats Satan. In the Epistle of Jude Michael is specifically referred to as an "archangel". Christian sanctuaries to Michael appeared in the 4th century, when he was first seen as a healing angel, and then over time as a protector and the leader of the army of God against the forces of evil. By the 6th century, devotions to Archangel Michael were widespread both in the Eastern and Western Churches. Over time, teachings on Michael began to vary among Christian denominations.

+Avá-Canoeiro, known as Avá or Canoe, is a minor Tupi–Guaraní language of the state of Goiás, in the Amazon region of Brazil. Speakers are reported to be entirely monolingual.

⁺Western Electric Company (sometimes abbreviated WE and WECo) was an American electrical engineering and manufacturing company, the supplier to AT&T from 1881 to 1995. It was the scene of a number of technological innovations and also some seminal developments in industrial management. It also served as the purchasing agent for the member companies of the Bell System.

+Albrecht Dürer (German: [ˈalbʁɛçt ˈdyːʁɐ]; 21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528)^[1] was a German painter, engraver, printmaker, mathematician, and theorist from Nuremberg. His high-quality woodcuts (nowadays often called Meisterstiche or "master prints") established his reputation and influence across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance ever since. His vast body of work includes altarpieces and religious works, numerous portraits and self-portraits, and copper engravings. The woodcuts, such as the Apocalypse series (1498), retain a more Gothic flavour than the rest of his work. His well-known prints include the Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours also mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium.

+Silverpoint (one of several types of metalpoint) is a traditional drawing technique first used by Medieval scribes on manuscripts.

+From the perspective of the theocratic government, "God himself is recognized as the head" of the state,^[1] hence the term theocracy, from the Greek θεοκρατία "rule of God", a term used by Josephus for the kingdoms of Israel and Judah.^[2] In a pure theocracy, the civil leader is believed to have a direct personal connection with the civilization's divinity. For example, Moses led the Israelites, and Muhammad ruled the early Muslims. Law proclaimed by the ruler is also considered a divine revelation, and hence the law of God. An ecclesiocracy, on the other hand, is a situation where the religious leaders assume a leading role in the state, but do not claim that they are instruments of divine revelation. For example, the prince-bishops of the European Middle Ages, where the bishop was also the temporal ruler. Such a state may use the administrative hierarchy of the religion for its own administration, or it may have two 'arms,' -- administrators and clergy—but with the state administrative hierarchy subordinate to the religious hierarchy. The papacy in the Papal States occupied a middle ground between theocracy and ecclesiocracy, since the pope did not claim he was a prophet who received revelation from God and translated it into civil law.

+Nash Motors Company was an American automobile manufacturer based in Kenosha, Wisconsin, in the United States from 1916 to 1937. From 1937 to 1954, Nash Motors was the automotive division of the Nash-Kelvinator Corporation. Nash production continued from 1954 to 1957 after the creation of American Motors Corporation.

+Saroléa was the first Belgian producer of motorcycles, and one of the first producers of motorcycles in the world. This Belgian factory was established in 1850 as a weapons factory by Joseph Saroléa. In 1892 bicycles began to be built as well. Joseph died in 1894 and under the management of his sons the company grew bigger and bigger. In the 20s the firm got successfully involved with long distance runs, reliability trials and hill climbs. From 1927 on the company made its own gearboxes and early in 1929 the factory was extended to some 6000m². Nearly all components of the bikes were made in-house now and the production capacity grew to 50 machines per day. Later in 1929 a brand new state-of the-art production facility was commissioned which brought the production capacity to 75 machines per day.

+The Democratic National Committee (DNC) is the principal organization governing the United States Democratic Party on a day-to-day basis. While it is responsible for overseeing the process of writing a platform every four years, the DNC's central focus is on campaign and political activity in support of Democratic Party candidates, and not on public policy. The DNC was established at the 1848 Democratic National Convention. In June 2008, after Senator Barack Obama became the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee, Dean announced that the DNC, emulating the Obama campaign, would no longer accept donations from federal lobbyists.

+The White House Plumbers, sometimes simply called the Plumbers, were a covert White House Special Investigations Unit, established July 24, 1971, during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Its task was to stop the leaking of classified information to the news media. Its members branched into illegal activities while working for the Committee to Re-elect the President, including the Watergate break-in and the ensuing Watergate scandal. The Plumbers came to include several Watergate figures. E. Howard Hunt was recommended by Charles Colson, and G. Gordon Liddy was recommended by Egil Krogh. Liddy coined his own sensitivity indicator for the group in the form of "ODESSA".^[1] Another member of the group was its liaison to the CIA, John Paisley. In recent years, Paisley's involvement has led to speculation the CIA had a far greater hand in the operations of the Plumbers than originally thought at the time. What is known is Paisley was assigned to the CIA's Office of Security (OS), of which Watergate burglar James McCord was once a member. On August 9, 1971, David Young's memo indicates he met with Paisley and OS Director Howard Osborn, in which Paisley provided a list of objectives for the Special Investigations Unit. The Plumbers' first task was the burglary of the office of Daniel Ellsberg's Los Angeles psychiatrist, Lewis J. Fielding, in an effort to uncover evidence to discredit Ellsberg, who had leaked the Pentagon Papers. The operation was reportedly unsuccessful in finding Ellsberg's file and was so reported to the White House. However, Fielding himself stated the file was in his office; he found it on the floor on the morning after the burglary and quite clearly, someone had gone through it.^[3] In a September 1971 conversation, Ehrlichman advised Nixon, “We had one little operation. It’s been aborted out in Los Angeles which, I think, is better that you don’t know about." Eventually, the case against Ellsberg was dismissed due to government misconduct. Aside from the Fielding burglary, there are few other activities the Plumbers were known to have been engaged in. Hunt reportedly looked into the Ted Kennedy Chappaquiddick incident and Liddy reported purported Kennedy administration involvement in the assassination of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem.^[1] After the California break-in, Liddy was recruited by White House Counsel John Dean to perform an intelligence gathering operation for Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP). Liddy was transferred to CRP and involved Hunt in the operations which would later include the Watergate burglary.

+Daniel Ellsberg (born April 7, 1931) is a former United States military analyst who, while employed by the RAND Corporation, precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers. He was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 2006. He is also known for a fundamental contribution to decision theory, the Ellsberg paradox.

+Amoeba (sometimes amœba or ameba, plural amoebae or amoebas) is a genus of Protozoa^[1] consisting of unicellular organisms that do not have a definite shape. The microscopic amoeba was first discovered by August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof in 1757.^[2] Early naturalists referred to Amoeba as the Proteus animalcule after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his shape. The name "amibe" was given to it by Bory de Saint-Vincent,^[3] from the Greek amoibè (αμοιβή), meaning change.^[4] Dientamoeba fragili was first described in 1918, and was linked to harm in humans.

+August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof (March 30, 1705 in Augustenburg near Arnstadt – March 27, 1759 in Nuremberg) was a German miniature painter, naturalist and entomologist. With his accurate, heavily detailed images of insects he was recognised as an important figure in modern entomology.

+Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent (6 July 1778 – 22 December 1846) was a French naturalist. (His personal name is variously reported, including "Jean Baptiste Marcellin" and "Jean Baptiste George Marie".)

+Glossophobia or speech anxiety is the fear of public speaking or of speaking in general.^[1] The word glossophobia comes from the Greek γλῶσσα glōssa, meaning tongue, and φόβος phobos, fear or dread. Many people only have this fear, while others may also have social phobia or social anxiety disorder.

+Everette Howard Hunt, Jr. (October 9, 1918 – January 23, 2007) was an American intelligence officer and writer. From 1949 to 1970, Hunt served as a CIA officer. Along with G. Gordon Liddy and others, Hunt was one of the Nixon White House "plumbers" — a secret team of operatives charged with fixing "leaks" (real or perceived causes of confidential Administration information being leaked to outside parties). Hunt and Liddy engineered the first Watergate burglary and other undercover operations for the Nixon Administration. In the ensuing Watergate Scandal, Hunt was convicted of burglary, conspiracy, and wiretapping, eventually serving 33 months in prison.

+The 2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran was a mob action on 29 November 2011 by a crowd of Iranian protesters who stormed the embassy and another British diplomatic compound in Tehran, Iran ransacking offices and stealing documents. One small building was set on fire during the incident and several people were injured.^[1] Iranian opposition student groups condemned the storming of the embassy and Advar Takhim said the attackers were from the basij militia, a paramilitary force that has played a significant role in the government's response to protests organised by various student, women and political movements.

+On 9 September 2011, several thousand protesters forcibly entered the Israeli embassy in Giza, Greater Cairo, after breaking down a recently constructed wall built to protect the compound.^[3][4][5] The protesters later broke into a police station and stole weapons, resulting in police using tear gas in an attempt to protect themselves. The demonstrators eventually broke through the security wall and entered the offices of the embassy. Six members of the embassy staff, who had been in a "safe room", were evacuated from the site by Egyptian commandos, following the personal intervention of United States President Barack Obama.

+2011 attack on Estonian Defence Ministry was an attack on Estonian Ministry of Defence building in Tallinn on 11 August 2011 by Karen Drambjan (Armenian: Կարեն Դրամբյան, Russian: Карэн Драмбян,^[1] 26 July 1954 – 11 August 2011).^[2][3] He was shot dead in a firefight with the police, after he set off several explosives.

+The Watergate scandal was a political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s as a result of the June 17, 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement. The scandal eventually led to the resignation of Richard Nixon, the President of the United States, on August 9, 1974—the only resignation of a U.S. president to date. The scandal also resulted in the indictment, trial, conviction, and incarceration of forty-three persons, dozens of whom were Nixon's top administration officials. The affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate complex on June 17, 1972. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) connected cash found on the burglars to a slush fund used by the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, the official organization of Nixon's campaign.^[1][2] In July 1973, as evidence mounted against the president's staff, including testimony provided by former staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee, it was revealed that President Nixon had a tape-recording system in his offices and he had recorded many conversations.^[3][4] Recordings from these tapes implicated the president, revealing he had attempted to cover up the questionable (and illegal) goings-on that had taken place after the break-in.^[2][5] After a protracted series of bitter court battles, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the president had to hand over the tapes to government investigators; he ultimately complied. Facing near-certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and a strong possibility of a conviction in the Senate, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974.^[6][7] His successor, Gerald Ford, then issued a pardon to him.

+The Watergate burglaries, which took place May 28 and June 17, 1972, were the focus of the Watergate scandal, which ultimately led to U.S. President Richard Nixon's resignation two years later. Five men who were apprehended inside the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate building during the second burglary implicated themselves on other counts and charges by voluntarily telling investigators about having committed a "first break-in". Physical evidence that might have corroborated the testimony was destroyed by a number of people involved in and peripheral to the first burglary, including G. Gordon Liddy, Jeb Magruder, John Dean, and the acting head of the FBI at the time, L. Patrick Gray, who resigned after his admission of destruction of evidence that had been taken from the safe of E. Howard Hunt.

+Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, also known as Plan Cóndor, Portuguese: Operação Condor) was a campaign of political repression and terror involving intelligence operations and assassination of opponents, officially implemented in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone of South America. The program was intended to eradicate communist or Soviet influence and ideas, and to suppress active or potential opposition movements against the participating governments.

+Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1720 – April 20, 1769) was a chief of the Ottawa tribe who became famous for his role in Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766), an American Indian struggle against the British military occupation of the Great Lakes region following the British victory in the French and Indian War. Historians disagree about Pontiac's importance in the war that bears his name. Nineteenth-century accounts portrayed him as the mastermind and leader of the revolt, while some subsequent interpretations have depicted him as a local leader with limited overall influence.

+The Battle of Bloody Run was fought during Pontiac's Rebellion on July 31, 1763. In an attempt to break Pontiac's siege of Fort Detroit, about 250 British troops attempted to make a surprise attack on Pontiac's encampment.

+The Watergate complex is a group of five buildings next to the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C. in the United States. The 10-acre (40,000 m²) site contains an office building, three apartment buildings, and a hotel-office building. Construction was delayed for several months while the developer, government officials, and others debated the appropriateness of the complex's architectural style and height. Construction began in August 1963, and, after additional controversy over the height and siting of the fifth building, was completed in January 1971.^[2] Considered one of Washington's most desirable living spaces, the Watergate has been popular with members of Congress and political appointees in the executive branch since it opened.^[3][4] The complex has been sold several times since the 1980s. In the 1990s it was split up and its component buildings and parts of buildings were sold to various owners.

⁺The Iran–Contra affair (Persian: ایران-کنترا‎, Spanish: caso Irán-Contra), also referred to as Irangate, Contragate or the Iran–Contra scandal, was a political scandal in the United States that came to light in November 1986. During the Reagan administration, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo.^[1] Some U.S. officials also hoped that the arms sales would secure the release of hostages and allow U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress.

+The Boland Amendment was the name given to three U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984, all aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to the Contras in Nicaragua. The first Boland Amendment was to the House Appropriations Bill of 1982, which was attached as a rider to the Defense Appropriations Act of 1983, named for the Massachusetts Democrat, Representative Edward Patrick Boland, who authored it. The House of Representatives passed the Defense Appropriations Act 411-0 on December 8, 1982 and it was signed by President Ronald Reagan on December 21, 1982.^[1] The amendment outlawed U.S. assistance to the Contras for the purpose of overthrowing the Nicaraguan government, while allowing assistance for other purposes.

⁺Oliver Laurence 'Ollie' North (born October 7, 1943) is a former United States Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel, conservative political commentator and television host, military historian, and New York Times best-selling author.^[1] North was a National Security Council staff member during the Iran–Contra affair, a political scandal of the late 1980s. The scandal involved the clandestine sale of weapons to Iran, which was to encourage the release of U.S. hostages then held in Lebanon. North formulated the second part of the plan which was to divert proceeds from the arms sales to support the Contra rebel groups in Nicaragua (which had been specifically prohibited under the Boland Amendment). He is currently the host of War Stories with Oliver North on Fox News Channel.

⁺The contras (some references use the capitalized form, "Contras") is a label given to the various rebel groups opposing the Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction government in Nicaragua that were active from 1979 through to the early 1990s. Among the separate contra groups, the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) emerged as the largest by far. In 1987, virtually all contra organizations were united, at least nominally, into the Nicaraguan Resistance.

+The Sandinista National Liberation Front (Spanish: Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, or FSLN) is today a social democratic^[2][3] political party in Nicaragua. Its members are called Sandinistas in both English and Spanish. The party is named after Augusto César Sandino who led the Nicaraguan resistance against the United States occupation of Nicaragua in the 1930s.

⁺The Nicaraguan Democratic Force (Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense, or FDN) was one of the earliest Contra groups, formed on August 11, 1981 in Guatemala City. It was formed to oppose Nicaragua's revolutionary Sandinista government following the 1979 overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle. It merged the 15th of September Legion, which comprised mostly former members of Somoza's National Guard, with the Nicaraguan Democratic Union, an organization of émigrés from the business and professional classes. The new FDN also began assimilating the MILPAS movement, bands led by disenchanted former MAP-ML guerrillas. The FDN military was under the command of former National Guard colonel Enrique Bermúdez. The FDN was heavily backed by the Central Intelligence Agency and the Reagan administration.

+The Nicaraguan Resistance (Resistencia Nicaragüense, RN) was the last and arguably most successful effort to unify Nicaragua's rebel Contras into a single umbrella organization. It was established in May 1987, after the United Nicaraguan Opposition (UNO) foundered. The RN had a 54-member assembly that elected a seven-member directorate. Five seats were allotted to parties, one was elected at-large, and the last was reserved for YATAMA, the Miskito Indian organization. The initial members were Adolfo Calero (Conservative), Aristides Sánchez (Liberal), Alfonso Robelo (Social Democrat), Azucena Ferrey (Social Christian), Alfredo César (Southern Opposition Bloc), and Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, Jr. (at-large). The YATAMA seat remained vacant.

+Hildrus Augustus Poindexter (May 10, 1901 – April 21, 1987) was a bacteriologist who studied the epidemiology of tropical diseases. Poindexter was the son of tenant farmers in rural Alabama. He attended Lincoln University, PA, graduating in 1924, then went on to Harvard Medical School in 1929 with a PhD in Microbiology. As a noted bacteriologist, Dr. Poindexter became the head of the Medical College at Howard University in 1934.

+Reagan Gomez-Preston (born April 24, 1980 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American television and film actress and voice actress. She is best known for playing Zaria Peterson, Robert and Jerri Peterson's oldest daughter on The WB sitcom The Parent 'Hood, which was her first acting role.

+USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77) is the tenth and final Nimitz-class supercarrier of the United States Navy.^[1] She is named for the 41st President of the United States and former Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush, who was a naval aviator during World War II. Bush's callsign is Avenger, after the TBM Avenger aircraft flown by then-Lieutenant George Bush in World War II. Construction began in 2003^[6] at the Northrop Grumman Newport News shipyard's Dry Dock 12 (the largest in the western hemisphere)^[7] and was completed in 2009 at a cost of $6.2 billion.^[2] She is homeported at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia.

+Samuel Berger (December 25, 1884 – February 23, 1925) was an American professional heavyweight boxer who competed in the early twentieth century. He was born in Chicago, Illinois and died in San Francisco, California. A longtime leading amateur boxer representing the San Francisco Olympic Club, the 6' 2", 200-pound Berger was the first Olympic Heavyweight Boxing Champion, winning his gold medal in St. Louis in Boxing at the 1904 Summer Olympics. The St. Louis Games marked the first time boxing was included on the Olympic program.

+Samuel Richard "Sandy" Berger (born October 28, 1945) was United States National Security Advisor, under President Bill Clinton from 1997 to 2001. In his position, he helped to formulate the foreign policy of the Clinton Administration. During this time he advised the President regarding the Khobar Towers bombing, Operation Desert Fox, the NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia, responses to the terrorist bombings of American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, and the administration's policy of engagement with the People's Republic of China.^[1] He was also one of the prominent actors of the Camp David 2000 Summit.

+The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was NATO's military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War. The strikes lasted from March 24, 1999 to June 10, 1999. The official NATO operation code name was Operation Allied Force; the United States called it Operation Noble Anvil,^[39] while in Yugoslavia the operation was named "Merciful Angel" (Serbian Cyrillic: Милосрдни анђео).^[40] The more common name for the events in Serbia, still used in historical records, is "NATO aggression" (агресија НАТО-а).

+The United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo or UNMIK is the officially mandated mission of the United Nations in Kosovo. Currently, UNMIK describes its mandate as being to "help the Security Council achieve an overall objective, namely, to ensure conditions for a peaceful and normal life for all inhabitants of Kosovo and advance regional stability in the western Balkans."

+The Khobar Towers bombing was a terrorist attack on part of a housing complex in the city of Khobar, Saudi Arabia, located near the national oil company (Saudi Aramco) headquarters of Dhahran on June 25, 1996. At that time Khobar Towers was being used as quarters for foreign military personnel. A huge truck-bomb was detonated adjacent to Building #131, an eight-story structure housing United States Air Force personnel from the 4404th Wing (Provisional), primarily from a deployed rescue squadron and deployed fighter squadron. In all, 19 U.S. servicemen were killed and 498^[1] of many nationalities were wounded. Although Al-Qaeda has been described by some sources as the likely culprit, the official June 25, 1996 statement by the United States named members of Hezbollah Al-Hejaz (Party of God in the Hijaz)^[2][3] as responsible.

+Hezbollah Al-Hejaz (Arabic: حزب الله الحجاز‎, English: Party of God in the Hijaz) is or was a militant organization operating in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Bahrain. Hizbollah in the Hijaz (Saudi Hizbollah) is a Shi‘i organization founded in May 1987 in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province.^[1][2] It is pro-Khomeini as opposed to the pro-Shirazi ‘Organization of the Islamic Revolution’ [munazzamat al-thawra al-islamiyya] (OIR).^[3] It is outlawed in Saudi Arabia.

+The bombing of Iraq in June 1993 was ordered by U.S. President Bill Clinton as both a retaliation and a warning provoked by the attempted assassination by Iraqi agents on former U.S. President George H. W. Bush while on a visit to Kuwait in April 14–16, 1993.

⁺The December 1998 bombing of Iraq (code-named Operation Desert Fox) was a major four-day bombing campaign on Iraqi targets from December 16, 1998, to December 19, 1998, by the United States and United Kingdom. The contemporaneous justification for the strikes was Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions as well as their interference with United Nations Special Commission inspectors.

+The 2003 invasion of Iraq lasted from 19 March 2003 to 1 May 2003, and signaled the start of the conflict that later came to be known as the Iraq War, which was incited under WMD pretext and dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United States. The invasion consisted of 21 days of major combat operations, in which a combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Poland, invaded Iraq and deposed the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. The invasion phase consisted primarily of a conventionally-fought war which concluded with the capture of the Iraqi capital of Baghdad by American forces.

+The 1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq (Operation Desert Strike) occurred in September 1996 during the Kurdish Civil War. It involved a joint United States Navy-United States Air Force strike against air defense targets in southern Iraq. On 31 August 1996, the Iraqi military launched its biggest offensive since 1991 against the city of Irbil in Iraqi Kurdistan. This attack stoked American fears that the Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein intended to launch a genocidal campaign against the Kurds similar to the campaigns of 1988 and 1991. It also placed Saddam in clear violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 forbidding repression of Iraq's ethnic minorities.

+The Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (Kurdish: Birakujî(31 ab (٣١ ئاب)) = Fratricide(31 August) was a military conflict which took place between rival Kurdish factions in Iraqi Kurdistan in the mid-1990s, most notably the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan vs. the Kurdistan Democratic Party. Over the course of the conflict, Kurdish factions from Iran and Turkey, as well as Iranian, Iraqi and Turkish forces were drawn into the fighting, with additional involvement from the American forces. Between 3,000 to 5,000 fighters and civilians were killed throughout more than 3 years of warfare.

+The United States Military Academy at West Point (USMA), also known as West Point, Army, The Academy, or simply, The Point (the latter never used by actual graduates), is a four-year coeducational federal service academy located in West Point, New York. The academy sits on scenic high ground overlooking the Hudson River, 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City. The entire central campus is a national landmark and home to scores of historic sites, buildings, and monuments. The majority of the campus's neogothic buildings are constructed from gray and black granite. The campus is a popular tourist destination complete with a large visitor center and the oldest museum in the United States Army.

+Joseph Dominick Pistone, alias Donnie Brasco, (born September 17, 1939), is a former FBI agent who worked undercover for six years infiltrating the Bonanno crime family and to a lesser extent the Colombo crime family, two of the Five Families of the Mafia in New York City.^[1][2] Pistone was an FBI agent for 27 years and is considered to be an FBI legend.

+Sigmund Freud (German pronunciation: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏ̯t]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis. Freud qualified as a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881,^[1] and then carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy at the Vienna General Hospital.^[2] He was appointed a university lecturer in neuropathology in 1885 and became a professor in 1902. In creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst,^[3] Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association (in which patients report their thoughts without reservation and in whichever order they spontaneously occur) and discovered transference (the process in which patients displace on to their analysts feelings derived from their childhood attachments), establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud’s redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of his own and his patients' dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom formation and the mechanisms of repression as well as for elaboration of his theory of the unconscious as an agency disruptive of conscious states of mind.^[4] Freud postulated the existence of libido, an energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a death drive, the source of repetition, hate, aggression and neurotic guilt.^[5] In his later work Freud drew on psychoanalytic theory to develop a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture.

+Psychoanalysis is a set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques, originally popularised by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and stemming partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Since then, psychoanalysis has expanded and been revised, reformed and developed in different directions. This was initially by Freud's colleagues and students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung who went on to develop their own ideas independently from Freud. Later neo-Freudians included Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan and Jacques Lacan.

The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include the following:

besides the inherited constitution of personality, a person's development is determined by events in early childhood;

human behavior, experience, and cognition is largely influenced by irrational drives;

irrational drives are unconscious;

attempts to bring these drives into awareness meet psychological resistance in the form of defense mechanisms;

conflicts between conscious and unconscious (repressed) material can result in mental disturbances such as neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety, depression etc.;

the liberation from the effects of the unconscious material is achieved through bringing this material into the conscious mind (via e.g. skilled guidance, i.e. therapeutic intervention).

+The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. The DSM is used in the United States and to various degrees around the world. The DSM is comparable to a dictionary; mental illness concepts and definitions change over time, just as words do. As data confirming hypotheses of mental illness is replicated, concepts and definitions of mental illness change. It is used or relied upon by clinicians, researchers, psychiatric drug regulation agencies, health insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, the legal system, and policy makers. The current version, published on May 18, 2013, is the DSM-5 (fifth edition).

+The International Classification of Diseases (also known by the abbreviation ICD) is the United Nations-sponsored World Health Organization’s "standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes."^[1] The ICD is designed as a health care classification system, providing a system of diagnostic codes for classifying diseases, including nuanced classifications of a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or disease. This system is designed to map health conditions to corresponding generic categories together with specific variations, assigning for these a designated code, up to six characters long. Thus, major categories are designed to include a set of similar diseases.

+The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Symptom Checklist is a self-reported questionnaire used to assist in the diagnosis of adult ADHD. The ASRS was developed in conjunction with the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Workgroup on Adult ADHD which included researchers from New York University Medical School and Harvard Medical School. The ASRS has eighteen questions, which are consistent with the DSM-IV^[1] criteria and address ADHD symptoms in adults. The six question ASRS Screener was later developed as a subset of the WHO's eighteen question ASRS. At least one study has found that the six question ASRS Screener outperformed the eighteen question ASRS in diagnosing ADHD in the general population.

+Hypoglycemia (also spelled hypoglycaemia or hypoglycæmia, not to be confused with hyperglycemia) is a medical emergency that involves an abnormally diminished content of glucose in the blood.^[1] The term literally means "low blood sugar" (Gr. ὑπογλυκαιμία, from hypo-, glykys, haima). It can produce a variety of symptoms and effects but the principal problems arise from an inadequate supply of glucose to the brain, resulting in impairment of function (neuroglycopenia). Effects can range from mild dysphoria to more serious issues such as seizures, unconsciousness, and (rarely) permanent brain damage or death.

⁺Diagnostic sonography (ultrasonography) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used for visualizing subcutaneous body structures including tendons, muscles, joints, vessels and internal organs for possible pathology or lesions. Obstetric sonography is commonly used during pregnancy. In physics, the term "ultrasound" applies to all sound waves with a frequency above the audible range of normal human hearing, about 20 kHz. The frequencies used in diagnostic ultrasound are typically between 2 and 18 MHz.

+Obstetric ultrasonography is the application of medical ultrasonography to obstetrics, in which sonography is used to visualize the embryo or fetus in its mother's uterus (womb). The procedure is a standard part of prenatal care, as it yields a variety of information regarding the health of the mother and of the fetus, the progress of the pregnancy, and further information on the baby.

+SAE International, formerly the Society of Automotive Engineers, is a U.S.-based, globally active professional association and standards organization for engineering professionals in various industries. Principal emphasis is placed on transport industries such as automotive, aerospace, and commercial vehicles. The Society coordinates the development of technical standards based on best practices identified and described by SAE committees and task forces. Task forces are composed of engineering professionals from relevant fields. SAE International has over 120,000 members globally. Membership is granted to individuals, not through companies. Aside from its standardization efforts, SAE International also devotes resources to projects and programs in STEM education, professional certification, and collegiate design competitions.

+He Pingping (Chinese: 何平平; pinyin: Hé Píngpíng; July 13, 1988 – March 13, 2010^[1]) was a Chinese citizen and, according to the Guinness World Records, the world's shortest man who was able to walk. He measured 74 cm (2 ft 5 in) tall,^[4] and was the third child of a family in Huade county, in the city of Ulanqab in northern China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. He had two sisters, both of whom developed at normal rates. According to his father, He Yun, at birth he was small enough to fit in the palm of his parents' hands. When it became apparent the child was growing very slowly, doctors diagnosed the cause as the bone deformity osteogenesis imperfecta, which hinders normal bone growth and body height. He was a chain smoker.

⁺Chain smoking is the practice of lighting a new cigarette for personal consumption immediately after one that is finished, sometimes using the finished cigarette to light the next one. The term is most often used more loosely to describe people who smoke relatively constantly, though not actually "chaining." However, no clear definition exists as to how many cigarettes per day a person has to smoke to be considered a chain smoker, as the term is rather associated with perceivable behaviour than being or offering an actual quantitative measure. Chain smoking is a term primarily applied to cigarette smoking, although it can be extended to cover cigar and pipe smoking as well. It is a common form of addiction.

⁺Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI and sometimes known as brittle bone disease, or "Lobstein syndrome"^[1]) is a congenital bone disorder characterized by brittle bones that are prone to fracture. People with OI are born with defective connective tissue, or without the ability to make it, usually because of a deficiency of Type-I collagen.^[2] Eight types of OI can be distinguished. Most cases are caused by mutations in the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes. Diagnosis of OI is based on the clinical features and may be confirmed by collagen or DNA testing. There is no cure for OI. Treatment is aimed at increasing overall bone strength to prevent fracture and maintain mobility. The incidence of OI is estimated to be 1 per 20,000 live births.

+Collagen alpha-2(I) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL1A2 gene.^[1][2] This gene encodes one of the chains for type I collagen, the fibrillar collagen found in most connective tissues. Mutations in this gene are associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, idiopathic osteoporosis, and atypical Marfan syndrome. Symptoms associated with mutations in this gene, however, tend to be less severe than mutations in the gene for alpha-1 type I collagen since alpha-2 is less abundant. Multiple messages for this gene result from multiple polyadenylation signals, a feature shared by most of the other collagen genes.

+Collagen, type I, alpha 1, also known as COL1A1, is a human gene that encodes the major component of type I collagen, the fibrillar collagen found in most connective tissues, including cartilage.

+Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e di Cerreto,^[1] Count of Quaregna and Cerreto (9 August 1776, Turin, Piedmont – 9 July 1856) was an Italian scientist. He is most noted for his contributions to molecular theory, including what is known as Avogadro's law. In tribute to him, the number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions or other particles) in 1 mole of a substance, 6.02214179(30)×10²³, is known as the Avogadro constant.

+Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) is an experimental gas law relating volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present.

+Mentalism is a performing art in which its practitioners, known as mentalists, appear to demonstrate highly developed mental or intuitive abilities. Performances may appear to include telepathy, clairvoyance, divination, precognition, psychokinesis, mediumship, mind control, memory feats and rapid mathematics. Hypnosis may also be used as a stage tool. Mentalists are sometimes referred to as psychic entertainers. Much of what the modern mentalist performs in his or her act can be traced back directly to tests of supernatural power that were carried out by mediums, spiritualists and psychics in the 19th Century.^{[attribution needed]} However, the history of mentalism goes back even further. Accounts of seers and oracles can be found in works by the ancient Greeks^{[attribution needed]} and in the Old Testament of the Bible. Among magicians, the mentalism performance generally cited as one of the earliest on record was by diplomat and pioneering sleight-of-hand magician Girolamo Scotto in 1572. The performance of mentalism may utilise similar principles, sleights and skills as street magic or stage magic.

+Galma is a village in the country of India. It is located in the Darbhanga district of Bihar in the Ghanshyampur block under the subdivision of Binhar. The village has a population of approximately 3300.

+The 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment Italian: 3° Reggimento Artiglieria da Montagna) is a field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, specializing in mountain combat. Since their formation the Mountain Artillery Regiments have served alongside the Alpini, a mountain infantry corps of the Italian Army, that distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II. The Alpini and Mountain Artillery regiments share, besides their close history, the distinctive Cappello Alpino.

+Iveco LMV (Light Multirole Vehicle) is a 4WD tactical vehicle developed by Iveco, and in service with several countries. After its adoption by the Italian Army under the name VTLM Lince (Lynx), it won the FCLV (Future Command and Liaison Vehicle) competition of the British Army as the Panther and has been adopted by the armies of Belgium, Croatia, Norway, Russia and Spain. The Italian Army took vehicles to both Afghanistan and Lebanon. In Afghanistan Lince vehicles have saved passengers' lives in several attacks with IEDs.

+The cognitive revolution is the name for an intellectual movement in the 1950s that began what are known collectively as the cognitive sciences. It began in the modern context of greater interdisciplinary communication and research. The relevant areas of interchange were the combination of psychology, anthropology, and linguistics with approaches developed within the then-nascent fields of artificial intelligence, computer science, and neuroscience. A key idea in cognitive psychology was that by studying and developing successful functions in artificial intelligence and computer science, it becomes possible to make testable inferences about human mental processes. This has been called the reverse-engineering approach.

+On May 6, 2013, three women from Cleveland, Ohio – Amanda Berry, Georgina "Gina" DeJesus, and Michelle Knight – were rescued from captivity in a house owned by their kidnapper, Ariel Castro. The women had disappeared between 2002 and 2004.^[3] A six-year-old daughter of Berry, fathered by Castro, was also rescued.^[4][5] They were discovered after Berry escaped Castro's house with her daughter and contacted police.^[6] Castro was arrested on the same day the women were finally freed and was charged two days later with four counts of kidnapping and three counts of rape.^[1][7] On July 26, 2013, Castro pled guilty to 937 criminal counts of rape, kidnapping, and aggravated murder, as part of a plea bargain. He was subsequently sentenced to life in prison without the chance of parole, plus 1,000 years.^[8][9] One month into his sentence, Castro was found dead in his cell by prison guards after hanging himself.

+A plea bargain (also plea agreement, plea deal or copping a plea) is an agreement in a criminal case between the prosecutor and defendant whereby the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a particular charge in return for some concession from the prosecutor. This may mean that the defendant will plead guilty to a less serious charge, or to one of several charges, in return for the dismissal of other charges; or it may mean that the defendant will plead guilty to the original criminal charge in return for a more lenient sentence.

⁺Strike action, also called labor strike, on strike, greve (of French: grève), or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances. Strikes became important during the Industrial Revolution, when mass labor became important in factories and mines. In most countries, strike actions were quickly made illegal, as factory owners had far more political power than workers. Most western countries partially legalized striking in the late 19th or early 20th centuries.

+Gdańsk Shipyard (Stocznia Gdańskа) is a large Polish shipyard, located in the city of Gdańsk. The yard gained international fame when Solidarity (Solidarność) was founded there in September 1980. It is situated on the left side of Martwa Wisła and on Ostrów Island.

+SS Sołdek was a Polish coal and ore freighter. She was the first ship built in Poland after World War II and the first seagoing ship completed in Poland. She was the first of 29 ships classed as Project B30, built between 1949 and 1954 in Stocznia Gdańska (Gdańsk Shipyard). The name was given in honour of Stanisław Sołdek, one of the shipyard's shock workers.^[2] The ship is currently preserved as a museum ship in Gdańsk.

+Udarnik (Russian: уда́рник, IPA: [ʊˈdarnʲɪk]) is a Russian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian and Slovenian term for a superproductive worker in the Soviet Union and the other countries from the Soviet Block. The term is derived from the expression "udarny trud" for "superproductive, enthusiastic labour", which is often translated as strike labour (udar "shock, strike, blow"), and udarnik as strike worker, respectively.

+Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (Влади́мир Влади́мирович Маяко́вский) (July 19 [O.S. July 7] 1893 – April 14, 1930) was a Russian and Soviet poet, playwright, artist and stage and film actor.^[1] He is among the foremost representatives of early-20th century Russian Futurism.

+Russian Futurism was a movement of Russian poets and artists who adopted the principles of Filippo Marinetti's "Futurist Manifesto". Russian Futurism may be said to have been born in December 1912, when the Moscow-based literary group Hylaea (Russian: Гилея [Gileya]) (initiated in 1910 by David Burlyuk and his brothers at their estate near Kherson, and quickly joined by Vasily Kamensky and Velimir Khlebnikov, with Aleksey Kruchenykh and Vladimir Mayakovsky joining in 1911)^[1] issued a manifesto entitled A Slap in the Face of Public Taste. Although Hylaea is generally considered to be the most influential group of Russian Futurism, other groups were formed in St. Petersburg (Igor Severyanin's Ego-Futurists), Moscow (Tsentrifuga, with Boris Pasternak among its members), Kiev, Kharkov, and Odessa.

+Natalia Sergeevna Goncharova (Russian: Ната́лья Серге́евна Гончаро́ва, IPA: [nɐˈtalʲjə sʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvnə ɡənt͡ɕɐˈrovə]; June 16, 1881 – October 17, 1962) was a Russian avant-garde artist (Cubo-Futurism), painter, costume designer, writer, illustrator, and set designer. Her great-aunt was Nataliya Nikolaevna Goncharova, wife of the poet Alexander Pushkin.

+Avant-garde (from French, "advance guard" or "vanguard"^[1]) refers to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art, culture, and politics.

+The Situationist International (SI) was an international organization of social revolutionaries, the exclusive membership of which was made up of avant-garde artists, intellectuals, and political theorists, active from its formation in 1957 to its dissolution in 1972.

⁺Agitprop (/ˈædʒɨtprɒp/; from Russian: агитпроп [ɐɡʲɪtˈprop]) is derived from agitation and propaganda,^[1] and describes stage plays, pamphlets, motion pictures and other art forms with an explicitly political message.

+The Blue Blouse (Russian: Синяя блуза, Sinyaya Bluza) was an influential agitprop theatre collective in the early Soviet Union.^[1] Boris Yuzhanin created the first Blue Blouse troupe under the auspices of the Moscow Institute of Journalism in 1923.^[2] Their example encouraged similar workers' theatre companies across the country and worldwide; by 1927 there were more than 5,000 Blue Blouse troupes in the Soviet Union with more than 100,000 members.^[2] In the autumn of that year, the original troupe began a tour in Erwin Piscator's theatre in Berlin that provoked a rapid growth of agitprop troupes across Weimar Germany.^[3] The blue workers' uniforms in which the actors performed gave the troupe its name, under which they also published a magazine, which contained scripts and detailed descriptions of staging, costumes, and the troupe's other theatrical techniques, along with news reports and current affairs. Its variety style made many demands on its performers, requiring "a young deft man trained in physical culture, trained in the striking word, in the cheerful, bold and hard-hitting song and couplet, in the contemporary rhythm of the grotesque and simplistic," its magazine explained. The rehearsal process was extremely rigorous, requiring that actors stay physically and mentally alert through a strict exercise program and by keeping up with the political topics of the day. 1927 marked the end of the Blue Blouse organisation when it was forced to merge with the more orthodox Workers' Youth Theatre (TRAM).

⁺Lazar Markovich Lissitzky (Russian: Ла́зарь Ма́ркович Лиси́цкий,  listen (help·info)) (November 23 [O.S. November 11] 1890 – December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (Russian: Эль Лиси́цкий, Yiddish: על ליסיצקי), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, typographer, polemicist and architect. He was an important figure of the Russian avant garde, helping develop suprematism with his mentor, Kazimir Malevich, and designing numerous exhibition displays and propaganda works for the former Soviet Union. His work greatly influenced the Bauhaus and constructivist movements, and he experimented with production techniques and stylistic devices that would go on to dominate 20th-century graphic design.

⁺Victory over the Sun (Russian: Победа над Cолнцем, Pobeda nad Solntsem) is a Russian Futurist opera premiered in 1913 at the Luna Park in Saint Petersburg. The libretto written in zaum language was contributed by Aleksei Kruchonykh, the music was written by Mikhail Matyushin, the prologue was added by Velimir Khlebnikov, and the stage designer was Kasimir Malevich. The performance was organized by the artistic group Soyuz Molodyozhi. The opera has become famous as the event where Malevich made his first "Black Square" painting (in 1915). The opera was intended to underline parallels between literary text, musical score, and the art of painting, and featured a cast of such extravagant characters as Nero and Caligula in the Same Person, Traveller through All the Ages, Telephone Talker, The New Ones, etc. The audience reacted negatively and even violently to the performance, as have some subsequent critics and historians.^[1] A documentary film about the opera was made in 1980.

+To strike from the record is for a judge to forbid a decision maker (such as a juror) to consider a particular piece of testimony or other evidence when deciding the case even though he or she has already learned what that evidence or testimony concerned. The commonly heard request is "move to strike", with the intent to erase previous testimony or court proceeding from record.

+Cattle mutilation (also known as bovine excision^[1]) is the killing and mutilation of cattle under apparently unusual or anomalous circumstances. Sheep and horses have allegedly been mutilated under similar circumstances. A hallmark of these incidents is the reportedly surgical nature of the mutilation, and unexplained phenomena such as the complete draining of the animal's blood, loss of internal organs with no obvious point of entry, and surgically precise removal of the reproductive organs and anal coring. Another reported event is that the animal is found dumped in an area where there are no marks or tracks leading to or from the carcass, even when it is found in soft ground or mud. The surgical-type wounds tend to be cauterized by an intense heat and made by very sharp/precise instruments, with no bleeding evident. Often flesh will be removed to the bone in an exact manner, consistent across cases, such as removal of flesh from around the jaw exposing the mandible. Since the time that reports of purported animal mutilations began, the causes have been attributed variously to natural decomposition, normal predators, cryptid predators (like the Chupacabra), extraterrestrials, secretive governmental or military agencies, and cults. "Mutilations" have been the subject of two independent federal investigations in the United States.

+In vertebrates, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone^[1] is a bone forming the skull with the cranium. In lobe-finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods, the bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. In such animals, it is referred to as the dentary bone, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. It is bordered below by a number of splenial bones, while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower angular bone and a suprangular bone just above it. The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone, while the articular bone forms the articulation with the skull proper. Finally a set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone. As the name implies, the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary, but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones, and sometimes on the prearticular as well.

+The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), or cachalot, is the largest of the toothed whales. It is the only living member of genus Physeter, and one of three extant species in the sperm whale family, along with the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale of the genus Kogia.

+Cult of the Dead Cow, also known as cDc or cDc Communications, is a computer hacker and DIY media organization founded in 1984 in Lubbock, Texas. The group maintains a weblog on its site, also titled "Cult of the Dead Cow". New media are released first through the blog, which also features thoughts and opinions of the group's members. To further the Cult's stated goal of "Global Domination Through Media Saturation," over the years cDc members have granted interviews to major newspapers, print magazines, online news sites, and international television news programs.

+Grandmaster Ratte' (born April 1970, formerly known as Swamp Rat and then Swamp Ratte') is one of the founders of the Cult of the Dead Cow hacker group, along with Franken Gibe and Sid Vicious. His official title in the cDc is "Imperial Wizard of ExXxtasy."

+A sysop (/ˈsɪsɒp/; an abbreviation of system operator) is an administrator of a multi-user computer system, such as a bulletin board system (BBS) or an online service virtual community. It may also be used to refer to administrators of other Internet-based network services. Co-sysops are users who may be granted certain admin privileges on a BBS. Generally, they would help validate users and monitor discussion forums. Some would serve as file clerks, describing and inserting newly arrived shareware, freeware, and other files into appropriate download directories.

+Josh Buchbinder,^[1] better known as Sir Dystic, has been a member of CULT OF THE DEAD COW (cDc) since May 1997,^[2] and is the author of Back Orifice.^[1][3] He has also written several other hacker tools, including SMBRelay, NetE, and NBName.^[4] Sir Dystic has appeared at multiple hacker conventions, both as a member of panels and speaking on his own. He has also been interviewed on several television and radio programs^[5] and in an award-winning short film about hacker culture in general and cDc in particular.

+A prion (ⁱ/ˈpriːɒn/^[1]) in the Scrapie form (PrP^Sc) is an infectious agent composed of protein in a misfolded form.^[2] This is the central idea of the Prion Hypothesis, which remains debated.^[3] This would be in contrast to all other known infectious agents (virus/bacteria/fungus/parasite) which must contain nucleic acids (either DNA, RNA, or both). The word prion, coined in 1982 by Stanley B. Prusiner, is derived from the words protein and infection.^[4] Prions are responsible for the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in a variety of mammals, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, also known as "mad cow disease") in cattle. In humans, prions cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome, Fatal Familial Insomnia and kuru.^[5] All known prion diseases affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue and all are currently untreatable and universally fatal.

+The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA) is a 235-page Act of Congress, signed by President George W. Bush, that broadly affects United States federal terrorism laws. In juxtaposition with the single-subject rule, the act is composed of several separate titles with varying subject issues.

+Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (French pronunciation: ​[ʒɑ̃ bɛʁnaʁ leɔ̃ fuko]) (18 September 1819 – 11 February 1868) was a French physicist best known for his demonstration of the Foucault pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earth's rotation. He also made an early measurement of the speed of light, discovered eddy currents, and is credited with naming the gyroscope (although he did not invent it).

+Ötzi (Otzi) (pronounced [ˈœtsi] ( listen), also called Ötzi the Iceman, the Similaun Man, the Man from Hauslabjoch, Homo tyrolensis, and the Hauslabjoch mummy) is a well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived about 3,300 BC.^[2][3] The mummy was found in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps, hence Ötzi, near the Similaun mountain and Hauslabjoch on the border between Austria and Italy.^[4] He is Europe's oldest natural human mummy, and has offered an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic Europeans. His body and belongings are displayed in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy. On 19 September 1991, Ötzi was found by two German tourists from Nuremberg, Helmut and Erika Simon, at 3,210 metres (10,530 ft) on the east ridge of the Fineilspitze in the Ötztal Alps on the Austrian–Italian border, while walking off the path between the mountain passes Hauslabjoch and Tisenjoch. They believed that the body was of a recently deceased mountaineer.^[5] The next day, a mountain gendarme and the keeper of the nearby Similaunhütte first attempted to remove the body, which was frozen in ice below the torso, using a pneumatic drill and ice-axes, but had to give up due to bad weather. The next day, eight groups visited the site, amongst whom happened to be the famous mountaineers Hans Kammerlander and Reinhold Messner. The body was semi-officially extracted on 22 September and officially salvaged the following day. It was transported to the University of Innsbruck, where it was recognized to be primeval the same day.^[6] At the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), the border of Austria and Italy was defined as the watershed of the rivers Inn and Etsch, and Ötzi's find site drains to the Austrian side. However, the border veers slightly away from the watershed, and surveys in October 1991 showed that the body had been located 92.56 metres (101 yd) inside Italian territoryCoordinates: 46°46′45.8″N 10°50′25.1″E.^[7] The province of South Tyrol therefore claimed property rights, but agreed to let Innsbruck University finish their scientific examinations. Since 1998 it has been on display at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, the capital of South Tyrol. In 2010, it was proposed that Ötzi died at a much lower altitude and was buried higher in the mountains, as posited by archaeologist Alessandro Vanzetti of the Sapienza University of Rome and his colleagues.^[50] According to their study of the items found near Ötzi and their locations, it is possible that the iceman may have been placed above what has been interpreted as a stone burial mound but was subsequently moved with each thaw cycle that created a flowing watery mix driven by gravity before being re-frozen.^[51]

While archaeobotanist Klaus Oeggl of the University of Innsbruck agrees that the natural process described probably caused the body to move from the ridge that includes the stone formation, he pointed out that the paper provided no compelling evidence to demonstrate that the scattered stones constituted a burial platform.^[51] Moreover, biological anthropologist Albert Zink argues that the iceman’s bones display no dislocations that would have resulted from a downhill slide and that the intact blood clots in his arrow wound would show damage were the body carted up the mountain.^[51]

In either case, the burial theory does not contradict the possibility of a violent cause of death as stated in the preceding theories.

+The Similaun is a mountain in the Schnalskamm group of the Ötztal Alps. It is on the Austrian-Italian border. At 3,606 m, it is Austria's sixth highest summit. It was first ascended in 1834 by Josef Raffeiner and Theodor Kaserer. It is most famous for being the mountain on whose slopes Helmut Simon and Erika Simon discovered Ötzi the Iceman in 1991.

+The Yamaha FZR600 is a sports motorcycle produced by Yamaha between 1989 and 1999. It was the successor to the FZ600 and was replaced by the YZF-600R. It had a steel Deltabox frame and swingarm, similar in appearance to the alloy Deltabox frame introduced three years earlier on the 1WG FZR400. The FZR600 was discontinued in 1999 due to age of the design and the competing 600 cc sportbike offerings from Yamaha: The YZF-600R and YZF-R6. The four-valve Yamaha FZR600 engine was slanted forward in the frame. This was the basis of the Genesis frame concept, and helped to lower the centre of gravity and help centralise mass. This layout allowed the real fuel tank to sit behind the cylinders, low between the frame rails, and further aided with lowering the centre of gravity. Forward of this sat the airbox, which four 32 mm Mikuni downdraft carburettors, and all these assemblies were covered by a plastic cover dummy petrol tank.

+In astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles or WIMPs, are hypothetical particles serving as one possible solution to the dark matter problem. These particles interact through the weak force and gravity, and possibly through other interactions no stronger than the weak force. Because they do not interact through electromagnetism they cannot be seen directly, and because they do not interact through the strong nuclear force they do not interact strongly with atomic nuclei. This combination of properties gives WIMPs many of the properties of neutrinos, except for being far more massive and therefore slower.

+The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (FGST^[1]), formerly called the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), is a space observatory being used to perform gamma-ray astronomy observations from low Earth orbit. Its main instrument is the Large Area Telescope (LAT), with which astronomers mostly intend to perform an all-sky survey studying astrophysical and cosmological phenomena such as active galactic nuclei, pulsars, other high-energy sources and dark matter. Another instrument aboard Fermi, the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM; formerly GLAST Burst Monitor), is being used to study gamma-ray bursts.^[

⁺An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the centre of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity over at least some portion, and possibly all, of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such excess emission has been observed in the radio, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an active galaxy. The radiation from AGN is believed to be a result of accretion of mass by a supermassive black hole at the centre of its host galaxy. AGN are the most luminous and persistent sources of electromagnetic radiation in the universe, and as such can be used as a means of discovering distant objects; their evolution as a function of cosmic time also puts constraints on models of the cosmos.

+The axion is a hypothetical elementary particle postulated by the Peccei–Quinn theory in 1977 to resolve the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). If axions exist and have low mass within a specific range, they are of interest as a possible component of cold dark matter.

+Operation Tamarisk was a Cold War-era operation run by the military intelligence services of the US, UK and France through their military liaison missions in East Germany, that gathered discarded paper, letters, and rubbish from Soviet trash bins and military maneuvers, including used toilet paper. As described in The Hidden Hand by Richard Aldrich on page 414, it involved starving the Soviets of toilet paper. This led them to use official documents as toilet paper. The US, UK and France then used their spies to retrieve the documents as the paper was not soluble and was put into bins. The spies actually complained to their handlers that they had to go through the bins that contained fecal matter and even amputated limbs, in the case of hospital rubbish bins. When the spies told their handlers this, the handlers immediately asked them to bring back the limbs as well so they could study what type of shrapnel the Soviets were using.

+The British Commanders'-in-Chief Mission to the Soviet Forces in Germany (BRIXMIS) was a military liaison mission which operated behind the Iron Curtain in East Germany during the Cold War. BRIXMIS existed from 1946 – shortly after the end of the Second World War – until the eve of the reunification of Germany in 1990. Created by an agreement to exchange military missions, the stated object of BRIXMIS – and the Soviet equivalent in the British Zone, SOXMIS – was "to maintain Liaison between the Staff of the two Commanders-in-Chief and their Military Governments in the Zones".

+The Poetic Edda is a collection of Old Norse poems primarily preserved in the Icelandic mediaeval manuscript Codex Regius. Along with Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, the Poetic Edda is the most important extant source on Norse mythology and Germanic heroic legends, and from the early 19th century onwards has had a powerful influence on later Scandinavian literatures, not merely through the stories it contains but through the visionary force and dramatic quality of many of the poems. It has also become an inspiring model for many later innovations in poetic meter, particularly in the Nordic languages, offering many varied examples of terse, stress-based metrical schemes working without any final rhyme, and instead using alliterative devices and strongly concentrated imagery. Poets who have acknowledged their debt to the Poetic Edda include Vilhelm Ekelund, August Strindberg, J.R.R. Tolkien, Ezra Pound and Karin Boye.

+The term Edda (Old Norse Edda, plural Eddur) applies to the Old Norse Poetic Edda and Prose Edda, both of which were written down in Iceland during the 13th century in Icelandic, although they contain material from earlier traditional sources, reaching into the Viking Age. The books are the main sources of medieval skaldic tradition in Iceland and Norse mythology.

+The cosmology of Norse mythology has 'nine homeworlds', unified by the world tree Yggdrasill. Mapping the nine worlds escapes precision because the Poetic Edda often alludes vaguely, and the Prose Edda may be influenced by medieval Christian cosmology. The Norse creation myth tells how everything came into existence in the gap between fire and ice, and how the gods shaped the homeworld of humans.

+Odin (/ˈoʊdɨn/; from Old Norse Óðinn) is a major god in Norse mythology, the Allfather of the gods, and the ruler of Asgard.^[1] Homologous with the Old English "Wōden", the Old Saxon "Wôdan" and the Old High German "Wôtan",^[2] the name is descended from Proto-Germanic "*Wodanaz" or "*Wōđanaz". "Odin" is generally accepted as the modern English form of the name, although, in some cases, older forms may be used or preferred. His name is related to ōðr, meaning "fury, excitation", besides "mind", or "poetry". His role, like that of many of the Norse gods, is complex. Odin is a principal member of the Æsir (the major group of the Norse pantheon) and is associated with war, battle, victory and death, but also wisdom, Shamanism, magic, poetry, prophecy, and the hunt. Odin has many sons, the most famous of whom is the thunder god Thor. "Wednesday" goes back to a name meaning "Woden's day", most days of the week being named after Norse gods.

+John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, CBE (/ˈtɒlkiːn/;^[a] 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion.

+In Norse mythology, the megingjörð (Old Norse "power-belt"^[1]) is a belt worn by the god Thor. According to the Prose Edda, the belt is one of Thor's three main possessions, along with the hammer Mjölnir and the iron gloves Járngreipr. When worn, the belt is described as doubling Thor's already prodigious strength.

+Gestalt therapy is an existential/experiential form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility, and that focuses upon the individual's experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person's life, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of their overall situation.

+Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church) is a historical treatise written between 1073 and 1076 by Adam of Bremen . It covers the period from 788 to the time it was written. The treatise consist of:

Liber I

Liber II

Liber III

Descriptio insularum aquilonis (A description of the northern islands)

M. Adami epilogus ad Liemarum episcopum

The manuscript is one of the most important sources of the early Northern German and Scandinavian history and geography. It covers the relations between Saxons, Wends and Danes.

+Adam of Bremen (also: Adamus Bremensis) was a German medieval chronicler. He lived and worked in the second half of the eleventh century. He is most famous for his chronicle Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum (Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church).

+Chronicler or Cronista is in Spain the writer who collects historical or current facts and writes them. Until the time of the illustrations, he was the equivalent of a historian and occupied this as an official function to perform this activity properly.

+Skíðblaðnir (Old Norse 'assembled from thin pieces of wood'^[1]), sometimes anglicized as Skidbladnir or Skithblathnir, is the best of ships in Norse mythology. It is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and in the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, both written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. All sources note that the ship is the finest of ships, and the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda attest that it is owned by the god Freyr, while the euhemerized account in Heimskringla attributes it to the magic of Odin. Both Heimskringla and the Prose Edda attribute to it the ability to be folded up—as cloth may be—into one's pocket when not needed.

+RV FLIP (FL oating I nstrument P latform) is an open ocean research vessel owned by the US Office of Naval Research and operated by the Marine Physical Laboratory of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.^[2] The ship is a 355 feet (108 meters) long vessel designed to partially flood and pitch backward 90°, resulting in only the front 55 feet (17 meters) of the vessel pointing up out of the water, with bulkheads becoming decks. When flipped, most of the buoyancy for the platform is provided by water at depths below the influence of surface waves, hence FLIP is a stable platform mostly immune to wave action, like a spar buoy. At the end of a mission, compressed air is pumped into the ballast tanks in the flooded section and the vessel returns to its horizontal position so it can be towed to a new location.^[3] The ship is frequently mistaken for a capsized ocean transport ship. The Marine Physical Laboratory (MPL) of Scripps Institution of Oceanography created FLIP with funding from the Office of Naval Research (TRF) and the assistance of the commercial naval architect, The Glosten Associates.^[5] The Gunderson Brothers Engineering Company in Portland, Oregon launched FLIP in June 1962. In 1995, FLIP received a US$2 million modernization.

+Several facilities in La Jolla California are named after the Scripps family. Scripps Institute sometimes refers to one of the two Inst's below:

SIO is the Scripps Institution of Oceanography founded in 1903

TSRI is The Scripps Research Institute, est. 1991 for medical and biological research

+Scripps Institution of Oceanography (sometimes referred to as SIO, Scripps Oceanography, or Scripps) in La Jolla, California, founded in 1903, is one of the oldest and largest centers for ocean and Earth science research, public service, undergraduate and graduate training in the world. Hundreds of ocean and Earth scientists conduct research with the aid of oceanographic research vessels and shorebased laboratories. Its Old Scripps Building is a U.S. National Historic Landmark. Scripps is part of the University of California, San Diego. The public explorations center of the institution is the Birch Aquarium at Scripps. Since becoming part of the University of California in 1912, the institution has expanded its scope to include studies of the physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and climate of the Earth.

+The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) is a nonprofit American medical research facility that focuses on research and education in the biomedical sciences. Headquartered in La Jolla, California, with a sister facility in Jupiter, Florida, the institute is home to 3,000 scientists, technicians, graduate students, and administrative and other staff, making it among the largest private, non-profit biomedical research organizations in the world

+In Norse mythology, Bifröst  pronunciation (help·info) (Bifrost in Scandinavia) or sometimes Bilröst, is a burning rainbow bridge that reaches between Midgard (the world) and Asgard, the realm of the gods. The bridge is attested as Bilröst in the Poetic Edda; compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and as Bifröst in the Prose Edda; written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the poetry of skalds. Both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda alternately refer to the bridge as Asbrú (Old Norse "Æsir's bridge").

⁺Emil Doepler "the Younger" (October 29, 1855 in Munich – December 21, 1922 in Berlin) was a German Art Nouveau illustrator, decorative artist, and art teacher.^[1][2] Emil Doepler was son of Carl Emil Doepler, painter, artist, and costume designer.

⁺In Norse mythology, Heimdallr is a god who possesses the resounding horn Gjallarhorn, owns the golden-maned horse Gulltoppr, has gold teeth, and is the son of Nine Mothers. Heimdallr is attested as possessing foreknowledge, keen eyesight and hearing, is described as "the whitest of the gods", and keeps watch for the onset of Ragnarök while drinking fine mead in his dwelling Himinbjörg, located where the burning rainbow bridge Bifröst meets heaven. Heimdallr is said to be the originator of social classes among humanity and once regained Freyja's treasured possession Brísingamen while doing battle in the shape of a seal with Loki. Heimdallr and Loki are foretold to kill one another during the events of Ragnarök. Heimdallr is additionally referred to as Hallinskiði, Gullintanni, and Vindlér or Vindhlér.

+Henry Adams Bellows (1803–1873) was a lawyer, state legislator, and jurist born in Rockingham, Vermont. He was elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives from Litteleton in 1839. He was subsequently elected again to the House from Concord in 1856–1857, and served as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. On 23 September 1859 he was appointed to the New Hampshire Supreme Court, where he served as a justice from 1859 to 1869 and Chief Justice from 1869 until his death in 1873.

+Littleton is a town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 5,928 at the 2010 census.^[1] Situated at the edge of the White Mountains, Littleton is bounded on the northwest by the Connecticut River.

+Concord Records is a American record label, now based in Beverly Hills, California. Originally known as Concord Jazz, it was established in 1972 as an off-shoot of the Concord Jazz Festival in Concord, California, by festival founder Carl Jefferson, a local automobile dealer and jazz fan who sold his Lincoln Mercury dealership to found "the jazz label I can never find in record stores." Since then, the label has achieved international recognition, as well as 88 Grammy Award nominations and 14 Grammy Awards.

+A coaxial RF connector is an electrical connector designed to work at radio frequencies in the multi-megahertz range. RF connectors are typically used with coaxial cables and are designed to maintain the shielding that the coaxial design offers. Better models also minimize the change in transmission line impedance at the connection. Mechanically, they provide a fastening mechanism (thread, bayonet, braces, push pull) and springs for a low ohmic electric contact while sparing the gold surface, thus allowing above 1000 reconnects and reducing the insertion force. Research activity in the area of radio-frequency (RF) circuit design has surged in the 2000s in direct response to the enormous market demand for inexpensive, high-data-rate wireless transceivers.

⁺The Miniature Radio-Frequency instrument (Mini-RF) is a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instrument on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), which is currently in orbit around the Moon. It has a resolution of 30 m/pixel and two wavelength bands, a primary band at 12.6 cm and a secondary band at 4.2 cm.^[1][2] The original principal investigator of Mini-RF, Stewart Nozette, was arrested for espionage, and the current principal investigator is Ben Bussey of the Applied Physics Laboratory, where Mini-RF was built. Previous SAR instruments, such as the radar on the Magellan mission to Venus, were large, massive, power-hungry, and expensive. Intended as a demonstration of cheap, lightweight SAR technology, the Mini-RF instrument was designed in response to these concerns. Because it was a technology demonstration, Mini-RF is sometimes not included in lists of LRO's instruments.

+The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is a NASA robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the Moon on a low 50 km polar mapping orbit.^[1] The LRO mission is a precursor to future manned missions to the Moon by NASA. To this end a detailed mapping program will identify safe landing sites, locate potential resources on the Moon, characterize the radiation environment, and demonstrate new technology.

+The Wyandot people or Wendat, also called Huron, are indigenous peoples of North America. They traditionally spoke Wendat, an Iroquoian language. By the 15th century, the pre-contact Wyandots settled in the area of the north shore of present-day Lake Ontario, before migrating to Georgian Bay. It was in that later location that they first encountered the French explorer Samuel de Champlain in 1615.

+The Washington Navy Yard (WNY) is the former shipyard and ordnance plant of the United States Navy in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is the oldest shore establishment of the U.S. Navy. The Yard currently serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy, home to the Chief of Naval Operations, and is headquarters for the Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Historical Center, the Department of Naval History, the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps, Naval Reactors, Marine Corps Institute, the United States Navy Band, and other more classified facilities.

⁺On September 16, 2013, Aaron Alexis, a lone gunman armed initially with a shotgun, fatally shot twelve people and injured three others in a mass shooting at the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) inside the Washington Navy Yard in Southeast Washington, D.C.^[6][7][8] The attack began around 8:20 a.m. E.D.T. in Building 197. Alexis was killed by police around 9:00 a.m. E.D.T. It was the second-deadliest mass murder on a U.S. military base after the Fort Hood shooting in November 2009.

⁺The Latrobe Gate (also known as Main Gate, Washington Navy Yard) is a historic gatehouse located at the Washington Navy Yard in Southeast Washington, D.C. Built in 1806 and substantially altered in 1881, the ceremonial entrance to the U.S. Navy's oldest shore establishment is an example of Greek Revival and Italianate architecture.^[2] It was designed by the second Architect of the Capitol Benjamin Henry Latrobe, whose works include St. John's Episcopal Church, the Baltimore Basilica, and the United States Capitol. The Latrobe Gate is one of the nation's oldest extant examples of Greek Revival architecture.^[3] It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 14, 1973, and is a contributing property to the Washington Navy Yard's status as a National Historic Landmark.

+NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field is a NASA center, located within the cities of Brook Park, Cleveland, and Fairview Park, Ohio ^[1] between Cleveland Hopkins International Airport and the Cleveland Metroparks's Rocky River Reservation, and has other subsidiary facilities in Ohio. Its director is James M. Free. Glenn Research Center is one of ten major NASA field centers, whose primary mission is to develop science and technology for use in aeronautics and space. As of May 2012, it employed about 1,650 civil servants and 1,850 support contractors located on or near its site.

+The Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's center for human spaceflight training, research, and flight control. The center consists of a complex of one hundred buildings constructed on 1,620 acres (656 ha) in Houston, Texas.^[2] Johnson Space Center is home to the United States astronaut corps and is responsible for training astronauts from both the U.S. and its international partners. It is often popularly referred to by its central function during missions, Mission Control.

+Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms,^[1] many of which are motile. Originally, protozoa had been defined as unicellular protists with animal-like behavior, e.g., movement. Protozoa were regarded as the partner group of protists to protophyta, which have plant-like behaviour, e.g. photosynthesis.

+Leishmania is a genus of trypanosomatid protozoa and is the parasite responsible for the disease leishmaniasis.^[1][2] It is spread through sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World, and of the genus Lutzomyia in the New World. At least 93 sandfly species are proven or probable Leishmania vectors worldwide.^[3] Their primary hosts are vertebrates; Leishmania commonly infects hyraxes, canids, rodents, and humans.

+The thallophytes (Thallophyta or Thallobionta) are a polyphyletic group of non-mobile organisms traditionally described as "thalloid plants", "relatively simple plants" or "lower plants". Several different definitions of the group have been used. Most authors^{[citation needed]} define the thallophytes as having undifferentiated bodies (thalli), as opposed to cormophytes (Cormophyta) with roots and stems. They were a defunct division of Kingdom Plantae that included fungus, lichens and algae and occasionally bryophytes, bacteria and the Myxomycota. They have a hidden reproductive system and hence they are also called Cryptogamae (together with ferns), as opposed to Phanerogamae.

+Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigmatic writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century.^[1] Fitzgerald is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s. He finished four novels: This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, The Great Gatsby (his most famous), and Tender Is the Night. A fifth, unfinished novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, was published posthumously. Fitzgerald also wrote many short stories that treat themes of youth and promise along with age and despair.

+Robert Quinlan "Bob" Costas (born March 22, 1952) is an American sportscaster, on the air for NBC Sports television since the early 1980s. He has been prime-time host of a record 9 Olympic games. He also does play-by-play for MLB Network as well as hosting an interview show called Studio 42 with Bob Costas.

+Jack White (born John Anthony Gillis; July 9, 1975), often credited as Jack White III,^[2] is an American musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, multi-instrumentalist and occasional actor. He is best known as the vocalist, guitarist and pianist of The White Stripes which disbanded February 2011. On April 24, 2012, White released his debut solo album, Blunderbuss which received wide critical acclaim.

+The Hyperion Cantos is a series of science fiction novels by Dan Simmons. The title was originally used for the collection of the first pair of books in the series, Hyperion and The Fall of Hyperion,^[1][2] and later came to refer to the overall storyline, including Endymion, The Rise of Endymion, and a number of short stories.^[3][4] Within the fictional storyline, the Hyperion Cantos is an epic poem written by the character Martin Silenus.

⁺Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site, that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition.

+Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 532 works. Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by his design for Fallingwater (1935), which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture".^[1] Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States.

+Organoarsenic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing a chemical bond between arsenic and carbon. A few organoarsenic compounds, also called "organoarsenicals," are produced industrially with uses as insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. In general these applications are declining in step with growing concerns about their impact on the environment and human health. The parent compounds are arsine and arsenic acid. Despite their toxicity, organoarsenic biomolecules are well known.

+Felix Baumgartner (German: [felɪks baʊmgaːɐtnəʁ]; born 20 April 1969) is an Austrian skydiver, daredevil and BASE jumper.^[1] He set the world record for skydiving an estimated 39 kilometres (24 mi), reaching an estimated speed of 1357.64 km/h (843.6 mph), or Mach 1.25,^[2] on 14 October 2012, and became the first person to break the sound barrier without vehicular power on his descent.^[3][4][5] He is also renowned for the particularly dangerous nature of the stunts he has performed during his career. Baumgartner spent time in the Austrian military where he practiced parachute jumping, including training to land on small target zones.

+Cathy is a comic strip drawn by Cathy Guisewite. It featured a woman who struggled through the "four basic guilt groups" of life – food, love, mom, and work – the strip gently poked fun at the lives and foibles of modern women. Cathy's characteristics and issues both made fun of and sometimes fed into negative stereotypes about women. The strip debuted on November 22, 1976, and at its peak appeared in over 1,400 newspapers. The strips have been collected into more than 20 books. Three television specials were also created. Guisewite received the National Cartoonists Society Reuben Award in 1992 for the strip.^[2] Initially, the strip was based largely on Guisewite's own life as a single woman. "The syndicate felt it would make the strip more relatable if the character's name and my name were the same," Guisewite said in an interview.^[3] "They felt it would make it a more personal strip, and it would help people to know it was a real woman who was going through these things. I hated the idea of calling it 'Cathy.'" However, Guisewite had Cathy's longtime boyfriend Irving propose marriage on Valentine's Day 2004. The two characters married in the February 5, 2005 strip.^[4] That same year, Cathy appeared in the 75th anniversary party of Blondie and Dagwood. On August 11, 2010, Cathy Guisewite announced the decision to end the run of Cathy.^[1] On October 3, 2010, the final strip ran, with the revelation that Cathy is pregnant with a girl.

+Edible bird's nests are among the most expensive animal products consumed by humans, with an average nest selling for $2,500 per kilogramme for end-consumers in Asia.^[1] The nests have been used in Chinese cooking for over 400 years, most often as bird's nest soup.

⁺The Mothers of Invention were an American rock band from California that served as the backing musicians for Frank Zappa, a self-taught composer and performer whose diverse musical influences led him to create music that was often impossible to categorize^{[citation needed]}. Their work is marked by the use of sonic experimentation, innovative album art, and elaborate live shows.

+Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention is a 1985 album by Frank Zappa. It was originally released in two slightly different versions in the US and Europe.

+Prison Break is an American television serial drama created by Paul Scheuring, that was broadcast on Fox for four seasons, from 2005 until 2009. The series revolves around two brothers; one has been sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit, and the other devises an elaborate plan to help his brother escape prison. The series was produced by Adelstein-Parouse Productions, in association with Original Television and 20th Century Fox Television. Along with creator Paul Scheuring, the series is executive produced by Matt Olmstead, Kevin Hooks, Marty Adelstein, Dawn Parouse, Neal H. Moritz, and Brett Ratner who directed the pilot episode. The series' theme music, composed by Ramin Djawadi, was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 2006.

+Cellulosic ethanol is a biofuel produced from wood, grasses, or the inedible parts of plants. It is a type of biofuel produced from lignocellulose, a structural material that comprises much of the mass of plants. Lignocellulose is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Corn stover, Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), Miscanthus grass species, wood chips and the byproducts of lawn and tree maintenance are some of the more popular cellulosic materials for ethanol production. Production of ethanol from lignocellulose has the advantage of abundant and diverse raw material compared to sources such as corn and cane sugars, but requires a greater amount of processing to make the sugar monomers available to the microorganisms typically used to produce ethanol by fermentation.

+Cellulosic ethanol commercialization is the process of building an industry out of methods of turning cellulose-containing organic matter into fuel. Companies, such as Iogen, POET, and Abengoa, are building refineries that can process biomass and turn it into bioethanol. Companies, such as Diversa, Novozymes, and Dyadic, are producing enzymes that could enable a cellulosic ethanol future. The shift from food crop feedstocks to waste residues and native grasses offers significant opportunities for a range of players, from farmers to biotechnology firms, and from project developers to investors.

⁺POET LLC is a U.S. biofuel company that specializes in the creation of bioethanol. The privately held corporation, which was originally called Broin Companies, is headquartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. In 2007, the Renewable Fuels Association named POET the largest U.S. ethanol producer, creating 1.1 billion US gallons (4,200,000 m³) of fuel per year.^[1] Currently, POET produces 1.7 billion gallons of ethanol per year.

⁺A biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation. These fuels are produced from living organisms. Examples of this carbon fixation occur in plants and microalgae. These fuels are made by a biomass conversion (biomass refers to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can be used for biofuels. Biofuels have increased in popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for energy security. However, according to the European Environment Agency, biofuels do not necessarily mitigate global warming.

+Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl, or propyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat (tallow^[1][2])) with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters.

+Lignocellulose refers to plant dry matter (biomass), so called lignocellulosic biomass. It is the most abundantly available raw material on the Earth for the production of bio-fuels, mainly bio-ethanol. It is composed of carbohydrate polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose), and an aromatic polymer (lignin). These carbohydrate polymers contain different sugar monomers (six and five carbon sugars) and they are tightly bound to lignin. Lignocellulosic biomass can be broadly classified into virgin biomass, waste biomass and energy crops. Virgin biomass includes all naturally occurring terrestrial plants such as trees, bushes and grass. Waste biomass is produced as a low value byproduct of various industrial sectors such as agricultural (corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, straw etc), forestry (saw mill and paper mill discards). Energy crops are crops with high yield of lignocellulosic biomass produced to serve as a raw material for production of second generation biofuel examples include switch grass (Panicum virgatum) and Elephant grass.

+Lignin or lignen is a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood, and an integral part of the secondary cell walls of plants^[1] and some algae.^[2] The term was introduced in 1819 by de Candolle and is derived from the Latin word lignum,^[3] meaning wood. It is one of the most abundant organic polymers on Earth, exceeded only by cellulose, employing 30% of non-fossil organic carbon,^[4] and constituting from a quarter to a third of the dry mass of wood. As a biopolymer, lignin is unusual because of its heterogeneity and lack of a defined primary structure. Its most commonly noted function is the support through strengthening of wood (xylem cells) in trees.

⁺Copper(I) sulfate, also known as cuprous sulfate and dicopper sulfate, is the chemical compound with the chemical formula Cu₂SO₄.

+Copperiedus refers to the consequences of an excess of copper in the body. Copperiedus can occur from eating acid foods cooked in uncoated copper cookware, or from exposure to excess copper in drinking water or other environmental sources. Copper in the blood exist in two forms: bound to ceruloplasmin (85–95%) and the rest "free" loosely bound to albumin and small molecules. Free copper causes toxicity, as it generates reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical. These damage proteins, lipids and DNA.

⁺A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates is a 1955 random number book by the RAND Corporation. The book, consisting primarily of a random number table, was an important 20th century work in the field of statistics and random numbers. It was produced starting in 1947 by an electronic simulation of a roulette wheel attached to a computer, the results of which were then carefully filtered and tested before being used to generate the table. The RAND table was an important breakthrough in delivering random numbers, because such a large and carefully prepared table had never before been available. In addition to being available in book form, one could also order the digits on a series of punched cards. The main use of the tables was in statistics and the experimental design of scientific experiments, especially those that used the Monte Carlo method; in cryptography, they have also been used as nothing up my sleeve numbers, for example in the design of the Khafre cipher. The book was one of the last of a series of random number tables produced from the mid-1920s through the 1950s, after which the development of high-speed computers allowed faster operation through the generation of pseudorandom numbers rather than reading them from tables.

+Monte Carlo methods (or Monte Carlo experiments) are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results; i.e., by running simulations many times over in order to calculate those same probabilities heuristically just like actually playing and recording your results in a real casino situation: hence the name. They are often used in physical and mathematical problems and are most suited to be applied when it is impossible to obtain a closed-form expression or infeasible to apply a deterministic algorithm. Monte Carlo methods are mainly used in three distinct problems: optimization, numerical integration and generation of samples from a probability distribution.

+In computing, a Monte Carlo algorithm is a randomized algorithm whose running time is deterministic, but whose output may be incorrect with a certain (typically small) probability. The related class of Las Vegas algorithms is also randomized, but in a different way: they take an amount of time that varies randomly, but always produce the correct answer. A Monte Carlo algorithm can be converted into a Las Vegas algorithm whenever there exists a procedure to verify that the output produced by the algorithm is indeed correct. If so, then the resulting Las Vegas algorithm is merely to repeatedly run the Monte Carlo algorithm until one of the runs produces an output that can be verified to be correct.

+Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and are a result of an earthquake, explosion, or a volcano that imparts low-frequency acoustic energy. Many other natural and anthropogenic sources create low amplitude waves commonly referred to as ambient vibrations. Seismic waves are studied by geophysicists called seismologists. Seismic wave fields are recorded by a seismometer, hydrophone (in water), or accelerometer.

+A hydrophone (Greek "hydro" = "water" and "phone" = "sound") is a microphone designed to be used underwater for recording or listening to underwater sound. Most hydrophones are based on a piezoelectric transducer that generates electricity when subjected to a pressure change. Such piezoelectric materials, or transducers can convert a sound signal into an electrical signal since sound is a pressure wave. Some transducers can also serve as a projector, but not all have this capability, and may be destroyed if used in such a manner.

+David O. Selznick (May 10, 1902 – June 22, 1965) was an American film producer. He is best known for having produced Gone with the Wind (1939) and Rebecca (1940), both earning him an Academy Award for Best Picture, and The Third Man (1949).

+Onkyo Corporation (オンキヨー株式会社 Onkyō Kabushiki-gaisha^?) is a Japanese consumer electronics manufacturer, specializing in home cinema and audio equipment including receivers and surround sound speakers. The word Onkyo translates as "sound harmony". The company started under the name of Osaka Denki Onkyo K.K in 1946. The current Onkyo Corporation umbrella includes the Integra and Integra Research divisions as well as the main Onkyo brand.

+Crown International, or Crown Audio, is a manufacturer of audio electronics, and is a subsidiary of Harman International Industries. Today the company is known primarily for its power amplifiers, but has also manufactured microphones, a line of commercial audio products as well as digital audio networking products.

+The PlayStation 4 (Japanese: プレイステーション4 Hepburn: Pureisutēshon Fō^?), officially abbreviated as PS4, is an upcoming video game console from Sony Computer Entertainment. Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 during a press conference on February 20, 2013, the PS4 will launch on November 15, 2013, in North America, and November 29, 2013, in Europe and Australia,^[4][5] and will compete with Nintendo's Wii U and Microsoft's Xbox One, as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles.

+The Xbox One is an upcoming video game console from Microsoft. Announced on May 21, 2013, it is the successor to the Xbox 360 and the third console in the Xbox family of consoles.^[4] The Xbox One is scheduled for release across North America, several European markets, Australia and New Zealand on November 22, 2013,^[1] with later release in Japan and the remaining European markets in 2014.^[9] It will directly compete with Sony's PlayStation 4 and Nintendo's Wii U as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles.^[10][11] Microsoft and various publications have classified the device as an "all-in-one entertainment system,"^[12][13] making it a competitor to other home media devices such as the Apple TV and the Google TV platform.

+A parliament is a legislature whose power and function are similar to those dictated by the Westminster system of the United Kingdom. More generally, "parliament" may simply refer to a democratic government's legislature. The term is derived from the French parlement, the action of parler (to speak): a parlement is a discussion. The term came to mean a meeting at which such a discussion took place.^[when?] It acquired its modern meaning as it came to be used for the body of people (in an institutional sense) who would meet to discuss matters of state.

+ Thomas Gage (1719 or 1720^[1] – 2 April 1787) was a British general, best known for his many years of service in North America, including his role as military commander in the early days of the American Revolution. Born to an aristocratic family in England, he entered military service, seeing action in the French and Indian War, where he served alongside future opponent George Washington in the 1755 Battle of the Monongahela. After the fall of Montreal in 1760, he was named its military governor. During this time he did not distinguish himself militarily, but proved himself to be a competent administrator. From 1763 to 1775 he served as commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, overseeing the British response to the 1763 Pontiac's Rebellion. In 1774 he was also appointed the military governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, with instructions to implement the Intolerable Acts, punishing Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. His attempts to seize military stores of Patriot militias in April 1775 sparked the Battles of Lexington and Concord, beginning the American War of Independence. After the Pyrrhic victory in the June Battle of Bunker Hill he was replaced by General William Howe in October 1775, and returned to Britain.

+ A tactical formation (or order) is the arrangement or deployment of moving military forces such as infantry, cavalry, AFVs, military aircraft, or naval vessels. Formations were found in tribal societies such as the "pua rere" of the Māori,^[1] and ancient or medieval formations which include shield walls (skjaldborg in Old Norse), phalanxes (lines of battle in close order), Testudo formation and skirmishers.

+ A Herringbone is a military formation. When in formation the person at the front of the squad faces forwards, while the rest of the squad lines up behind them, facing left and right, one after the other. The final member of the squad in the herringbone formation faces backwards. When the squad decides to relocate, the person next to the member facing backwards will tap him on the shoulder to make sure he is not left behind. This formation is performed mainly after crossing obstacles.

+ The Ruger Security Six and its variants, the Service Six and Speed Six are a product line of double action revolvers introduced in 1972 and manufactured by Sturm, Ruger & Company. These revolvers were marketed to law enforcement duty issue, military, and civilian self-defense markets.^[1]

⁺ The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB) (Russian: Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации (ФСБ); Federal'naya sluzhba bezopasnosti Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is the principal security agency of the Russian Federation and the main successor agency to the USSR's Committee of State Security (KGB). Its main responsibilities are within the country and include counter-intelligence, internal and border security, counter-terrorism, and surveillance as well as investigating some other types of grave crimes. It is headquartered in Lubyanka Square, Moscow's centre, in the main building of the former KGB. The Director of the FSB since 2008 is army general Aleksandr Bortnikov.

+ Alexander Vasilyevich Bortnikov (Russian: Александр Васильевич Бортников, born 1951 in Perm, Soviet Union) is a Russian official. He has been Director of the FSB since May 12, 2008.

+ The Petersburg State Transport University (Петербургский государственный университет путей сообщения, abbreviated ПГУПС) is a higher education institution specializing in railway transport. Before 1990 it was known as "Leningrad Institute of Railway Engineers" (Ленинградский институт инженеров железнодорожного транспорта abbreviated ЛИИЖТ). The main building is located on Moskovsky Prospekt, number 9. The institution educates engineers, who built, develop and maintain railroads throughout the Russian Federation. Its earliest precursors date back to 1798-1809, as a part of the training provided in the Department of Water Communications by NP Rumyantsev.

+ The Microsoft Windows Script Host (WSH) is an automation technology for Microsoft Windows operating systems that provides scripting abilities comparable to batch files, but with a wider range of supported features. It was originally called Windows Scripting Host, but was renamed for the second release. It is language-independent in that it can make use of different Active Scripting language engines. By default, it interprets and runs plain-text JScript (.JS and .JSE files) and VBScript (.VBS and .VBE files). Users can install different scripting engines to enable them to script in other languages, for instance PerlScript. The language independent filename extension WSF can also be used. The advantage of the Windows Script File (.WSF) is that it allows the user to use a combination of scripting languages within a single file. WSH engines include various implementations for the REXX, BASIC, Perl, Ruby, Tcl, PHP, JavaScript, Delphi, Python, XSLT, and other languages. Windows Script Host is distributed and installed by default on Windows 98 and later versions of Windows. It is also installed if Internet Explorer 5 (or a later version) is installed. Beginning with Windows 2000, the Windows Script Host became available for use with user login scripts.

+ Local shared objects (LSOs), commonly called flash cookies (due to their similarities with HTTP cookies), are pieces of data that websites which use Adobe Flash may store on a user's computer. Local shared objects are used by all versions of Adobe Flash Player and version 6 and above of Macromedia's now-obsolete Flash Player.^[1] While websites may use local shared objects for purposes such as storing user preferences, there have been privacy concerns regarding local shared objects, and they may be considered a breach of browser security.

+ The Windows Registry is a hierarchical database that stores configuration settings and options on Microsoft Windows operating systems. It contains settings for low-level operating system components and for applications running on the platform that have opted to use the registry. The kernel, device drivers, services, SAM, user interface and third party applications can all make use of the registry. The registry also provides a means to access counters for profiling system performance.

+ The INI file format is an informal standard for configuration files for some platforms or software. INI files are simple text files with a basic structure composed of "sections" and "properties". In MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows platforms up through Windows ME and Windows 2000, the INI file served as the primary mechanism to configure operating system and installed applications features, such as device drivers, fonts, startup launchers, and things that needed to be initialized in booting Windows. INI initialization files were also generally used by applications to store their individual settings.

+ Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993. It was a powerful high-level-language-based, processor-independent, multiprocessing, multi-user operating system. "NT" was expanded to "New Technology" for marketing purposes but no longer carries any specific meaning. It was intended to complement consumer versions of Windows that were based on MS-DOS. NT was the first fully 32-bit version of Windows, whereas its consumer-oriented counterparts, Windows 3.1x and Windows 9x, were 16-bit/32-bit hybrids. Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Home Server, Windows Server 2008, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, Windows RT and Windows Server 2012 are members of the Windows NT family, although they are not branded using the name "Windows NT".

+ Windows 3.1x (codenamed Janus) is a series of 16-bit operating systems, produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers. The series began with Windows 3.1, which was first sold during March 1992 as a successor to Windows 3.0. Subsequent versions were released between 1992 and 1994 until the series was superseded by Windows 95. During its lifespan, Windows 3.1 introduced various enhancements to the still MS-DOS-based platform, including improved system stability, expanded support for multimedia, TrueType fonts, and workgroup networking.

+ MS-DOS (/ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs/ EM-es-DOSS; short for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s to the mid-1990s, until it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in particular by various generations of the Microsoft Windows operating system.

+ Seattle Computer Products (SCP) was a Seattle, Washington microcomputer hardware company which was one of the first manufacturers of computer systems based on the 16-bit Intel 8086 processor.^[1] SCP began shipping its first S-100 bus 8086 CPU boards to customers in November, 1979,^[2] about 21 months before IBM introduced its Personal Computer which was based on the slower 8088 and introduced the 8-bit ISA bus. SCP shipped an operating system for that hardware about a year before the release of the PC, which was modified by Microsoft for the PC and renamed IBM PC DOS. SCP was staffed partly by high-school students from nearby communities who soldered and assembled the computers. Some of them would later work for Microsoft.

+ T-Square was an early drafting program written by Peter Samson assisted by Alan Kotok and possibly Robert A. Saunders while they were students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and members of the Tech Model Railroad Club.

+ Peter R. Samson (born 1941 in Fitchburg, Massachusetts)^[1] is an American computer scientist, best known for creating pioneering computer software.

+ In the Russian Federation, the Federal Protective Service (FSO) (Russian: Федеральная служба охраны, ФСО (Federalnaya Sluzhba Okhrany), official name in English Federal Guard Service of the Russian Federation^[1]) is a federal government agency concerned with the tasks related to the protection of several, mandated by the relevant law, high-ranking state officials, including the President of Russia, as well as certain federal properties. It traces its origin to the USSR's Ninth Chief Directorate of the KGB and later Presidential Security Service (SBP) led by KGB general Alexander Korzhakov.

+ The Ninth Chief Directorate (also nicknamed Devyatki (Russian: девятки)) of the KGB was the organization responsible for providing bodyguard services to the principal Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) leaders (and families) and major Soviet government facilities (including nuclear-weapons stocks). It operated the Moscow VIP subway system, and the secure government telephone system linking high-level government and CPSU officers.  In mid-1992 the KGB's Ninth Directorate became the Main Guard Directorate (Glavnoye upravleniye okhraneniya, GUO) and in 1996 it was re-organized to the Federal Protective Service of Russia.

+ GRU or Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye (Russian: Главное разведывательное управление, English: Main Intelligence Directorate) is the foreign military intelligence main directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (formerly the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union). "GRU" is the English transliteration of the Russian acronym ГРУ, which stands for "Главное Разведывательное Управление", meaning Main Intelligence Directorate. The official full name translation is Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It is also known as GRU GSh (short for GRU Generalnovo Shtaba, or ГРУ Генерального штаба, i.e. "GRU of the General Staff").

+ Spetsnaz (Russian: Войска специального назначения, (спецназ, pronounced [spʲɪtsˈnaz]) tr: Voyska spetsialnogo naznacheniya; pronounced [vɐjsˈka spʲɪtsɨˈalʲnəvə nəznɐˈtɕenʲɪjə]) is an umbrella term for any special forces in Russian, literally "special purpose forces". Historically, the term referred to the military special units controlled by the military intelligence service GRU, the Spetsnaz GRU. Currently, the term is also used to describe any special purpose units or task forces of other ministries (even the Ministry of Emergency Situations special rescue unit),^[1] also in some other post-Soviet countries. The following article is discussing only Soviet and Russian spetsnaz formations.

+ The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) is a document issued by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) to specify the standards by which traffic signs, road surface markings, and signals are designed, installed, and used. These specifications include the shapes, colors, and fonts used in road markings and signs. In the United States, all traffic control devices must generally conform to these standards. The manual is used by state and local agencies as well as private construction firms to ensure that the traffic control devices they use conform to the national standard. While some state agencies have developed their own sets of standards, including their own MUTCDs, these must substantially conform to the federal MUTCD.

+ Rexx (Restructured Extended Executor) is an interpreted programming language developed at IBM by Mike Cowlishaw. It is a structured, high-level programming language designed for ease of learning and reading. Proprietary and open source REXX interpreters exist for a wide range of computing platforms; compilers exist for IBM mainframe computers.

+ BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use. In 1964, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC language at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. They wanted to enable students in fields other than science and mathematics to use computers. At the time, nearly all use of computers required writing custom software, which was something only scientists and mathematicians tended to do.

+ Perl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. The languages in this family include Perl 5 and Perl 6.^[4] Though Perl is not officially an acronym,^[5] there are various backronyms in use, such as: Practical Extraction and Reporting Language.^[6] Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier.^[7] Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions. The latest major stable revision of Perl 5 is 5.18, released in May 2013. Perl 6, which began as a redesign of Perl 5 in 2000, eventually evolved into a separate language. Both languages continue to be developed independently by different development teams and liberally borrow ideas from one another.

+ A glue language is a programming language (usually an interpreted scripting language) that is designed or suited for writing glue code – code to connect software components. They are especially useful for writing and maintaining:

Custom commands for a command shell

Smaller programmes than those that are better implemented in a compiled language

"Wrapper" programmes for executables, like a batch file that moves or manipulates files and does other things with the operating system before or after running an application like a word processor, spreadsheet, data base, assembler, compiler, etc.

Scripts that may change

Rapid prototypes of a solution eventually implemented in another, usually compiled, language.

Glue language examples:

Unix Shell scripts (ksh, csh, bash, sh and others)

Windows PowerShell

ecl

DCL

Scheme

JCL

m4

VBScript

JScript and JavaScript

AppleScript

Python

Ruby

Lua

Tcl

Perl

PHP

Pure

REXX

XSLT

+ Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. Ruby embodies syntax inspired by Perl with Smalltalk-like features and was also influenced by Eiffel and Lisp.^[9] It supports multiple programming paradigms, including functional, object oriented, and imperative. It also has a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. Therefore, it is similar in varying degrees to, Smalltalk, Python, Perl, Lisp, Dylan, and CLU.

+ In computing, just-in-time compilation (JIT), also known as dynamic translation, is a method to improve the runtime performance of computer programs based on byte code (virtual machine code). Since byte code is interpreted it executes slower than compiled machine code, unless it is actually compiled to machine code, which could be performed before the execution – making the program loading slow – or during the execution. In this latter case – which is the basis for JIT compilation – the program is stored in memory as byte code, but the code segment currently running is preparatively compiled to physical machine code in order to run faster.

+ Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but conventionally spelled "Tcl" rather than "TCL"; pronounced as "tickle" or "tee-see-ell"^[3]) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout.^[4] Originally "born out of frustration",^[5] according to the author, with programmers devising their own languages intended to be embedded into applications, Tcl gained acceptance on its own. It is commonly used for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, GUIs and testing. Tcl is used on embedded systems platforms, both in its full form and in several other small-footprint versions.

+ PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. PHP is now installed on more than 244 million websites and 2.1 million web servers.^[2] Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995, the reference implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group.^[3] While PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page,^[4] it now stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, a recursive acronym.^[5] PHP code is interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the resulting web page: PHP commands can be embedded directly into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data. It has also evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications.^[6] PHP is free software released under the PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL) due to restrictions on the usage of the term PHP.^[7] PHP can be deployed on most web servers and also as a standalone shell on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge.^[8]

⁺ The PHP License is the software license under which the PHP scripting language is released. The PHP License is a non-copyleft free software license according to the Free Software Foundation^[1] and an open source license according to the Open Source Initiative.^[2] The license is GPL-incompatible due to restrictions on the usage of the term PHP.^[1]

⁺ A referendum on fishing licences was held in Liechtenstein on 3 October 1954.^[1] Voters had the choice between the main proposal, a counter-proposal from the Landtag, or against. The main proposal was approved by 61.1% of voters.^[

⁺ JavaScript (JS) is an interpreted computer programming language.^[5] As part of web browsers, implementations allow client-side scripts to interact with the user, control the browser, communicate asynchronously, and alter the document content that is displayed.^[5] It has also become common in server-side programming, game development and the creation of desktop applications. JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language with dynamic typing and has first-class functions. Its syntax was influenced by C. JavaScript copies many names and naming conventions from Java, but the two languages are otherwise unrelated and have very different semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are taken from the Self and Scheme programming languages.^[6] It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented,^[7] imperative, and functional^[1][8] programming styles.

+ Node.js is a software platform that is used to build scalable network (especially server-side) applications. Node.js utilizes JavaScript as its scripting language, and achieves high throughput via non-blocking I/O and a single-threaded event loop. Node.js contains a built-in HTTP server library, making it possible to run a web server without the use of external software, such as Apache or Lighttpd, and allowing more control of how the web server works.

+ Object Pascal refers to a branch of object-oriented derivatives of Pascal, mostly known as the primary programming language of Embarcadero Delphi.

+ Embarcadero Delphi is an integrated development environment (IDE) for console, desktop graphical, web, and mobile applications.^[1] Delphi's compilers use their own Object Pascal dialect of Pascal and generate native code for 32- and 64-bit Windows operating systems, as well as 32-bit Mac OS X and iOS. (iOS code generation is done with the Free Pascal compiler.^[2]) As of late 2011 support for the Linux and Android operating system was planned by Embarcadero.

+ The Visual Component Library (abbreviated VCL) is a visual component-based object-oriented framework for developing Microsoft Windows applications. It was developed by Borland for use in, and tightly integrated with, its Delphi and C++Builder RAD tools (now owned by CodeGear, division of Embarcadero Technologies). It is written in Object Pascal.

⁺ C#^{[note 1]} (pronounced see sharp) is a multi-paradigm programming language encompassing strong typing, imperative, declarative, functional, procedural, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. It was developed by Microsoft within its .NET initiative and later approved as a standard by Ecma (ECMA-334) and ISO (ISO/IEC 23270:2006). C# is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure.

⁺ A multi-paradigm programming language is a programming language that supports more than one programming paradigm^{[citation needed]}. As Leda designer Timothy Budd puts it: "The idea of a multiparadigm language is to provide a framework in which programmers can work in a variety of styles, freely intermixing constructs from different paradigms." The design goal of such languages is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.

⁺ Oz is a multiparadigm programming language, developed in the Programming Systems Lab at Université catholique de Louvain, for programming language education. It has a canonical textbook: Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming. Oz was first designed by Gert Smolka and his students in 1991. In 1996 the development of Oz continued in cooperation with the research group of Seif Haridi and Peter Van Roy at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science. Since 1999, Oz has been continually developed by an international group, the Mozart Consortium, which originally consisted of Saarland University, the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, and the Université catholique de Louvain. In 2005, the responsibility for managing Mozart development was transferred to a core group, the Mozart Board, with the express purpose of opening Mozart development to a larger community.

+ The Mozart Programming System is a multiplatform implementation of the Oz programming language, developed by an international group, the Mozart Consortium, which originally consisted of Saarland University, the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, and the Université Catholique de Louvain.

+ Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level programming language.^[11][12][13] Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C.^[14][15] The language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale

+ In programming languages, a type system is a collection of rules that assign a property called a type to the various constructs—such as variables, expressions, functions or modules—a computer program is composed of.^[1] This type often represents an over-approximated description of the possible values the constructs can store or compute to, or the messages (method invocations) they will respond to. The main purpose of a type system is to reduce bugs in computer programs^[2] by defining interfaces between different parts of a computer program, and then checking that the parts have been connected in a consistent way. This checking can happen statically (at compile time), dynamically (at run time), or as a combination thereof.

+ A scripting language or script language is a programming language that supports the writing of scripts, programs written for a special runtime environment that can interpret and automate the execution of tasks which could alternatively be executed one-by-one by a human operator. Environments that can be automated through scripting include software applications, web pages within a web browser, the shells of operating systems (OS), and embedded systems. A scripting language can be viewed as a domain-specific language for a particular environment; in the case of scripting an application, this is also known as an extension language. Scripting languages are also sometimes referred to as very high-level programming languages, as they operate at a high level of abstraction.

+ XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents,^[1] or other objects such as HTML for web pages, plain text or into XSL Formatting Objects which can then be converted to PDF, PostScript and PNG.^[2] The original document is not changed; rather, a new document is created based on the content of an existing one.^[3] Typically, input documents are XML files, but anything from which the processor can build an XQuery and XPath Data Model can be used, for example relational database tables, or geographical information systems.

+ The XQuery and XPath Data Model (XDM) is the data model shared by the XPath 2.0, XSLT 2.0 and XQuery programming languages. It is a W3C recommendation and forms an integral part of all three languages. Originally, it was based on the XPath 1.0 data model which in turn is based on the XML Information Set. The XDM consists of flat sequences of zero or more items of different types. Items can be typed or untyped and include atomic values as well as XML nodes (with elements, attributes and text nodes, etc.). Instances of the XDM can optionally be XML schema-validated.

+ In computer science, a list or sequence is an abstract data type that implements a finite ordered collection of values, where the same value may occur more than once. An instance of a list is a computer representation of the mathematical concept of a finite sequence; the (potentially) infinite analog of a list is a stream. Lists are a basic example of containers, as they contain other values. Each instance of a value in the list is usually called an item, entry, or element of the list; if the same value occurs multiple times, each occurrence is considered a distinct item. Lists are distinguished from arrays in that lists only allow sequential access, while arrays allow random access.

+ In object-oriented and functional programming, an immutable object is an object whose state cannot be modified after it is created.^[1] This is in contrast to a mutable object, which can be modified after it is created. In some cases, an object is considered immutable even if some internally-used attributes change but the object's state appears to be unchanging from an external point of view. For example, an object that uses memoization to cache the results of expensive computations could still be considered an immutable object.

+ Thread safety is a computer programming concept applicable in the context of multi-threaded programs. A piece of code is thread-safe if it only manipulates shared data structures in a manner that guarantees safe execution by multiple threads at the same time. There are various strategies for making thread-safe data structures.